04 - Water Infrastructure-Groundwater - Salin

WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE:
GROUNDWATER
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Second Semester of Academic Year 2020/2021
1 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Groundwater
❑ Water that is found under the ground, inside pores within soil and rock.
❑ Usually has higher quality than surface water.
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/r
esources/fact-sheets/groundwater-facts
Aquifer
❑ Basic unit of a groundwater system
❑ Can be either single geologic formation or a collection of hydraulically

connected geologic formations which stores and transmits significant
quantities of potable groundwater.
❑ The withdrawal of aquifer depends on both the quantity and quality.
https://www.livescience.com/3962
5-aquifers.html
Aquitard
❑ A layer which can store water and is capable of transmitting water but
at a much slower rate than aquifer.
❑ Cannot provide significant quantities of potable groundwater to wells

and springs.
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.ed
u.au/schools-resources/fact-
sheets/what-groundwater
Aquiclude
❑ Equivalent to aquitard, but with a very low permeability and acts as an

impermeable barrier to groundwater flow. (Some groundwater may be
stored in this layer but it moves ‘very very slowly’).
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/school
s-resources/fact-sheets/what-groundwater
Water Table
❑ The top of the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer.
Kresic, 2009
Groundwater Storage
❑ Porosity
Percentage of voids (empty space occupied by water or air) in the
total volume of rock, which includes both solids and voids.
𝑉𝑣
𝑛 = × 100%
𝑉
where Vv = volume of all rock voids and V = total volume of rock.
❑ Primary porosity
The porosity formed during the formation of rock itself, such as voids
between the grains of sand, voids between minerals in hard
(consolidated) rocks, or bedding planes of sedimentary rocks.

Groundwater Storage
❑ Secondary porosity
Created after the rock formation mainly due to tectonic forces (faulting
and folding), which create micro- and macrofissures, fractures, faults,
and fault zones in solid rocks.
❑ Effective porosity
Defined as the volume of interconnected pore space that allows free
gravity flow of groundwater.

Groundwater Use – Wells
❑ Selection of a well location and well design should consider various

factors, such as:
❑ Capital cost.
❑ Required flow rate of the water supply system and expected yield of
individual wells.
❑ Well drawdown and radius of well (wellfield) influence.
❑ Interference between wells in the wellfield.
❑ Water treatment requirements.
❑ Energy cost for pumping and water treatment, and general operations and
maintenance (O&M) costs.
❑ Aquifer vulnerability and risks associated with the existing or potential
sources of contamination.

Groundwater Use – Subsurface Dam
❑ Structures that intercept or obstruct the natural flow of groundwater and

provide storage for water underground.
❑ Major advantages of using subsurface dam:
❑ Very limited or negligible evaporation loss.
❑ Land use above the groundwater reservoir can continue without change
❑ There is general improvement of water quality because of the porous
media filtration of airborne and surface runoff contaminants and
pathogens.
❑ Function of underground reservoir may be permanent since there is no
accumulation of sediment, the main reason for a limited life span of
surface reservoirs.
❑ There is no danger of dam failure and catastrophic loss of life and
property.
❑ Overall impact on the environment and natural habitat of plants and
animals is of much lower magnitude.

Groundwater Use – Spring
❑ Types of spring capture:

❑ with minimal or no artificial intervention
❑ with some form of engineering intervention aimed at securing the source
for reliable use and protecting it from surface contamination
❑ with engineering aimed at artificially increasing the spring discharge rate.
Kresic, 2009

Groundwater Management
Kresic, 2009
Groundwater Management
Kresic, 2009

Groundwater Recharge
❑ Origin of water: from surface water or precipitation that infiltrates then

percolates to the subsurface through the vadose zone.
❑ Recharge occurs when the percolating water reaches the water table.
Infiltration
Percolation
Salahat, 2013
Groundwater Control in Construction
❑ Foundation excavation when carried out in the present of near water

table is difficult to execute and often unstable.
Preene, 2014

Dewatering
❑ Dewatering is the process to extract water from aquifers through

number of wells.
❑ Common practice adopted to lower the water level to facilitate the

excavation work and construct the foundation in dry soil.
❑ Dewatering on construction projects may influence the design,

construction time and cost.

Groundwater Flow
❑ The flow of groundwater through aquifers can be describe by Darcy’s

equation.
𝑣 =𝑘∙𝑖
𝑄 = 𝐴∙𝑝∙𝑣
where:
𝑣 : flow velocity
𝑘 : coefficient of permeability
𝑖 : hydraulic gradient
𝐴 : flow cross-sectional area
𝑝 : porosity of the aquifer

Groundwater Flow
❑ Pumping of water from a well at constant rate results in the drawdown

of water table.

Effect of Pumping
❑ Before pumping commences
Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

Effect of Pumping
❑ Immediately after pumping commences

Effect of Pumping
❑ After prolonged pumping

Field Pumping Test

Permeability from Field Pumping Test
❑ Permeability
𝒓𝟏
𝒒 𝐥𝐧ൗ𝒓𝟐
𝒌=
𝝅(𝒉𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐 𝟐 )

Flow Rate for Single Well
𝒓
𝑸 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝟎
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒉 𝒘 𝟐 =
𝝅𝒌
𝝅𝒌(𝑯𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐 ) 𝑯𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐
𝑸= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝒌
𝐥𝐧 𝑹Τ𝒓𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑹Τ𝒓𝟎

Height of Free Discharge Surface – Empirical
❑ Height
𝑪(𝑯 − 𝒉𝟎 )
𝒉𝒔 =
𝑯
Proposed value
for C = 0.5

Range of Influence – Empirical
❑ Radius of influence:
Max. distance at which the drawdowns can be detected
with the usual measure devices in the field.
𝑹 = 𝑪(𝑯 − 𝒉𝒘 ) 𝒌
Proposed value
for C: 3000
𝐻, ℎ𝑤 in meters
𝑘 in m/s

Exercise
A five-storeys building will be built on an area of 80 m × 80 m. The building will
also have two lower ground floors where the depth of the lowest ground floor is 9.0
m below land surface. In the construction site, the groundwater level has the same
depth as the base of the lowest ground floor, 9.0 m below the land surface).
Dewatering is needed to help the construction process. It is expected by
conducting the dewatering, the groundwater level will be decreased up to 10.20 m
below land surface (under the area of the building). The pumping well for
dewatering is located in the middle of the building. The followings are the data
from the construction site:
❑ The diameter of the pumping well is 1.50 m.
❑ The initial depth of the water in the pumping well is 9.0 m below land surface.
❑ It is expected that the depth of the water in the pumping well after pumping will
be 12.0 m below land surface.
❑ The impermeable layer is located 40 m below land surface.
❑ Coefficient of permeability is 8.50 m/day.
❑ The capacity of the available pump is only 110 L/min.
Based on the data above, draw a sketch from the condition in the construction site,
then determine the number of pumps needed and the range of influence due to the
dewatering process!
Solution

Soal – Kumpulkan file pdf melalui situs kuliah
Akan direncanakan sebuah hotel 6 lantai dengan luas bangunan 100 m × 100 m
dengan dua lantai basement yang dasarnya terletak pada kedalaman -9,50 m dari
muka tanah. Lokasi terletak ada suatu daerah yang memiliki muka air tanah
tertinggi (pada musim hujan) pada kedalaman -9,50 m dari muka tanah. Dalam
pelaksanaan konstruksi harus dilakukan dewatering sehingga elevasi muka air
tanah seluas bangunan minimal sedalam -10,50 m. Pelaksanaan dewatering
menggunakan sumur yang diletakkan di tengah proyek bangunan.
Data lapangan sebagai berikut:
❑ Diameter sumur untuk dewatering 180 cm
❑ Diharapkan kedalaman air sumur minimal 12,30 m dari muka tanah
❑ Kedalaman air awal di sumur 9,50 m dari muka tanah
❑ Kedalaman tanah kedap air 40 m dari muka tanah
❑ Koefisien permeabilitas tanah 8,5 m/hari
❑ Pompa yang tersedia di pasaran hanya berdebit 120 L/menit
Berdasarkan data tersebut, buat sketsa kondisi lapangan! Hitung range of
influence dan jumlah pompa yang harus disediakan agar pelaksanaan
pembangunan berjalan dengan lancar!

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WATER

1 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Usually has higher quality than surface water.

❑ Basic unit of a groundwater system

❑ Can be either single geologic formation or a collection of hydraulically

❑ The withdrawal of aquifer depends on both the quantity and quality.

❑ Cannot provide significant quantities of potable groundwater to wells

❑ Equivalent to aquitard, but with a very low permeability and acts as an

❑ The top of the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer.

where Vv = volume of all rock voids and V = total volume of rock.

7 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

8 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Selection of a well location and well design should consider various

9 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Structures that intercept or obstruct the natural flow of groundwater and

10 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Types of spring capture:

11 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

13 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Origin of water: from surface water or precipitation that infiltrates then

❑ Foundation excavation when carried out in the present of near water

15 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Dewatering is the process to extract water from aquifers through

❑ Common practice adopted to lower the water level to facilitate the

❑ Dewatering on construction projects may influence the design,

16 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ The flow of groundwater through aquifers can be describe by Darcy’s

17 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Pumping of water from a well at constant rate results in the drawdown

18 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Before pumping commences

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

19 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ Immediately after pumping commences

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

20 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

❑ After prolonged pumping

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

21 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

22 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

23 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

24 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

25 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

26 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

28 3/5/2021 SPL2843 Water Resources Management Program Studi Teknik Sipil

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