Effectiveness of Online Class: A Study conducted to be on the students of

SUST
Course Title: Research Monograph
Course code: SCW-515

Submitted to
Amina Pervin
Professor
Department of Social Work
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet

Submitted by
Afroza Khanam Niloy
Reg: 2019223039
Department of Social Work
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet
Department of Social Work
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Acknowledgement
Declaration

I do here by declare that the research monograph titled “Effectiveness of Online

Class: A Study conducted to be on the students of SUST” submitted to the
Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of science &Technology, as a
candidate for a degree of MSS, is an original research work done by me. No part
of the research monograph, in any form, has been submitted to any other
university or institution for any degree or diploma, or has been published in the
form of a book or an article anywhere.

Afroza Khanam Niloy 26.09.2021

 Abstract

Internet is a technology that has become a big part of people's daily living.
Through it’s ability to act as a support medium in the different for which people
use it. The Internet was introduced to academic institutions as a tool to enhance
students' academic experience in the mid-1990s. Today the Internet plays a major
role in the classroom. From course materials being available online to larger ranges
of academic resources being a few clicks away, the influence of the Internet on
campus is incontestably felt. Bangladesh is a developing country and due to
globalization the internet access to the students of universities has been highly
significant over the years, the research purpose was to know the use of internet on
academic performance. The researcher took SUST campus as the research area and
after conducting our research it was found that a significant effect of use of internet
among the students on their academic performance. Especially the researcher
found a high range of dependency of internet in academic purpose well as
recreational other areas among them. Few of the findings have helped the
researcher to know and explore many of the unknown facts. Addiction to internet
and some of the problems took birth from it were also found in the Study. The
researcher prepared a close ended question and accordingly the information was
collected from the respondents. The researcher found the respondents were highly
enthusiastic and helpful in providing the information. It was also figured out about
Some specific problems and some really specific advantage areas of the internet
This research would let everyone know that in future the dependency of the
students on internet Will be much more which can't be imagined. So hence
epitomizing with a summary that the effects of internet among the students is
inevitable and use of this internet could play vital roles in academic performance in
many respects.
 CONTENTS

Chapter One

1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Rationality of the study
4. Objectives of the study
5. Operational definition of the study

Chapter Two

Methodology of the study

Research Design
Nature of the study
Study Area
Population
Sampling and sample size
Sources of data
Respondents
Techniques and tools of data collection
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Time schedule
Estimated budget

Chapter Three

Bibliography
1.1 Introduction:
Technology, communication and ICT applications have presented our generation
with numerous opportunities. Technology has touched each & and every field in
some way or the other. Education through e-learning applications has opened up
horizons of learning from distance, efficient methods of learning and added quality
to knowledge sharing activities. There has been a significant amount of research by
scholars, academicians and technology experts with technology at its prime focus
but the effectiveness of e-learning in extensively shaping the future of students and
adding quality to their thinking and values has not been discussed much. This
study therefore reviews the literature that is available on online and offline sources
in the form of books, scholarly articles and research writings from peer reviewed
journals.

1.2 Review of Literature:

The aim of the literature review is to understand the scholarly works on the topic of
e-learning both from the technological point of view and for its impact on the
students. The research highlights the gaps in the existing literature and marks the
areas that the future studies should cover to bridge the existing gaps in the
literature available on the topic.

Shu-Sheng Liaw, in the research study on effectiveness of e-learning investigates

the reason for dissatisfaction of some of the e-learning students. The research
surveyed 424 university students for their feedback on the effectiveness of e-
learning for them. The findings of the report suggest that the intention and study
focus are the main factors that influence the objectives and usefulness of e-
learning. Personal efficiency for the coursework is also a determining factor for the
outcomes (Shu-Sheng Liaw, 2008). The examination of effectiveness of e-learning
is useful for not just the students but also for the trainers as it helps them in
refining their methods of teaching. Regular testing of the outcomes of e-learning
and efficiency of knowledge transfer guide the teachers to employ techniques that
can be more effective in transferring the education. The technocrats are also
interested in transforming the e-learning experience through ICT applications
(CommLab, 2015).
E-learning has been used extensively not just for academic purposes for students
but also for businesses and corporate employees to impart training on various
upcoming industrial revisions (Judith B. Strother, 2002). E-learning has
contributed to so many different fields such as medicine, health, businesses,
industries and pharmacy.
Research scholars, Sekiwu Denis & Naluwemba Frances through their research
have delved into the various aspects that make e-learning as an effective tool for
transferring knowledge. According to the report, one of the factors that make e-
learning suitable in the changing environment due to the dynamic nature of
technological upgrades, especially in the developing world, is the low cost and
ease of course adjustment for upgrading the courses quickly. The researches stress
that e-learning opportunities are a gateway of growth and prosperity for the
developing world. The study lacks the point of view of the students and misses the
key point of including the quality of the education provided in a compromise for
low cost .(Sekiwu Denis & Naluwemba Frances,2014)

1.3 Knowledge or Research Gaps Retrieved from Literature:

The above articles introduce the literature of online class. In this context, certain
existing articles and researches papers are also briefly described. On this basis, the
literature of the underlying study is specified. There is literature mainly on the
student’s academic situations who are studying in any university, school or college.
Though the researcher research

1.4 Objectives of the study:

General objectives:
The study found out the effectiveness of online classes among the students of
SUST. To obtain this general objective, some specific objectives are identified.

Some specific objectives are:

1. To know the efficacy of online class,
2. To find out the impact of online classes on a student’s academic performance.
3. To explore the benefits of online class.
1.5 Rationality of the study:
Those who believe education should involve more than learning facts often stress
either (a) develop or (b) thinking skills. A focus on development as a goal of
education typically entails a conception of knowledge as an organism holistic, and
internally generated. In contrast, thinking skills programs commonly assume a
mechanistic, reductionist perspective in which good thinking consists of some
finite number of directly teachable skills. A conception of rationality as a goal of
education is proposed that incorporates the complementary strengths and avoids
the limitations of the developmental and thinking skills approaches. Rationality is
defined as the self-reflective, intentional, and appropriate coordination and use of
genuine reasons in generating and justifying beliefs and behavior. Philosophically,
rationality is a justifiable goal of education, not only because it is a means to
worthwhile ends but because it is an important end in itself and because it can be
promoted via non indoctrination means. A psychological account of progressive
rationality is provided that postulates continuing multiple interactions of (a)
domain-specific developmental stages, (b) the learning of specific thinking skills,
and (c) content-specific knowledge. Suggestions are made for fostering rationality
at various educational levels. Finally, it is argued that the proposed conception of
rationality as a goal of education complements and clarifies a variety of other
educational goals.

1.6 Operational definition of the study:

Online class: An online class is a course conducted over the Internet. They are
generally conducted through a learning management system, in which students can
view their course syllabus and academic progress, as well as communicate with
fellow students and their course instructor.

Effectiveness: Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result or the

ability to produce desired output. ... When something is deemed effective, it means
it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.

SUST: After a long struggle and a relentless movement, the Shahjalal University
of Science and Technology (SUST) was established in 1986. The only university
of its kind at that time, it started its career on the 1st Phalgun(13th of February
1991) with only three departments: Physics, Chemistry and Economics, 13
teachers and 205 students. It has now expanded to 7 schools, 27 departments and
two institutes. The number of teachers has grown to 552 and the students to 10922
Students: A student is a person who is studying at a school, college, university etc.
... In North American English graduate is usually used with another noun and can
also apply to a person who has finished high school: a high school graduate

Chapter Two

Methodology of the study:

The core objective of the study was to understand and explore the effectiveness of
online class, that’s why exploratory research design was followed in this study.
This study was a qualitative study.

2.1 Research Design: this study was accomplished under non probability
purposive sampling method. The researcher picked 3rd and 4th year student of social
science. For understanding the consequences in-depth of the study semi structure
interview method was used in the study.

Nature of the study

This study will be qualitative research.

2.2 Study Area: Researcher conducted the research at Shahjalal University of

Science and Technology (SUST) campus. Though the respondents were the
students of Social Science departments, the main area of the study was D building
of the campus.

2.3 Population: The number of students is 7,662. All the students of Shahjalal
University of Science and Technology (SUST) campus will consider as the
population.

2.4 Sampling and Sample Size: In this study convenience sampling will be used
to conduct the study. Then the researcher will collect data from the students of
SUST. The researcher will collect data from 20 students of Shahjalal University of
Science and Technology (SUST).
2.5 Sources of date:

Primary sources
This study will be collected based on primary data. Primary data will be collected
from the respondents.

Secondary sources         
In order to accomplish the research study secondary data will be used. The
secondary data will be collected from report, journals, research papers, books,
articles etc. Those secondary sources will be selected considering its reliability and
consistency with the research aim.

2.6 Respondents: The students of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

(SUST) campus are the respondents.

2.7 Techniques and tools of data collection:

The researcher used semi structure interview method, so checklist was the
technique of data collection. This was unstructured interview. Observation was
also used. The questions were open ended question. Checklist, pen, pencil,
recorder, clipboard, camera were the relevant tools for data collection.

In-depth-Interview
The collection of data by asking people question and following up or probing their
answer is known as interview. I will use Interview research tool to explore the
different thoughts of the household members about the topic. I will select primary
respondent to take in-depth-interview.

2.8 Data analysis:

All the data were analyzed after taking data from the key informants. As this was a
qualitative study the researcher did coding and categorizing for the analysis of the
data. The researcher did transcript means reading and re-reading them to identify
and recurrent words, themes and concepts carefully examining the words phases
for data relevant to the overall research question. After line by line coding the
abstract codes were grouped logically. This was the categorization. Then there was
an establishment of relationship by establishing a hierarchy of categories and
subcategories.

2.9 Ethical consideration of this study:

When researcher will conduct the research he/she must maintain some ethical
issues:

Informed consent:
Researcher will take permission from the institution before taking interview from
the respondent who remains in this institution. Researcher will also take
permission from the respondents at the interviewing or to use any recording
instrument.

Confidentiality:
Researcher will always try to protect the confidentiality of the respondents.

Privacy:
Researcher will use pseudonym of the respondent to protect the privacy of the
respondents.

Voluntary Participation:
Researcher will not force any respondents to participate in the interview session.
All of them participate willingly.

2.10 Time schedule:

Title selection March 2020
Literature review April 2020-October 2020
Proposal development November 2020-May 2021
Proposal submission 24 June,2021
Proposal presentation 26 June,2021
2.11 Estimated budget:

Serial Number Topic Amount (BDT)

1. Review of Literature 1,200 (Approx.)

2. Interviewing (total 15) 2,000 (Approx.)

3. Discussion with students 1,000 (Approx.)

4. Miscellaneous 500 (Approx.)

(Photocopy, Pen, Pad etc)
5. Report writing, Printing, 1,000 (Approx.)
Binding etc (5 copy)
6. Contingency 2,200 (Approx.)

Total 7,900 (Approx.)

Chapter- Three

3.1Findings of the study

1. Efficacy of online class:

We’ve conducted this research to find the efficacy of online classes among the
students of SUST. Most of our respondents said that online classes were effective
for the continuation of their study, otherwise their study could have hampered.
Some respondents were opposite in this regard they said offline classes were far
better and understandable.

From the student’s perspective online learning allows the exploration of finding
more flexible ways to learn. The learning through text has now been replaced by
interactions, opportunities with instructors and other student with anytime-anyhow
anywhere basis. Hence it cultivates the competency and learning skills among the
students. It also offers wide avenues for students to continue learning to acquire
new and upgrade knowledge, skills, and values by understanding and interpreting
at a time and at a place of their choice .Learning with the help of ICT skills enable
to attract and enrich the student learning experience.

2. Impacts

 Psychological: Students are attending classes staying at home, that’s why

group discussion and social development is being hampered. Sometimes
having to deal with affected members of their family leads them to mental
stress. Sometimes they have to deal with deviation in configuration of their
digital device that pushes them to feel shy inside. Students who are
habituated to group study face a lot of difficulties in understanding lectures
 that force them to feel frustrated. Students also lose their motivation of
finishing class lecture and assignments during online class.

 Economic: Continuation of online class needs proper device. Without

proper arrangement of device participation in class being hampered,
situation get quiet bad for students from financially impoverish family,
buying suitable device and making proper arrangement is quiet hard.
Sometimes they had to take loan with high interest to make it possible.
University authority provided some financial aid for financially impoverish
student but that was not enough.
students able to save some money as they did not have to buy books, notes
as all the course material are available in online format.

 On results: Some students are doing very well in class as well in results.
But students who are dealing with suspect or covid-19 affected members in
their family are mentally disturbed and can’t concentrate in studies hence not
getting their satisfactory grade, same happened to students who are
comfortable in group studies. Some students need face to face interaction in
classes, as they are missing this in online class they face difficulties in
understanding classes. But over time students are getting used to this
situation and situation is quite better than previous.

 Physical Students have to sit back to mobile or laptop screen for long period
of time. That’s why they have to deal with eye stress and sometimes back
pain. Sitting on a chair for long time without any physical movement lead
them to being fat. Sitting back before laptop staring at the screen causes eye
irritation that hampers their sleeping cycle. But as they do not have to attend
class physically they become able to stay home keep them safe from covid
19 as well dust and pollution.

3. Benefits:

TRANSPORTATION TIME AND PLACE – A lot of time was saved by

traveling. Moreover, the online class can be attended from anywhere, as
there is no geographical border. The teaching can be recorded and kept in
the system for future references. The students can have easy access to the
study material in the time they require.
CONTEXT DELIVERY – Online class learning provides huge options to
display PDFs, pictures, activities, 3D structure, case studies, theories, etc.
The teacher can use these tools to teach the children. In this way,
understanding the student’s increases, they can understand the topic much
better. These concepts would be more explicit. The teachers could be more
efficient.
CONNECTING WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS – During the online
classes, the students have free time to spend. They could put this time to an
ultimate use by spending their time with their parents. The parents must also
spend their time with their wards, so it led to a good bonding. The students
must call their cousins and brothers and talk. This would lead to a new way
of learning and make new bonding with their family.
VARIETY STYLES OF LEARNING – Every student has different types
of learning and different ways to grasp a topic. Some students are online
learners, whereas others are traditional learners. Some only prefer online
because they get distracted by a large group of members. Online learning has
a wide range of options and can be personalized accordingly to the student’s
needs.
AFFORDABILITY – The other significant advantage of online teaching is
a lot of costs can be reduced. Online learning is far cheaper than comparing
to traditional education.  The schools can consolidate all the expenses such
as food, transportation, books, school dress, electricity, etc. They can share
 materials easily through electronic means in PDFs or documents, and This is
more efficient than traditional education.
STUDENTS’ ATTENDANCE- Online education can be accessed from any
corner of the world. The class strength would be more. Moreover, students
can easily have access to the recording of the previous classes.

 Easy in learning: With the invention and introduction of computer and

internet in the late 20th century learning tools and delivery methods
expanded. During The online delivery content material has been helping the
people who wouldn’t have able to attend school, college or further education
due to time or geographical constraints. However E-learning has proved to
be a best platform to provide content material at their door step. It helps to
build knowledge base, expand their skills sets and enrich their lives through
expanded knowledge. At times it becomes impossible to engage and attend
the on-line lectures at such those who missed out the lecture can view the
recording as per their convenient time or can watch it further for their
understanding. Again language barrier can be resolved as the content are
available in different regional languages. Practical skills are somewhat
difficult to grasp but you can easily share the information about it.

 Globalization: When schools in different parts of the state, country or

world connect, students can "meet" their counterparts through video
conferencing without leaving the classroom

-4. Problems:
1. Adaptability Struggle.  
Switching from traditional classroom and face to face instructor training
to computer-based training in a virtual classroom makes the learning
experience entirely different for students. Their resistance to change
doesn’t allow them to adapt to the online learning environment,
whereas it takes time for them to get accustomed to Course
Management Systems (CMS) and the methods of computer-based
education. While passive listening and notes taking are expected in a
 traditional classroom, online discussions or creating a web page
demand springing into action. Students with a “traditional” mindset find
it difficult to adapt; however, they need to accept the new learning
circumstances with an open mind and heart. Understanding the benefits
of eLearning and even discussing them with their peers may change this
mindset and better prepare students for online classes.
2. Technical Issues.
Many students are not provided with the high bandwidth or the strong
internet connection that online courses require, and thus fail to catch up
with their virtual classmates: Their weak monitors make it hard to follow
the Course Management System and their learning experience becomes
problematic. Moreover, most of them live off campus and find it difficult
to keep in tune with the technical requirements of the chosen course.
Some of them don’t even own computers and seek help in Learning
Resource Centers for technical assistance. The only solution to this
problem is knowing exactly what kind of technological support they will
need for a certain course before enrolling in it, as well as properly
equipping themselves for the course’s successful completion.
3. Computer Literacy.
Although students are generally tech savvy, and thus able to manage
computers well, lack of computer literacy is a major issue among
students today. Many of them cannot operate basic programs such as
Microsoft Word and PowerPoint and therefore are not able to handle
their files. Furthermore, many students find fixing basic computer
problems troublesome, as they have no knowledge in this area.
However, technological proficiency is a must for following online
courses, as it enables students to manage their assignments and
courseware in an organized manner without struggling. Basic courses in
computer literacy enhance students’ knowledge in the field; having a
fundamental knowledge of computer hardware would help them
participate in online classes without interruptions and hindrances.
4. Time Management.
Time management is a difficult task for eLearners, as online courses
require a lot of time and intensive work. Furthermore, whereas it is
mostly adults who prefer web-based learning programs for their place
and time flexibility, they rarely have the time to take the courses due to
 their various everyday commitments. A regular schedule planner would
be a significant help to these learners, as they could even set reminders
for their courses and assignments.
5. Self-Motivation.
Self-motivation is an eLearning essential requirement; however, many
online learners lack it, much to their surprise. After enrolling in distance
learning courses, many learners fall behind and nurture the idea of
giving up, as difficulties in handling a technological medium also seem
insurmountable. Students need to find the motivation to follow the new
educational trends and also properly equip themselves for future
challenges in their education and careers. Only a positive attitude will
help them overcome the challenges in eLearning; though this is hard to
practice, students need to understand that it is necessary in order to
reap the eLearning’s benefits in the future.

 Lack of Essential Online Qualities: Successful on-ground instruction does

not always translate to successful online instruction. If facilitators are not
properly trained in online delivery and methodologies, the success of the
online program will be compromised. An instructor must be able to
communicate well in writing and in the language in which the course is
offered. An online program will be weakened if its facilitators are not
adequately prepared to function in the Virtual Classroom. An online
instructor must be able to compensate for lack of physical presence by
creating a supportive environment in the Virtual Classroom where all
students feel comfortable participating and especially where students know
that their instructor is accessible. Failure to do this can alienate the class
 both from each other and from the instructor. However, even if a virtual
professor is competent enough to create a comfortable virtual environment
in which the class can operate, still the lack of physical presence at an
institution can be a limitation for an online program. For the faculty as well
as the participants, such things as being left out of meetings and other events
that require on-site interaction could present a limiting factor in an online
program.

3.2 Discussion:
Based on the findings of the study there is a mixture of factors that influence the
effectiveness of online learning programs which includes the assessment , benefits,
constraints and the design delivery method. The assessment, benefits and
constraints are dependent on the design delivery which has an effect on the
evaluation of the effectiveness on online program. Each of these variable have
either a positive or a negative effect on the design delivery and the effectiveness of
online learning, while the design delivery plays a major role in the evaluation of
the effectiveness of online programs. The current study reported advantages,
limitations and recommendations to improve online learning during lockdown of
institutions due to COVID-19 pandemic. This study interprets perspectives of
medical/dental students and faculty members, which showed that online learning
modalities are flexible and effective source of teaching and learning along with
some pitfalls. According to the teachers and students, online learning is a flexible
and effective source of teaching and learning as most of them agreed upon the fact
that this helps in distant learning with easy administration and accessibility along
with less use resource and time. Regardless of time limit, students can easily access
the learning material. This flexibility over face to face teaching has been reported
in the literature as well.2 The students also become self-directed learners, which is
an important competency for encouraging lifelong learning among health
professionals.

3.3 Problems and Limitations of the Study:

  As the apprentice researcher, because of having some lacking in conducting
research, the researcher had some limitations.
 Lack of necessary knowledge to conduct research, the researcher was
apprentice and so the researcher was not affording to use the theoretical
knowledge, skills, experiences and methodology in practical setting properly
in few cases.
 The researcher was proposed by the school for the academic purpose. Within
an academic semester the researcher had to conduct the whole research and
submit the report in a specific time. So researcher could not conduct the
research soundly or satisfactorily.
 Researcher had to conduct the research on self-fund, so lack of f financial
support might discourage the researcher to work freely at every
circumstances.

 As a qualitative study the sample size wasn't large enough. So

generalizations based on the finding may not be appropriate.                   

3.4 Recommendation:
 Implement learning recovery programs: Most immediately, governments
must ensure that students who have fallen behind receive the support that
they need to catch up to expect learning targets. The first step must be to
carry out just-in-time assessments to identify these students and their
support needs

 Protect the education budget. Given the significant financial strain that
economies have been under during the pandemic, some countries may face
government budget cuts that could jeopardize the gains that have been
made in recent years in terms of access to education and improved
learning outcomes. To ensure a resilient recovery, it is essential that the
 education budget be protected and that the schools that need financing the
most are supported.

 Teacher’s training

3.5 Conclusion: Education sector presently going through a crisis. The lockdown
has restricted classroom teaching and students are completely relying on online
content and remote learning features to study these days. Today is a very exciting
time for technology and education. Online programs offer technology-based
instructional environments that expand learning opportunities and can provide top
quality education through a variety of formats and modalities. With the special
needs of adult learners who need or want to continue their education, online
programs offer a convenient solution to conflicts with work, family and study
schedules. Institutions of higher education have found that online programs are
essential in providing access to education for the populations they wish to serve. In
order to make online program to be successful, the curriculum, the facilitator, the
technology and the students must be carefully considered and balanced in order to
take full advantage of the strengths of this format and at the same time, avoid
pitfalls that could result from its weaknesses
 
 

This study evaluated the impact of

the interaction through the learning
activities in blended learning course
to student
learning outcomes. The learning
activities are implemented based
learning activities tools which
popular LMS systems
currently supported. Answering to
questions determine the impact of the
interaction types to learning outcomes
in blended
learning courses varied deploy
collective action, results showed
quantitative analysis; interactive
activities are affecting the
academic performance of students.
The statistical results can indicate that
the impact of the kind of interactive
on learning
results can be ranked from high to low
level of student-student, student-
teacher, student-content. In which the
influence of
student activities - student interaction
have a significant impact on learning
outcomes (0.71) in the linear
regression model
to predict student results. Obviously,
learning outcomes of students in
blended learning environment
depends on many
factors, so interactive online elements
account for only a small percentage,
this represents a multiple regression
model in
predicting the outcome. Additionally
regression model is not a linear
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bailey, C. J., & Card, K. A. (2009). Effective pedagogical practices for online
teaching: Perception of ex- perienced instructors. Internet and Higher Education,
12, 152-155.
Bell, B. S., & Fedeman, J. E. (2013). E-learning in postsecondary education. The
Future of Children, 23(1), 165-185.
Cavanagh, S. (1997). Content analysis: Concepts, methods and applications. Nurse
Researcher, 4(3), 5-16.
Cox, B., & Cox, B. (2008). Developing interpersonal and group dynamics through
asynchronous threaded discussions: The use of discussion board in collaborative
learning. Education, 128(4), 553-565.
Finch, D., & Jacobs, K. (2012). Online education: Best practices to promote
learning. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics 56th Annual Meeting.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-
based environment: Comput- er conferencing in higher education. The Internet and
Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2009). Critical thinking, cognitive
presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of
Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23.
Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry
framework: Review, is- sues, and future directions. The Internet and Higher
Education, 10, 157-172.
Yuan, J., & Kim, C. (2014). Guidelines for facilitating the development of learning
communities in online courses. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 30, 220-
232.
Whipp, J. L., & Lorentz, E. R. A. (2009). Cognitive and social help giving in
online teaching: An exploratory study. Educational Technology Research and
Development, 57, 169-192.
Shea, P.A., Swan, K., Li, C. S., & Pickett, A. (2005). Developing learning
community in online asynchro- nous college courses: The role of teaching
presence. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 9(4), 59-82.