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Solar Tile: A Novel Concept To Increase Energy Efficiency

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 Solar Tile: A Novel Concept To Increase Energy Efficiency

Meet Patel1 and Rohit Srivastava2

1 : B.Sc.(Hons.), School of liberal studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University,

Gandhinagar- 382007, India, Contact: 9537997715, E-mail : meetpatel26798@gmail.com

2: Department of Science, Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar- 382007, India,

Contact: 9426324471, E-mail : rohit.srivastava@sls.pdpu.ac.in

ABSTRACT: Energy Crises is no more a future problem as it has started showing its impact
globally especially in developing countries like India. The use of renewable energy should
increase more and more to reduce energy crises as coal, petroleum, and other non-renewable
resources will get exhausted. Earlier our energy needs was fulfilled by non-renewable resources,
but now we are able to produce energy from renewable resources like solar energy, nuclear
energy, geothermal energy etc, and further we need to concentrate on our energy requirement
being fulfilled by renewable energy, so that in emergency situation we can make use of the non-
renewable resources. There are two ways to tackle energy problems locally. 1) Produce more and
more energy or 2) Reuse the waste energy that is discarded by the use of our day to day
appliances. There is a greater need of optimizing energy usage efficiency which may help to
suffice energy needs upto some extent, without polluting environment. Towards that, the light
energy coming out from any light source can be used to conserve energy. To conserve this
energy we will use a solar tile. 1 Solar tile will contain solar cells of 17.8% Efficiency, 0.5volt
and 0.17watt. In our experiment we have use a solar panel of 5W to calculate the voltage and
current we are getting from one LED Tube light. The total power we are getting was
0.00009225Watt Hour. In the experiment we have arranged 6 solar panel of 5W in one tile and
considering the room of 10 tiles, the power was 0.005535Watt Hour. The cost and further
calculations will be presented in the paper.
1. Introduction

There is a huge scarcity of energy everywhere and for running most of our appliances and to
carry out daily work we need electricity [1]. Energy is an essential and basic requirement for the
existence and development of human life [2]. It is difficult to imagine life without electricity, the
life would stop so there is high need to produce electricity at faster rate and find some other
[3]
feasible method to produce electric energy . Considering the problems associated with
conventional energy sources, the focus is now shifting to conservation and efficient utilization of
energy. In 21st century electric power has deeply penetrated all aspects of life like computers,
[1]
mobiles, lights and other appliances . According to the METI long term vision, proposed in
2005, the final energy will be mainly supplied by electricity towards 2050 for a low carbonated
society. The demand of electricity is continuously growing in the world and set to doubled by
2030 and so it is necessary to increase the supply of electric power and it is essential to find other
alternative methods to produce electric energy. Other methods include use of solar energy, wind
[1]
energy, hydro energy . At each stage of the energy flow, technologies are involved with
different conversion efficiencies and losses [4]. The aim is always to utilize generated power more
efficiently and delivering it most effectively. The most logical way to generate electricity is
renewably and so non-renewable resources can be used in emergency purpose [5].

2. Non-renewable and Renewable Energy Source

When discussing different sources of energy, the terms "renewable" and "non-renewable" are
often heard [1]. What is the difference? Renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, geothermal,
and biomass are ones that can be replenished in a human’s lifetime [5]. Non-renewable resources
such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) will technically be replenished, but over many,
thousands of years meaning they are used much faster than they are produced[2,5]. Both these
resources are discussed in detail in this paper.
2.1 Non-renewable energy sources

Coal: Coal is one of the oldest and most plentiful forms of non- renewable energy used by
humans. It is relatively cheap, provides a high amount of energy with respect to its weight.
However it is also one of the most pollution causing forms of fossil fuels and mining it is fairly
dangerous. USA (27%), Russia (17%), China (13%) and India (10%), these countries provide
65% of coal extraction in the world [6].

Petroleum: Petroleum is a very widely used fuel. It is also used in non energy uses like creating
plastics. Not as common for power plants, but it is a very common fuel source for transportation
in automobiles, airplanes, boats and trains [7].

Natural gas: Primarily composed of methane, natural gas is used for heating, cooking and
generating electricity. The reserves of conventional natural gas have grown by 36% over the past
two decades and its production has increased by 61%. Russia has exported 25% of the world gas
reserves, the USA 22%, Canada 7% and United Kingdom 4%. Algeria and the Netherlands
export smaller amounts, while the share of other countries amounts to less than 1% [6, 8].

2.2 Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources and technologies have the potential to provide solutions to the long-
standing energy problems faced by developing countries [9]. The renewable energy sources like
wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell
technology can be used to overcome energy shortage. The renewable energy supply is
continuously increasing. Renewable energy technique involves the conversion of available
ambient energy into usable electrical energy through the use of transduction mechanism [10]. A
large amount of investment has been made during recent years and consequent advancement of
technology has enabled countries to produce renewable energy more cost effectively. Due to
some negative and irreversible externalities that accompany conventional energy production, it is
necessary to promote and develop renewable energy supply technologies [9]. These technologies
may not be comparable to conventional fuels in terms of production cost, but they can be
comparable in terms of associated externalities, such as their environmental and social effects.
Also, it should be noted that economies of scale could play a key role in reducing the unit
production cost. Transmission and distribution costs, as well as technologies, do not differ much
among the conventional and renewable energies. Facts about the development of the main
renewable energy supply technologies are discussed further[9,10].

Wind Energy: Humans have harnessed the power of wind for centuries, from windmills to grind
grain to sailboats used to travel across the oceans. These days large wind turbines are being used
to create electricity [14]. Using wind power does not generate any air pollution unlike fossil fuels
[6]
. Wind will continue to blow whether it is harnessed or not and harnessing it does not reduce
its supply in any way. Wind direction and strength can be unpredictable and inconsistent, making
wind a non-viable primary energy source. Wind turbines are not silent, and usually produce
around 50-60 decibels of noise when in use. People living near wind turbines often complain
[8]
about the noise they create . This disadvantage is reduced by building wind farms offshore or
in remote, rural areas. Since wind turbines are located typically in rural areas, many people think
of them as blight on the otherwise untainted landscape. Wind turbines can be dangerous to birds
[6, 8]
or bats in the area, especially if they are located in migration paths . The energy available in
the wind for extraction by the turbine increases with the cube of wind speed; thus a 10% increase
[13]
in wind speed means a 33% increase in available energy . The installed capacity of wind
power has increased from 4.8 MW in 1995 to more than 239 GW in 2011. Today, each wind
[8]
turbine could generate as much electricity as a conventional power plant . Wind energy has
made its most significant contributions in China, USA and Germany, where the cumulative
installed capacities are 62, 47 and 29 GW, respectively. Trends show that wind capacity
installation has increased continuously throughout the last two decades. The International Energy
Agency (IEA) estimates that the global capacity will increase from 238 GW in 2011to almost
1,100 GW by 2035, of which 80% will be derived from onshore wind turbines (IEA,2012e).
According to the report, offshore wind capacity is expected to grow fairly quickly from 4 GW in
[13]
2011 to 175 GW by 2035 as a result of public support . This target will be achieved if the
required investment is made based on the design plan. Estimates indicate that around 980 billion
USD is required in investments between 2010-2020, with increases to 1,634 and 3,307 billion
USD for 2020-2030 and 2030-2050, respectively (IEA, 2012e). The following graph represents
the wind power global capacity [14].
Graph 1: This graph represents the power obtained through wind energy versus years i.e,
Gigawatts-Years [29] .

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is getting more and more attention these days. Many
new construction plans call for its incorporation. Using the heating and cooling energies in the
[15]
earth in a clinical system, geothermal is a renewable energy source but it has its drawbacks .
Geothermal energy does not have a high rate of pollution and is considerable to be
environmental friendly. The use of geothermal energy is particularly topical in geologically
[6]
favorable areas, mainly at the tectonic boundaries of plates . The earth's heat is replenished
naturally so there is no chance of exhaustion. It is estimated that geothermal energy could be
produced in many areas of the world and provide up to 2 terawatts of energy per year. This is a
far more reliable way to meet the base load need of a population and area than other forms of
clean energy [16]. This solution can work as well for a small house as it will for a manufacturing
facility. It doesn't take much land to create a geothermal plant, and there is little pollution created
from constructing a system. Much money is being invested in researching innovations for this
technology, meaning it will lower the overall costs of the energy and allow more resource areas
[17]
to be used . While geothermal creates very little environmental impact, there are still some
concerns about what impact it does create. Areas prone to earthquakes or other seismic activity
are not ideal for geothermal power plants. Constructing the power plants, heating and cooling of
[15,16]
systems costs are more upfront than in other types of renewable energy . Geothermal
resources have to be managed or they can run dry. The total installed capacity was 11 GW in
2011. Costa Rica, Turkey and Iceland have increased their geothermal capacities in 2011, over
their 2010 capacities, by 25.3, 21.2 and 15.7 percent, respectively. The majority of geothermal
worldwide capacity (GW) has been installed in 8 countries: the United States (3.1), the
Philippines (almost 2.0), Indonesia (1.2), Mexico (0.9), Italy (0.9), New Zealand (0.8), Iceland
[17]
(0.7), and Japan (0.5) (BP, 2012) . The geothermal capacity is expected to increase with
advancements in the co-production of geothermal power by using water through oil and gas
wells throughout 2015. The following graph represents the geothermal power global capacity.

Graph 2: This graph represents the power obtained through geothermal energy versus
years, i.e, Megawatts-Years [28] .
Biomass: Biomass energy uses the natural process of photosynthesis and other biological energy
production that occurs with organic subjects. If it can be grown, it can be used in biomass energy
production. This makes it a highly renewable resource [18]. This is one of the few forms of energy
that is considered to be carbon neutral. It does have a carbon impact, but it is considered to be
part of the natural carbon cycle of the planet and causes no additional burden on the atmosphere.
Compared to the fossil fuels, biomass energy is almost 1/3 cheaper to produce. Over 10 to 15
[19]
years of use, the average user will see a significant savings in energy cost . There is no need
for extra transport such as pipelines to deliver it. While new technologies are being developed to
allow plants to use smaller spaces, right now, extensive space is needed to grow biomass for
producing energy. Growing requires water and that can be a problem in some areas of the world
and would limit the effectiveness of biomass energy production. In recent years, the interest in
using biomass as an energy source has increased and it represents approximately 14% of world
final energy consumption [18,19]
. Estimates have indicated that 15–50% of the world’s primary
energy use could come from biomass by the year 2050. As per an estimate, globally,
photosynthesis produces 220 billion dry tonnes of biomass each year with 1% conversion
efficiency. India is very rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and
plantations), 5000MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2700MW (energy recovery from waste).
Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over Rs. 600 crores
every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of
more than 10 million man-days in the rural areas [20].

Hydro Energy: Hydro power harnesses the power of water flow to generate electricity by using
the flow to turn turbines. In many ways this is one of the cleanest technologies, but it also has a
cost that has to be considered. Compared to the other "clean" powers such as geothermal, solar
and wind; hydro power is far more reliable as the water is more predictable in its amounts and
delivery [21]. Using hydro power reduces the need to burn fossil fuels. The output from the plant
also has a very light carbon and air pollutant emission rate. While costly to build and having a
high maintenance budget, the long term cost of a hydro power system is much cheaper than
[21, 22]
traditional power plants . Water is constantly renewing itself so this makes hydro power a
renewable energy source. If water is viewed as a raw material, and the reservoir as the holder for
that material then it is seen that there are multiple uses for the water at the same time it is used
for power. It can host wildlife, irrigate farmland, provide drinking water and be a point of
recreational activities for the community. While building a dam creates a reservoir that becomes
[22]
a marine habitat, it only does so by destroying the natural one that exists . This can interrupt
the ecology of the area. Today only 20–25% of the hydropower potential of big and small rivers
[6]
is used in Latvia . As of yet, there is little man can do to control certain natural occurrences
that can reduce the plant's output. Hydro power plants are very expensive to build, and they also
have a high maintenance cost. Unlike other types of power that are contained within a plant,
hydro power must also care for offsite entities such as dams, reservoirs and river systems. Dams
can break, flash floods can occur and these problems can put the human population in the
surrounding area of a hydro plant in danger [6, 22]. Hydro power is currently the largest renewable
energy source for power generation around the world. Hydro electricity generation has had a
strong increase over the past 50 years. It was 340 terawatt-hour (TWh) in 1950 and covered
about one-third of the global electricity demand. It increased to 1,500 TWh in 1975 and further
to 2,994 in 2005.This is comparable to the global consumption of 15,000 TWh of electricity
with a global production of 18,306 TWh in 2005[21]. The following graph represents the
hydroelectric power global capacity.

Graph 3: This graph represents the power obtained through hydroelectric

energy versus years i.e, Billion Kilowatt Hours -Years[30] .
Solar Energy: Solar energy is the most widely available energy on earth. Basically the idea is
that solar cells capture sunlight, convert it into electricity and that get stored in batteries for
future use [6]. Capturing sunlight and converting it into energy does not generate any air or noise
[24]
pollution . As long as the sun comes up, more energy will be produced. It is impossible for
future generations to be deprived of this resource. The energy potential from the sun is
staggering if we were able to harness all of it [25]. The surface of the earth is bathed with enough
solar energy in one hour to meet the energy needs of the entire planet for a year, if captured
[24, 25]
effectively . It is cheap to set up solar than run high voltage lines to remote areas off the
power grid. Initial setup cost is the largest con for solar energy. Some states will provide tax
credits or other subsidies to try and help offset the cost, but it is still one of the more expensive
alternatives to set up [26]. Besides the obvious drawback of only producing energy during the day,
the efficiency of solar cells can be negatively affected by cloudy days or excessive pollution.
Large scale solar plants currently require wide areas of open land to produce power levels
[24, 25,26]
comparable to a traditional power plant . Technology to increase efficiency of solar cells
is always improving though. The total annual solar radiation falling on the earth is more than
7500 times the world’s total annual primary energy consumption of 450 EJ. The annual solar
radiation reaching the earth’s surface is approximately 3,400,000 EJ [23]
. The following graph
represents the solar global capacity.

Graph 4: This graph represents the power obtained through solar energy versus years i.e,
Gigawatts -Years[30] .
B. Types of Solar Cells

Monocrystalline Solar Cells: Mono crystalline solar cell, as the name indicates, is manufactured
[23]
from single crystals of silicon by a process called Czochralski process . During the
[27]
manufacturing process, Si crystals are sliced from the big sized ingots . These large single
crystal productions require precise processing as the process of “recrystallizing” the cell is more
expensive and multi process. The efficiency of mono-crystalline single-crystalline silicon solar
cells lies between 17% - 18% [23,27] .

Polycrystalline Solar Cells: Polycrystalline PV modules are generally composed of a number of

different crystals, coupled to one another in a single cell. The processing of polycrystalline Si
solar cells is more economical, these are produced by cooling a graphite mold filled containing
molten silicon. Polycrystalline Si solar cells are currently the most popular solar cells[27]. They
are believed to occupy most up to 48% of the solar cell production worldwide during 2008.
During solidification of the molten silicon, various crystal structures are formed. Though they
are slightly cheaper to fabricate compared to monocrystalline silicon solar panels, yet are less
efficient 12% - 14% [23].

Thin-Film Solar Cells: Most of the thin film solar cells and a-Si are second generation solar cells,
and are more economical as compared to the first generation silicon wafer solar cells [23]. Silicon-
wafer cells have light absorbing layers up to 350 µm thick, while thin-film solar cells have a very
[27]
thin light absorbing layers, generally of the order of 1 µm thickness . Thin film solar cells are
classified as; • a-Si. • CdTe. • CIGS (copper indium gallium di-selenide) [23].

3. Experimental Setup

The experimental setup will include multiple solar tiles. Before discussing the above processes
let us discuss the concept that Elon Musk's company Tesla uses to make a solar tile and the
concept of solar shingle. Tesla's Solar Roof complements a home's architecture while turning
sunlight into electricity. With an integrated powerwall battery, energy collected during the day is
stored and made available any time, effectively turning a home into a personal utility. Glass solar
tiles are so durable they are warrantied for lifetime of your house or infinity whichever comes
[11]
first . Solar shingles, also called photovoltaic shingles, are solar panels designed to look like
and function as conventional roofing materials, such as asphalt shingles or slate, while also
producing electricity. Solar Shingles are a type of solar energy solution known as building-
integrated photovoltaics [12].

Light is a flow of photons. The light coming from the sun towards the earth is a flow of photons.
Light energy is a kind of kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to human
eyes. Light is defined as a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by hot objects like lasers,
bulbs and the sun. Light contains photons which are minute packets of energy. When an object’s
atoms get heated up, it results in the production of photons and this is how photons are produced.
The electrons find excitement from the heat and results in earning extra energy. The energy is
released in the form of a photon and more photons come out as the substance gets hotter. We use
this light energy of sun with the help of solar panel which is converted into electrical energy. The
tube light or LED which is used in a house emits the light in the entire room and the entire room
gets lighted up. The light which is getting emitted is also a flow of photons. This light coming
from tube light or LED will strike the ground and on the walls. So, can this light be used? If so,
then how much percentage of it can be stored? We can think of certain solutions. We can make
diagram of a room which contains one LED tube light and notice that how much amount of light
is emitted and is falling on the floor and walls.

FIGURE 1
As shown in the figure, in a room there is LED tube light and two LED. The above figure shows
the side view of the room. The dotted line indicates two things, the back side of the dotted line i.e
the two small regions indicate that there will be less light over that surface and the other region
indicates that there is sufficient light that can be used from that area. As shown there are another
two LED's in the figure, but in this experiment we have used the LED tube light. So in our
experiment to use the light coming out from the LED tube light we will use two different solar
panels for the calculation of voltage and current. One solar panel is made of Monocrystalline
cells and other solar panel is made of Polycrystalline cells. It is assumed that the room contains
10 tiles, and each tile will contain 6 solar panel of area 30*19.5 cm2 of 5watt each. So in the
entire room there are 60 solar panels, which means for the installation of 60 solar panels i.e, 300
Watts it can be said that we have spent some amount of money for the installation of 60 solar
panels.

Polycrystalline Solar Panel

FIGURE 2
Monocrystalline Solar panel

FIGURE 3

Above two figures shows monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panel through which we have
performed our experiment. But for using the light coming from a single tube light, the
installation of 60 solar panels will become too costly. There is another way in which we will use
solar tile, which will contain a single solar cell or multiple small solar cells. The Solar is
designed in such a way that solar cell will be invisible and the tile will like a simple tile. The tile
will be designed in such a way that it can withstand high pressure and weight. It can be made of
quartz; it has a quasi infinite lifetime. The glass which will cover the solar cell will be of four
different qualities namely Tuscan glass tile, textured glass tile, slate glass tile and smooth glass
tile. The tile will contain solar cell of 1watt which is enough for one tile to capture the light
coming from the LED tube light.
 FIGURE 4

In figure 4, the boundary indicates the glass and inside it is multiple solar cell which solder
together to form as a one unit inside the solar tile with a capacity of 1 Watt. So, now in one tile
of area 60*60 cm2 we can fit our 6 solar tiles with total capacity of 60 Watt which will now
become cost efficient and its cost can be easily recovered.
4. Calculations and Result

For Polycrystalline Solar panel: By using the waste light coming from the LED tube light, we
will use the 5 Watt solar panel to calculate the voltage and the current,

Voltage = 0.45V and Current= 0.000205A

Power= 0.00009225Whr

The following reading of power was only from one solar panel. If a tube light runs for 6 hours a
day than for 365 days it will be

365*6= 2190 hours

As, we have calculated the voltage and current for one solar panel, so we can get the current and
voltage for 60 solar panel it will be,

0.00009225*60= 0.005535Whr

We have get the total power which this 60 solar panels can save, so now we will calculate it for
the entire year. So the total power we can save is given below

0.005535*2190= 12.12Whr

2.5
2
1.5
1 Voltage

0.5 Current

0 Current
1 2 Voltage
3 4
5
For Monocrystalline Solar Panel:

For Monocrystalline Solar panel: By using the waste light coming from the LED tube light, we
will use the 5 Watt solar panel to calculate the voltage and the current,

Voltage = 5.7V and Current= 0.000114A

Power= 0.0006498Whr

The following reading of power was only from one solar panel. If a tube light runs for 6 hours a
day than for 365 days it will be

365*6= 2190 hours

As, we have calculated the voltage and current for one solar panel, so we can get the current and
voltage for 60 solar panel it will be,

0.0006498*60= 0.038988Whr

We have get the total power which this 60 solar panels can save, so now we will calculate it for
the entire year. So the total power we can save is given below,

0.038988*2190= 85.38Whr

2.5
2
1.5
1 Voltage

0.5 Current

0
1
2
3
4
5
For polycrystalline solar panel the total power from one solar panel was 0.00009225Whr. For 60
solar panel it was 0.005535Whr, and so in one year we can save 12.12Whr. For monocrystalline
solar panel the total power from one solar panel was 0.0006498Whr . For 60 solar panel it was
0.038988Whr, and so in one year we can save 85.38Whr.

5. Summary

Renewable resources should be used more than non-renewable resources. The renewable
resources should be produce more and more so that they can overcome the non-renewable
resources in terms of usage and so these non-renewable resources can be used in the emergence
and can be used for further more years. Monocrystalline solar cell has higher efficiency than
polycrystalline and thin film solar cell. We are getting different readings from both
monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels due to their different efficiency. Waste light
coming Led tube light can be used and can be converted into electrical energy with the help solar
tile. Though we can conserve very low power, but if this systems is applied in all the house a lot
energy can be saved.

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[31] https://www.google.co.in/search?dcr=0&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=lCqu
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ab..11.0.0....0.-xtoPq1L_UQ

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