Dewatering: Construction Method and Technology Second Semester of Academic Year 2020/2021

DEWATERING
CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND TECHNOLOGY

Second Semester of Academic Year 2020/2021
1 10/7/2020 Construction Method and Technology Magister Teknik Sipil

Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Groundwater
❑ Water that is found under the ground, inside pores within soil and rock.
❑ Usually has higher quality than surface water.
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/r
esources/fact-sheets/groundwater-facts
2 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil
Aquifer
❑ Basic unit of a groundwater system
❑ Can be either single geologic formation or a collection of hydraulically

connected geologic formations which stores and transmits significant
quantities of potable groundwater.
❑ The withdrawal of aquifer depends on both the quantity and quality.
https://www.livescience.com/3962
5-aquifers.html
Aquitard
❑ A layer which can store water and is capable of transmitting water but
at a much slower rate than aquifer.
❑ Cannot provide significant quantities of potable groundwater to wells

and springs.
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.ed
u.au/schools-resources/fact-
sheets/what-groundwater
Aquiclude
❑ Equivalent to aquitard, but with a very low permeability and acts as an

impermeable barrier to groundwater flow. (Some groundwater may be
stored in this layer but it moves ‘very very slowly’).
http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au/school
s-resources/fact-sheets/what-groundwater
Water Table
❑ The top of the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer.
Kresic, 2009
Groundwater Control in Construction
❑ Foundation excavation when carried out in the present of near water

table is difficult to execute and often unstable.
Preene, 2014

Dewatering
❑ Dewatering is the process to extract water from aquifers through

number of wells.
❑ Common practice adopted to lower the water level to facilitate the

excavation work and construct the foundation in dry soil.
❑ Dewatering on construction projects may influence the design,

construction time and cost.

Dewatering Methods
Pre- Open
drainage Pumping
Cut Off
Groundwater Flow
❑ The flow of groundwater through aquifers can be describe by Darcy’s

equation.
𝑣 =𝑘∙𝑖
𝑄 =𝐴∙𝑝∙𝑣
where:
𝑣 : flow velocity
𝑘 : coefficient of permeability
𝑖 : hydraulic gradient
𝐴 : flow cross-sectional area
𝑝 : porosity of the aquifer

Groundwater Flow
❑ Pumping of water from a well at constant rate results in the drawdown

of water table.

Effect of Pumping
❑ Before pumping commences
Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

Effect of Pumping
❑ Immediately after pumping commences

Effect of Pumping
❑ After prolonged pumping

Field Pumping Test

Permeability from Field Pumping Test
❑ Permeability
𝒓𝟏
𝒒 𝐥𝐧 ൗ𝒓𝟐
𝒌=
𝝅(𝒉𝟏 𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐 𝟐 )

Flow Rate for Single Well
𝒓
𝑸 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝟎
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐 =
𝝅𝒌
𝝅𝒌(𝑯𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐 ) 𝑯𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐
𝑸= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝒌
𝐥𝐧 𝑹Τ𝒓𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑹Τ𝒓𝟎

Height of Free Discharge Surface – Empirical
❑ Height
𝑪(𝑯 − 𝒉𝟎 )
𝒉𝒔 =
𝑯
Proposed value
for C = 0.5

Range of Influence – Empirical
❑ Radius of influence:
Max. distance at which the drawdowns can be detected
with the usual measure devices in the field.
𝑹 = 𝑪(𝑯 − 𝒉𝒘 ) 𝒌
Proposed value
for C: 3000
𝐻, ℎ𝑤 in meters
𝑘 in m/s

Exercise
A five-storeys building will be built on an area of 80 m × 80 m. The building will
also have two lower ground floors where the depth of the lowest ground floor is 9.0
m below land surface. In the construction site, the groundwater level has the same
depth as the base of the lowest ground floor, 9.0 m below the land surface).
Dewatering is needed to help the construction process. It is expected by
conducting the dewatering, the groundwater level will be decreased up to 10.20 m
below land surface (under the area of the building). The pumping well for
dewatering is located in the middle of the building. The followings are the data
from the construction site:
❑ The diameter of the pumping well is 1.50 m.
❑ The initial depth of the water in the pumping well is 9.0 m below land surface.
❑ It is expected that the depth of the water in the pumping well after pumping will
be 12.0 m below land surface.
❑ The impermeable layer is located 40 m below land surface.
❑ Coefficient of permeability is 8.50 m/day.
❑ The capacity of the available pump is only 110 L/min.
Based on the data above, draw a sketch from the condition in the construction site,
then determine the number of pumps needed and the range of influence due to the
dewatering process!
Solution
ho = 40-12=28 m
hs = 0.05 m
hw = 28.05 m 𝒓
y = 40-10.2=29.8 m 𝑸 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝟎
r = 40 m 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐 =
r0 = 0.75 m 𝝅𝒌
k =8.5 m/hari
𝝅𝒌(𝑯𝟐 − 𝒉𝒘 𝟐 )
𝑸=
𝐥𝐧 𝑹Τ𝒓𝟎

Soal – Kumpulkan file pdf melalui Microsoft
Teams
Akan direncanakan sebuah hotel 6 lantai dengan luas bangunan 100 m × 100 m
dengan dua lantai basement yang dasarnya terletak pada kedalaman -9,50 m dari
muka tanah. Lokasi terletak ada suatu daerah yang memiliki muka air tanah
tertinggi (pada musim hujan) pada kedalaman -9,50 m dari muka tanah. Dalam
pelaksanaan konstruksi harus dilakukan dewatering sehingga elevasi muka air
tanah seluas bangunan minimal sedalam -10,50 m. Pelaksanaan dewatering
menggunakan sumur yang diletakkan di tengah proyek bangunan.
Data lapangan sebagai berikut:
❑ Diameter sumur untuk dewatering 180 cm
❑ Diharapkan kedalaman air sumur minimal 12,30 m dari muka tanah
❑ Kedalaman air awal di sumur 9,50 m dari muka tanah
❑ Kedalaman tanah kedap air 40 m dari muka tanah
❑ Koefisien permeabilitas tanah 8,5 m/hari
❑ Pompa yang tersedia di pasaran hanya berdebit 120 L/menit
Berdasarkan data tersebut, buat sketsa kondisi lapangan! Hitung range of
influence dan jumlah pompa yang harus disediakan agar pelaksanaan
pembangunan berjalan dengan lancar!

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DEWATERING

CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND TECHNOLOGY

1 10/7/2020 Construction Method and Technology Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ Usually has higher quality than surface water.

❑ Basic unit of a groundwater system

❑ Can be either single geologic formation or a collection of hydraulically

❑ The withdrawal of aquifer depends on both the quantity and quality.

❑ Cannot provide significant quantities of potable groundwater to wells

❑ Equivalent to aquitard, but with a very low permeability and acts as an

❑ The top of the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer.

❑ Foundation excavation when carried out in the present of near water

7 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ Dewatering is the process to extract water from aquifers through

❑ Common practice adopted to lower the water level to facilitate the

❑ Dewatering on construction projects may influence the design,

8 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ The flow of groundwater through aquifers can be describe by Darcy’s

10 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ Pumping of water from a well at constant rate results in the drawdown

11 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ Before pumping commences

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

12 10/7/2020 Magister Teknik Sipil

❑ Immediately after pumping commences

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

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❑ After prolonged pumping

Zumrawi and Hassan, 2016

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