Development of a technique for the genarate electricity and control of

acidity of water in
mine sumps.

RAHUL VISHWAKARMA
(Admission No: MU17BTMIN001)

Under the guidance of

ASST. PROF. SAGAR GUPTA

DISSERTATION
Submitted to

DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING

MATS UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

For the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology

in
MINING ENGINEERING
May 2021
i
DECLARATION
The dissertation title “Development of a technique for the generate electricity and
control of acidity of water in mine sum” is presentation of my original research work
and is not copied or reproduced or imitated from any other person's published or
unpublished work. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to
indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and acknowledgement of
collaborative research and discussions, as may be applicable. Every effort is made to give
proper citation to the published/unpublished work of others, if it is referred to in the
Dissertation.

To eliminate the scope of academic misconduct and plagiarism, I declare that I have read
and understood the UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in
Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018. These Regulations have been notified in
the Official Gazette of India on 31st July, 2018.
I confirm that this Dissertation has been checked with the online and a copy of the summary
report/report as a help in my research.
I further state that no part of the Dissertation and its data will be published without the consent
of my guide. I also confirm that this Dissertation work, carried out under the guidance of
Prof. Sagar Gupta, Assistance Professor, Department of mining engineering, has not been
previously submitted for assessment for the purpose of award of a Degree either at MATS
University or elsewhere to the best of my knowledge and belief.

(Rahul vishwakarma)
B.Tech. (Mining Engineering)
Mining Engineering Department
Admission No: MU17BTMIN001

(Forwarded by)
(Sagar Gupta)
Assistant Professor

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Rahul vishwakarma (Admission No. MU17BTMIN001), a student of
B.Tech.(Mining Engineering), Department of Mining Engineering, MATS University, Raipur
has worked under my guidance and completed his Dissertation entitled “Development of
a technique for the generate electricity and control of acidity of water in mine
sum” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for award of degree of B.Tech. in Mining
Engineering Department from MATS University(MSEIT), Raipur.

This work has not been submitted for any other degree, award, or distinction elsewhere to
the best of my knowledge and belief. he is solely responsible for the technical data and
information provided in this work.

(Sagar Gupta)
Assistant Professor and Guide
Department of Mining Engineering
MATS University (MSEIT), Raipur

FORWARDED BY:

Head of the Department,

Department of Mining Engineering
MATS University,
(MSEIT), Raipur

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank all those people who contributed for the completion of my work. Which
was an enjoyable experience for me.

First of all, I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my guide A Prof. Sagar
Gupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Mining Engineering MATS University, (MSEIT),
Raipur accepting to guide me on present topic “Development of a technique for the
generate electricity and control of acidity of water in mine sum” his patient
guidance, support, encouragement and excellent advice throughout my research work.

I am also thankful to all staff members of Department of Mining Engineering, MATS

University (MSEIT) for extending necessary help as and when required.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to my beloved parents, my brothers
and my friends for their untiring motivation and support till the completion of my work

Date: / /

(RAHUL VISHWAKARMA)
Admission no.: MU17BTMIN001
B.TECH (Mining Engineering)
Department of Mining Engineering
MATS University (MSEIT),RAIPUR

iii
CONTENT

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

01. INTRODUCTION

02. LITRETURE REVIWE

03.
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

In mining industry a huge amount of water is escape out during the mining process
which in collect into the river or lakes forms. The collection of mine water is the
main cause of water pollution because of many type of germs, bacteria and harmful
gases are present.

By use of mine water we can generate electricity and remaining water is used for
the drinking purpose after the filtration process and the waste water is used for the
sinking process

Due to the hydroelectric power plant mine can use the hydroelectricity which is help
in economical condition of mine and also solve the problem of mine pollute water.

Keyword : “Reuse of Mine water for electricity and drinking.”

1.1 OBJECTIVE

 Generation of electricity by mine water

 By the treatment of minewater use for drinking.
 Waste water is use for stowing process
CHAPTER 02

2. LITRETURE REVIEW

2.1 TURBINE

2.1.1 Hydro Turbines 

Hydro turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation plants that transfer

the energy from moving water to a rotating shaft to generate electricity. These
turbines rotate or spin as a response to water being introduced to their blades.
These turbines are essential in the area of hydropower - the process of
generating power from water.

2.1.2 Construction of turbine

Generally, the construction of turbines is the same. A row of blades is fitted to some
rotating shaft or plate. Water is then passed through the turbine over the blades,
causing the inner shaft to rotate. This rotational motion is then transferred to
a generator where electricity is generated. There are a variety of different types of
turbines that are best used in different situations. [2] Each type of turbine is created
to provide maximum output for the situation it is used in.

The type of turbine selected for any given hydropower project is based on the
height and speed of the incoming water - known as the hydraulic head - and
the volume of water that flows known as the hydroelectric discharge. Efficiency and
cost are also factors to be considered.
2.1.3 Tuurbine flow

Hydro turbines can be classified based on how water flows through the turbine
itself. When passed through a turbine, water can take a variety of different paths.
This leads to three categories of water flow through turbines: [2]

Axial Flow: Water flows through the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation.

Radial Flow: Water flows through the turbine perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Mixed Flow: Water flows through in a combination of both radial and axial flows.
For example, in a Francis turbine water flows in radially but exits axially.
Most hydro turbines tend to have mixed flows.

2.1.4 Pressure Change

Another criteria used to classify turbines is whether or not the
liquid pressure changes when flowing through a turbine. There are two types of
turbines that emerge from this classification, explained below.
 Impulse Turbine
In impulse turbines, the pressure of the liquid doesn't change in the turbine itself.
Instead, pressure changes occur only in the nozzles that direct water flow to the
turbine, while the turbine itself operates at atmospheric pressure. These turbines
are composed of a jet nozzle or series of nozzles that direct water to the blades
of a turbine. Multiple nozzles are usually used where a large wheel isn't feasible.
When the water strikes the blades (designed specially to reduce drag), it
changes velocity. This leads to a change in momentum, exerting a force on the
turbine blades. These turbines rely on the ability to take all kinetic energy from
the water to have high efficiencies. Unlike reaction turbines, impulse turbines do
not need to be submerged. Types of impulse turbines include Pelton
turbines, Turgo turbines, and Crossflow turbines. For more information on where
these turbines are used and how they are constructed, follow the links to their
respective pages.

 Reaction Turbine
In reaction turbines, the pressure of the water changes as it moves through the
blades of the turbine. Unlike in an impulse turbine, the reaction turbine directly
uses water pressure to move blades instead of relying on a conversion of water
pressure to kinetic energy. This means that reaction turbines need to be
submersed in water. Additionally, components of these turbines must be able to
handle high pressure levels inside the turbine. Here, the fluid velocity and
reduction in water pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades, moving
them. Types of reaction turbines include Kaplan turbines and Francis turbines.
2.1.4 Power
The power available in a stream is;
where:

  power (J/s or watts)

  turbine efficiency

  density of fluid (kg/m3)

  acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)

  head (m). For still water, this is the difference in height between the inlet
and outlet surfaces. Moving water has an additional component added to account
for the kinetic energy of the flow. The total head equals the pressure
head plus velocity head.

 = flow rate (m3/s)

2.1.5 Pumped-storage hydroelectricity

Some water turbines are designed for pumped-storage hydroelectricity. They can
reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical
hours, and then revert to a water turbine for power generation during peak
electrical demand. This type of turbine is usually a Deriaz or Francis turbine in
design.

This type of system is used in El Hierro, one of the Canary Islands: "When wind
production exceeds demand, excess energy will pump water from a lower reservoir
at the bottom of a volcanic cone to an upper reservoir at the top of the volcano 700
meters above sea level. The lower reservoir stores 150,000 cubic meters of water.
The stored water acts as a battery. The maximum storage capacity is 270 MWh.
When demand rises and there is not enough wind power, the water will be released
to four hydroelectric turbines with a total capacity of 11 MW."
2.1.6 Turbine blade material

Given that the turbine blades in a water turbine are constantly exposed to water
and dynamic forces, they need to have high corrosion resistance and strength. The
most common material used in overlays on carbon steel runners in water turbines
are austenitic steel alloys that have 17% to 20% chromium to increase stability of
the film which improves aqueous corrosion resistance. The chromium content in
these steel alloys exceed the minimum of 12% chromium required to exhibit some
atmospheric corrosion resistance. Having a higher chromium concentration in the
steel alloys allows for a much longer lifespan of the turbine blades. Currently, the
blades are made of martensitic stainless steels which have high strength compared
to austenitic stainless steels by a factor of 2. Besides corrosion resistance and
strength as the criteria for material selection, weld-ability and density of the turbine
blade. Greater weld-ability allows for easier repair of the turbine blades. This also
allows for higher weld quality which results in a better repair. Selecting a material
with low density is important to achieve higher efficiency because the lighter blades
rotate more easily. The most common material used in Kaplan Turbine blades are
stainless steel alloys (SS). The martensitic stainless steel alloys have high strength,
thinner sections than standard carbon steel, and reduced mass that enhances the
hydrodynamic flow conditions and efficiency of the water turbine. The SS(13Cr-4Ni)
has been shown to have improved erosion resistance at all angles of attack through
the process of laser peening. It is important to minimize erosion in order to maintain
high efficiencies because erosion negatively impacts the hydraulic profile of the
blades which reduces the relative ease to rotate.

2.1.7 Maintenance

Turbines are designed to run for decades with very little maintenance of the main
elements; overhaul intervals are on the order of several years. Maintenance of the
runners and parts exposed to water include removal, inspection, and repair of worn
parts.
Normal wear and tear includes pitting corrosion from cavitation, fatigue cracking,
and abrasion from suspended solids in the water. Steel elements are repaired by
welding, usually with stainless steel rods. Damaged areas are cut or ground out,
then welded back up to their original or an improved profile. Old turbine runners
may have a significant amount of stainless steel added this way by the end of their
lifetime. Elaborate welding procedures may be used to achieve the highest quality
repairs.[25]
Other elements requiring inspection and repair during overhauls include bearings,
packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, cooling systems for the bearings and
generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate linkage elements and all surfaces.

2.1.8 Design And Application

Turbine selection is based on the available water head, and less so on the available
flow rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction
turbines are used for low head sites. Kaplan turbines with adjustable blade pitch are
well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since their peak efficiency
can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.
Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly
large bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis
and Kaplan machines usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the
available head, and makes installation of a generator more economical. Pelton
wheels may be either vertical or horizontal shaft machines because the size of the
machine is so much less than the available head. Some impulse turbines use
multiple jets per runner to balance shaft thrust. This also allows for the use of a
smaller turbine runner, which can decrease costs and mechanical losses.

Typical range of heads

• Water wheel 0.2 < H < 4   (H = head in m)
• Screw turbine 1 < H < 10
• VLH turbine 1.5 < H < 4.5
• Kaplan turbine 2 < H < 70
• Francis turbine 10 < H < 300[20]
• Pelton wheel 80 < H < 1600
• Turgo turbine 50 < H < 250
Specific speed
The specific speed ns of a turbine characterizes the turbine's shape in a way that
is not related to its size. This allows a new turbine design to be scaled from an
existing design of known performance. The specific speed is also the main criteria
for matching a specific hydro site with the correct turbine type. The specific
speed is the speed with which the turbine turns for a particular discharge Q, with
unit head and thereby is able to produce unit power.

Affinity laws
Affinity laws allow the output of a turbine to be predicted based on model tests.
A miniature replica of a proposed design, about one foot (0.3 m) in diameter, can
be tested and the laboratory measurements applied to the final application with
high confidence. Affinity laws are derived by requiring similitude between the
test model and the application.
Flow through the turbine is controlled either by a large valve or by wicket gates
arranged around the outside of the turbine runner. Differential head and flow
can be plotted for a number of different values of gate opening, producing a hill
diagram used to show the efficiency of the turbine at varying conditions.

Runaway speed
The runaway speed of a water turbine is its speed at full flow, and no shaft load.
The turbine will be designed to survive the mechanical forces of this speed. The
manufacturer will supply the runaway speed rating.
 2.2 Mine water purification

2.2.1 Mine water

Pit water, mine water or mining water is water that collects in a mine and which
has to be brought to the surface by water management methods in order to
enable the mine to continue working.

Water in mines, that is, “mine water,” usually refers to the water contained in the
mined-out open area or dug-out area generated as a result of mining of mineral.
This excavated area is in open-pit form and contains surface water as well
as groundwater.

2.2.2 Cause of pollution of mine water

Water running through mine tailings can become polluted.
The resulting chemicals in the water are sulfuric acid and dissolved iron. ... The
acid runoff further dissolves heavy metals such as copper, lead, mercury into
groundwater or surface water.

 Discharge of mine water containing toxic substances into nearby water body.
 Abundant mill tailings, coal heaps, spoil heaps and other waste overburden
dumps in mining areas contains significant amount of minerals which gets
dissolved in rain water and becomes a major source of water pollution.
 Groundwater gets contaminated mainly due to leaching and percolation.
 Overburden dumps spread over the banks of streams and river causes
blockages of free flow and contamination of water.
 Carry-off of the fine solid particles from the surface mine sites and coal
preparation plants especially during rainy season.
 Mixing of oil, grease and chemicals in water from workshops and HEMM.
2.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE WATER

In any waste management application, the first step is the identification of sources of waste
water and
characterization of the same. The main sources of waste water from a mine site can be broadly
classified into;
 Mine water
 Process waste water
 Domestic waste water
 Surface run-off
The most probable contaminants in the waste water produced by a typical mining industry can
be broadly
classified into 5 categories and are listed in below given table. Out of these 5 categories,
biological pollutants
essentially from domestic and sanitation facilities within the amenity building and usually they
should be
connected to urban sewer or a properly designed one site waste disposal system, radiological
pollutants are very
specific to uranium and related open cut mines. Important to realize that “effective prevention
of contamination
at sources” is the only solution available for managing radioactive waste water.
Physio-Chemical Properties of Polluted Water:

 pH – pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of water.

 Colour – the colour of the waste water typically depends upon the matter dissolve.

 TDS – Total Dissolved Solid is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic &
organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular.

 TSS – Total Suspended Solid is a water quality parameter use for example to access the
quality of waste water after treatment in waste water treatment plant.

 BOD – Biological Oxygen Demand is a standard measure of the amount of O2 needed by

microorganisms to cause bio degradation of organic and in organic pollutants.

 DO – Dissolved Oxygen (DO) analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolves
in an aqueous solution.
  COD – The amount of O2 needed for oxidizing inorganic pollutants by chemical
oxidation. Is known as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

Table 1: Typical contaminants in mine waste water

Main Categories Sub Categories

Physical Suspended solids (SS), Turbidity, Color, Temperature,

Taste and odor

Chemical Coal, Oils and grease, Soaps and detergents, Rubber

Dyes and phenolic compounds

Chemical Heavy metals (Cr, Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni etc.)
(inorganic ) Acids
Alkalis
Cyanide
Dissolved salt - Cations: Mg, Ca, K,Na, Fe, Mn etc.
- Anions: Cl, SO4, NO3, HCO3, Pb4 etc.

Biological Bacteria, viruses, and small organisms

Adiological Uranium, Tritium and other radioactive substances from
mine tailings.

2.2.4 STAGES OF WATER TREATMENT

1. Preliminary treatment
a. Screening
b. Skimming
2. Primary treatment
a. Sedimentation
b. Neutralisation
c. Equalisation
3. Secondary treatment
a. Oxidation Pond
b. Activated Sludge Process
c. Trickling Filters
4. Tertiary treatment
a. Chlorination
 b. Reverse Osmosis
c. Electro-Dilesis

2.2.5 TREATMENT TECHNUQUE IN MINES

Water gets polluted due to mining activity hence for controlling water pollution following
treatment techniques
are adopted at mine which includes:
a) Treatment plant for mine discharge water
b) Treatment plant effluent for workshop
c) Treatment plant for discharge of domestic sewage
The pollutant water coming from mine is categorized into three classes.

1. Mine Effluent

Mining activity are carried out below ground and subside water encounter is to be pumped out
for
facility this activity. This is the major effluent involved in the mining operation. Therefore to
arrest
suspended solids sedimentation tank are constructed and sediments are allow to settle before
being
discharge.

2. Workshop Effluent

In big opencast mine workshop are constructed maintenance. Example HEMM, major activity in
workshop is washing and maintaining of vehicles. The effluent generated in workshop is treated
in
effluent treatment plant. Which consist of pre-sedimentation tank, oil and grease trap, flash
mixture,
Clarifloculator, clear water tank, etc.

3. Domestic Effluent

The life of coal mines is limited in the range of 10 years to 30-40 years. Duly constructed
residential
colonies have been provided in major mines. Most of these mines have Domestic Effluent
Treatment
Plants, which ensures effluent quality within norms.
Monitoring of effluent water is continuously done as per CPCB guidelines and stipulations. In
coal
projects it is very rare that any parameter exceeds the permissible limit. In fact, most parameters
are
below detectable limits. TSS in rainy season poses some difficulty and sometimes goes beyond
limits.

2.2.6 WETP (WORKSHOP EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT)

In big, Opencast mines, workshops are constructed for maintenance of heavy earth moving
machineries. A
major activity in the workshop is washing of the vehicles. Figure 9 gives the camera image of the
WETP of Durgapur OCM (Chandrapur,(Mah.),WCL). The effluent generated in the workshop
are treated in Effluent Treatment Plant which comprise of Pre-sedimentation tanks, Oils &
Grease traps, flash mixer, Clarifloculator, clear water tank etc.

Western Coalfield Ltd. has achieved great success in curtailing the

waste water from workshop to treat it and re-use it for various purposes. Industrial water demand
is by 100% recirculation of effluent water. There is no effluent discharge in such plant. The
capacities of these plants are from 150 to 200 KLD.

The following table 2 from WETP of Durgapur OCM (Chandrapur Area, WCL) gives the
data of the total oil and grease recovered in liters and the sludge recovered in cubic
meters for every month of the year 2015.This recovered material is then sent for further
processing in the third party recovery plants. Table 3 gives the list of almost all WETP’s
in open cast mines of WCL.
2.2.7 WATER MANAGEMENT IN MINING PROCESSES
In the majority of cases, mining processes affect water and, consequently, cause high impacts
and influences on the environment. Not only hydro-geological impacts on ground and surface
water in mining areas and river catchments or geotechnical and morphological disturbances such
as Tailings Storage Facilities TSF) are to be reflected on here, but also Waste Rock and Rock
and Waste Dumps, with all their known consequences, such as geo-stability, erosion, dust on
environmental compartments and a wide range of socio-economic questions.

In order to cope with all potential impacts and influences, it is necessary to know as much as
possible about them and their dependencies. In this context, the Integrated Water Management in
mining is concerned with the interplay between politics, economy and society, regarding the
various aspects of water use, influenced by mining processes. Figure 13 gives the idea for
management of water in mines. Optimal strategies are always site-specific and must take aspects,
such as geology, topography, hydrology, mining method and cost effectiveness.
2.2.8 BOD (BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)

BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter
from water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria (those bacteria that live
only in an environment containing oxygen).

A pure water would have about 1 ppm value. A water supply with BOD level of 3.5 ppm
is moderately clean, and water with a BOD level of 6.9 ppm is considered as
polluted water.

Most wastewater test results will be reported in either milligrams per liter (mg/L) or
parts per million (ppm). The good news is these two units are equal and thus are
interchangeable! However, make sure you always note the units reported. Some
wastewater parameters (e.g., heavy metals) are often reported in smaller units such as
micrograms per liter (µm/L) or parts per billion (ppb).

The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less
oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are
the same as those for low dissolved oxygen: aquatic organisms become stressed,
suffocate, and die.

How to calculate BOD

For example, suppose the estimated BOD of an influent sample is 400 mg/L and assume
the DO of saturated dilution water is 8.0 mg/L. Since the criteria for most valid results
states that the DO depletion at the end of five days incubation should be at least 2.0
mg/L and the residual DO at least 1.0 mg/L, the formulas to calculate the minimum and
maximum estimated dilution are as follows:

A. mL sample added to BOD bottle = (minimum allowable depletion, mg/L x Volume of

BOD bottle, mL)/estimated BOD, mg/L

Example:

minimum mL sample = [(8 mg/L - 6 mg/L) x 300 mL]/400 mg/L

minimum mL sample = (2 x 300)/400 = 600/400 = 1.5 mL

B. mL sample added to BOD bottle = (maximum allowable depletion, mg/L x Volume of BOD
bottle, mL)/estimated

BOD, mg/L

Example:

maximum mL sample = [(8 mg/L - 1 mg/L) x 300 mL]/400 mg/L

maximum mL sample = (7 x 300)/400 = 2100/400 = 5.25 mL

Since the BOD value used is only an estimate, and BOD bottles do not always have a volume of
exactly 300 mL, several bottles with different volumes of sample are set up to ensure that test
requirements are met. For the examples above, four bottles would be used with 1 mL, 3 mL, 4
mL, and 6 mL, and the results averaged for the final BOD.

NOTE: Those sample dilutions which deplete less than 2 mg/L, or have a final DO of less than
1 mg/L would not be used in the calculation of the average sample BOD.

2.2.9 COD (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water and wastewater quality.

The COD test is often used to monitor water treatment plant efficiency. This test is
based on the fact that a strong oxidizing agent, under acidic conditions, can fully oxidize
almost any organic compound to carbon dioxide.

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water and wastewater quality.

The COD test is often used to monitor water treatment plant efficiency. This test is
based on the fact that a strong oxidizing agent, under acidic conditions, can fully oxidize
almost any organic compound to carbon dioxide.

COD or Chemical O xygen Demand is the total measurement of all chemicals in

the water that can be oxidized. BOD- Biochemical Oxygen Demand is supposed to
measure the amount of food (or organic carbons) that bacteria can oxidize.

COD is an indicative measurement of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by

reactions in a measured solution. ... COD detection can be used to easily quantify the
amount of organics in water. The higher the COD value, the more serious the pollution
of organic matter by water.
Reduse COD : The most important way to get rid of the sludge is to use coagulants and
flocculants. The principle is to bind the sludge to one another so that a larger clumps of
sludge and then be deposited in a sedimentation tank. Some chemicals commonly used
as a coagulant, among others; PAC, FeCl3 (Ferric Chloride) and Alum.

There is a formula for calculating COD.

Consider the formula for COD calculation: (a - b) X C X 8,000 / the volume of the sample in mL.

Let "a" represent the titrant used for your sample expressed in mL.

Let "b" represent the titrant used for your blank sample in mL.

Let "C" represent the normality of the ferrous ammonium sulfate. Your result will be
expressed in milligrams per liter.