Third Quarter CAE Reviewer

Southeast Asian Literature vien ( abab)

Role of Literature: Vietnamese Literature
Education - explore the quality of life ● Rich, varied experiences over the centuries
● Depicts humor, realism, and irony of the
- Shows ethnic life
Vietnamese people
- Expresses social issues ● Oriental Philosophy - a system that
- Demonstrates cultural intricacy harmonizes the natural and social world that
- Discover gender roles includes humanity in the center uniting with
Hope - serves as a medium of change nature and society
- Inspires others to improve their condition ● Texts indicate chinese influence, chinese
- Pictures how people relate with their characters (Tom language) and chinese
conception of literary style
environment
● Modern Literature - texts are evidence of
Reform - be free from colonial rule realism as a repercussion of war
- Promotes social responsibility and social ● “Through literature, writers hoped to bring
consciousness the spirit of reform into all spheres of
- Exposes political power and corruption Vietnamese life.”
Literary Genre: Religions:
● Oral literature
● Epic poetry ● Buddhism
● Short stories ● Confucianism
● Myths ● Taoism
● Proverbs ● Animism
● Riddles Thai Literature
● Historical novels ● The best expression of Thai literary genius
● Legends is found in poetry
● Folktales ● Klon’s pet ton- musical love songs
● Religious narratives ● Ramakien – longer narrative love verse
Literary Themes: intended to be sung and accompanied by
- Struggles of humanity dance
- Love ● Jataka Tales a.k.a Aesop’s Fables
- Rural vs. urban ● Fate and Karma
- Mythical beings
- Nationalism ● Buddhist Concepts of Merit and Demerit
- Fate
● The Theme of Rice - gather as much as you
- Familial relationships
need for one day
- Supernatural
● Mythological, quasihistorical and religious
- Strength of human character writing
- Anti-colonialism
Indonesian Literature ● Legal literature anchored on buddhist
● Religious function cannon
● Songs or exorcisms were used during ● Realistic novels dealing with psychological
critical periods of life problems
● Similar to biblical psalms
● Oral literature includes myths, animal Philippine Literature
stories, beast fables, fairy tales, legends,
● Legendary epics
puzzles, riddles and adventure stories
● Has indian nuances → Panchatantra → Literature based on expressive Culture
● Goal to teach morals - epics
● Pantum – four lines written in a romantic
 - myths Causes of disparity:
- legends, tales ● Ignorance - they do not know things they
should know
- riddles, proverbs and rituals ● Hatred - extreme strong feeling of dislike for
- balagtasan something or someone
→ Philippine epics - Cultural Values and Universal - "From the deepest desires often come the
Themes of Epic Poetry deadliest hate"
● Greed - desire to have more of something
- Miraculous birth of the hero
Life lessons:
- his precocious strength ● Nothing is permanent in this world.
- magical powers ● Every action has a corresponding reaction
- herculean deeds or
● consequences.
- extraterrestrial journeys to the underworld
● Greed, ignorance and hatred are the three
and sky world
evils of life.
- death and resuscitation What influenced the writer?
- ● Social realities
● Spanish regime ● Theravada Buddhism
- Pasyon ● Bhavachakra
- Moro-moro ● Greed, ignorance and hatred
- Awit and Korido
American occupation A Taximan's Story
- Education - Related to ignorance… why? The
conversation is dominated by the taximan
On The Three Evils Lesson: We should not be hypocrites.
Myanmar Beliefs of Taximan:
- LARGEST country in mainland Southeast His perception of Singapore is progressive and
Asia clean but is it really true?
- 40th-largest in the world ● He works for the people whom he hates the
- Literacy rate is 83% most
- 89% of the population are Buddhists ● He had ill feelings towards teenagers who
- Both men and women in Myanmar use a are aggressive only to find that his daughter
yellow paste from the bark of the Thanakha is doing the same thing.
Vocabulary Words
Astray - heading to the wrong direction
Inevitable - unavoidable Irony
Transitory - temporary - Ends up in quite a different way than what is
Dogged tenacity - firm, determined and generally anticipated
persevering - Difference between appearance and reality
Amassing - excessive, overflowing Verbal irony
Insatiable - unsatisfied - When words express something contrary to
Commodities - resources truth or someone says the opposite of what
Ignoramuses - ignorant, lack care, lack concern, they really feel or mean
lack knowledge - Intended vs. actual
Samsara - cycle of rebirth Situational Irony
Padaythabin - tree of fulfillment - Occurs when incongruity appears between
Ad Infinitum - without end or limit expectations of something to happen and
what actually happens instead
 - Expectations vs. reality rider
Dramatic Irony Parts of a Business Letter
- Occurs when the audience is aware Dateline - indicates the exact date the letter was
- Expectations written
- Tension - Month/Day/Year
- Audience -> awareness - Military Date
Example: 20 November 2017
Letter Writing
- The exchange of written or printed Inside address - Includes the name of the
messages addressee ( recipient) of the letter
- Occurs in many forms and formats including 3 lines
notes, letters and postcards Name
- Often distinguished from computer- Address ( Number, street)
mediated communication Address (city, country, ZIP
Purpose - why did you write the letter Example:
Audience - to whom did you write the letter Ms. Maria Santos
Content - what did you write about 78 Sampaguita St.
Expected reaction - what do you want from the Sampaloc, Manila, 1526
letter *if the addressee belongs to a company
Name
Position
Company(place)
Personal Business
Number or street
Nature or Write about Write for City, country, and ZIP
Purpose experience relationships
Salutation
Scope or Life Money - Expresses the greetings of the writer
Content Feelings Events
- Determined by the relationship of the
Negotiations
Business sender and addressee
Statistics
Graph
Position Salutation
Tune Conversational Traditional
President of the His Excellency:
Structure Connected Organized Republic of the
Visualize → Sequence Philippines
→ paint a picture → Format
Senate President Dear Senate President
Sotto :
House speaker Dear House Speaker
Evolution of Letter Writing Alvarez :
● The first recorded handwritten letter (epistle) Mayor Dear Mayor Bautista :
was by Persian Queen Atossa around 500 Archbishop Dear Archbishop
BC Tagle :
● The stamped letter we know today came
into being in the reign of Queen Victoria in Bishop Dear Bishop
1840 Ontiongco:
● Letters were folded and sealed by wax with
ring or hand seal.
● Letters were delivered by courier or horse
 ● The salutation should typically use the DATELINE
person's last name, along with a "Mr." or - 2 SPACES
"Ms." INSIDE ADDRESS
● In general, avoid using "Mrs." or "Miss" - 2 SPACES
unless you are certain of how the woman SALUTATION
wants to be addressed. - 2 SPACES
● When in doubt, default to using "Ms." COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
● If you are writing to someone who has a - 2 SPACES
doctorate or medical degree, use the SIGNATURE
abbreviated form: "Dr."
● However, for other titles, such as ● FOLDING
professor, judge, rabbi, write out the full - 1cm should be left on top of the paper
title and capitalize it.
● When your letter is to more than one ● MARGIN
person, write out all of their names - 1 INCH ALL SIDES
separately, separating them with commas.
● For example, ● FORMAT
"Dear Mr. Hobbes, Ms. Luxe, and Mr. Hopman." - FULL BLOCK ( FLUSHED TO LEFT)
"Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith." - NO INDENTION

Body of the Letter Types of a Business Letter

Introduction Letter of Complaint
● Introduce yourself and the purpose why you - A letter of complaint will almost certainly
are writing. result in an official response if you approach
Body it from a businesslike perspective.
● Elaborate your purpose - Make the complaint brief, to the point and
● State your reasons polite. Politeness pays off regardless of the
● Be clear, concise and direct to the point extent of anger you are actually feeling
● Use a new paragraph when you wish to while composing this type of business letter
introduce a new idea or element into your Letter of Appeal
letter. - A letter of appeal is a letter that allows you
Conclusion to make a formal appeal against a decision
● Summarize your ideas or an employer. It serves as an opportunity
● Reiterate your main points to defend yourself against a claim that you
● Be clear with expected reaction would want to be made clear.
● Give contact details Resume Cover Letter
- A cover letter that accompanies a resume
Complimentary close should revel in its brevity. You should take
Respectfully yours - when your addressee has a as little time and as few words as possible
higher rank than you to accomplish one task: persuading the
Sincerely yours - when your addressee has a lower reader to anticipate reading your resume.
rank than you - Mention the title of the job for which you are
Signature - for verification and identification applying, as well or one or two of your
strongest selling points.
Other Parts: Letter of Recommendation
● Letter header - A recommendation letter allows you to use
● Greetings a few well-chosen words to the effect of
● Spacing
 letting someone else know how highly you 7. Do not exaggerate or lie. Stick to facts and
value a third party. personal experiences. Fabrications could
- Resist the temptation to go overboard; ruin your credibility
approach your recommendation in a 8. Make sure your message is timely.
straightforward manner that still allows you 9. Send a copy of your letter to your local
to get the point across. policy makers/CEOs/managers
10. Acknowledge any response
Letter of Resignation
- An official letter of resignation is a business Modals
letter that should be fair and tactful. Be wary - are special verbs which behave irregularly
of burning any bridges that you may need to in English
cross again in the future. - They are different from normal verbs.
- Offer a valid reason for your resignation - They give additional information about the
and avoid self-praise. function of the main verb that follows it
- They have a great variety of communicative
Advocacy Letter functions
- To encourage a specific action or outcome - Have no -s
on an issue (eg. Extra judicial killing) - Make questions by inversion
- To discourage a specific action or outcome - Followed directly by the infinitive of another
(eg. Tuition fee increase amongst verb
government schools) Examples:
- To remind government officials of opinions ● Can
that citizens hold ● May
- Letters are considered when officials ● Will
prepare their votes ● Shall
- To praise actions taken by officials, local ● Should
community groups, etc. ● Could
● Would
TEN STEPS TO WRITING AN ● Must
ADVOCACY/ACTION LETTER ● Might
1. Identify yourself as a constituent. Politicians
are only compelled to respond to constituent
mail
2. Be brief and simple.
3. State and report your position. Always state
your position in your opening paragraph and
again in the closing paragraph
4. Personalize your letter. Personalized letters
carry much more weight
5. Be polite and avoid ultimatums and
rudeness. Everyone responds better to
praise than criticism. Rudeness does little
to create change
6. Do not enclose additional material. These
are rarely read. If you have an excellent Degree of Certainty
resource you wish to share, mention it in ● Shall
your letter and offer to send a copy if ● Will
desired ● Must
 ● Can ● Will
Examples: ● Need
I shall be away tomorrow. Examples:
Things will be all right. Students must register before the week ends.
You must be tired. All staff will arrive at 8:30 in the evening.
That can't be John. Need I get a visa for Taiwan?
It won't rain this evening.
Prohibition
Probability / Possibility ● Must not
● Should ● May not
● May ● Can not
Examples: Examples:
She should be here soon. Students must not use the dilapidated gym.
It shouldn't be difficult to get here. Books may not be taken out for Holiday.
We may be buying a new dress for Ana. You can’t come inside the room.
The water may not be warm enough.
Weak Obligation: recommendation/advice
Weak Probability Examples:
● Might You should try to work harder.
● Could You might want to check the book I borrowed from
Examples: Stella.
I might see you again She should apologize to the audience.
This might not be as bad as they seem.
We could all be millionaires one day. Willingness, insisting, offering and
volunteerism
Habitual Probability ● Will
● Can ● Would
● May ● Shall
Examples:
If you will come this way…
Examples: I will pay for the bill.
The weather in the Philippines can be cold in them Shall I give you a hand?
months of December and January. She will keep on interrupting the people.
Small children may have difficulty in understanding
abstract nouns. Permission
● May
Conditional Certainty ● Can
● Would ● Might
● Could Examples:
● Might Can I complete the task?
Examples: Do you think I might take a break now?
If we had enough time, things would be easy. May we use the phone?
If John came we could all go home.
If you help, we might finish the task effortlessly. Ability
● Can
Obligation and Freedom to Act Examples:
Strong Obligation She can speak six languages.
● Must Can she attend the ball?
 · positioning or location of an object

· creates connections between/among words

· abstract words that have no meaning

3 Functions
Time
Place
Direction

TIME

Since From a certain point in time

For Over a certain period in time

Ago A certain time in the past

Before Earlier

During A certain time in the present

SPATIAL PLACE LOCATION

on above over In front of

beside below under behind

Prepositions

· shows relationship between group of words DIRECTION


To Used when the verb is showing
movement and the result of the
movement
Towards Passing by a destination
Will not arrive at a destination
Onto Combination of on and to
Movement towards a surface / in
motion
Into Combination of in and to
Movement towards an enclosed
space
Events related by sequence
- When one event happens, it is illogically
connected or related to another event even
if there is no assurance of its truth
Inappropriate use of authority
- Using public figures to persuade or prove a
point even if it is taken out of context or the
mere ‘popularity’ is the sole reason of the
usage
Appeal to emotions
- When the emotions of readers or viewers is
stirred exaggeratedly or intentionally to gain
their support
False Dichotomy
- When the readers or viewers are only
presented or being limited to two sides only

COMMON ERRORS

1. beside = by the side of;besides = in addition

2. between = 2; among = 3 or more

3. based from; based on

4. talk to = person is in front of you

(formal/professional); talk with = person is beside
you (friendly conversation)

5. cope up → cope with

6. on behalf = representing a group, “as a

representative of”; in behalf = “for the benefit of” ,
“in the interest of”

Fallacy
-
illogical claims due to lack of correct and
appropriate factual evidence, credible
source
Kinds/Types of Fallacies:

Hasty generalization
- Jumping into conclusion or generalization
based on inadequate information
-
Sweeping generalization
- Using words such as all, always and never
to sweep or include everyone without proper
evidence