GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, KARAD

MICROPROJECT REPORT ,

“HYDRAULIC TURBINES”

Under the subject

FLUID MECHANICSAND MECHANARY
(FMM)
SUBMITTED BY-

1713,1715 And 1716

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. S.Y.CHAVAN
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the micro project Report

entitled study of “HYDRLIC TURBINES ” being
submitted by 1713,1715,1716 is a record of
bonafide work carried out under the supervision
and guidance OF Prof. S.Y.CHAVAN in the partial
fulfilment of the requirement for diploma in
Mechanical Engineering course Maharashtra state
board of technical education technical , Mumbai in
the academic year 2021-22.

(Project Guide) Prof

S.Y.CHAVAN
Principal HOD Prof :
D.S.Chavan
 Aims/Benefits of micro-project:

1. Hydraulic turbines are the prime movers that convert

the energy of the falling water into a rotational
mechanical energy and consequently to an electric
energy through the use of the generators that are
connected to the turbines. Turbines consist of a row of
blades that are fixed on a rotating shaft or a plate.

2. helps us understand the behavior of fluid under

various forces and at different atmospheric conditions,
and to select the proper fluid for various applications

3. Hydro turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation

plants that transfer the energy from moving water to a rotating
shaft to generate electricity. These turbines rotate or spin as a
response to water being introduced to their blades.
• Course Outcome

1. To Understand the concept and Working Principle of pump and

turbines
2.To give fundamental knowledge of fluid, its properties and
behavior under various conditions of internal and external flows.
3. To develop understanding about hydrostatic law, principle of
buoyancy and stability of a floating body and application of mass,
momentum and energy equation in fluid flow.

• Proposed methodology:

1. First
we will decide group and select topic.
2. We will collect the information of Working of
Hydraulic in detail.
3. We will also study about their applications.
4. We will take the guidance of our subject incharge.
5. We prepare a report of our micro-project.
  RATIONALE

Water turbine is a device that transforms the potential

energy of a head of water into mechanical work. Turbines
vary widely in form and application. At one extreme is the
pure impulse machine where the flow is generally low but
the head is large.

Reaction turbines, in which the pressure drop takes place

in both fixed and rotating parts of the machine, cover the
remaining types. The turbine-operating parameters of
head, flow, and rotational speed cover a wide range of
combinations.

To characterize them for comparison and selection

purposes, the concept of specific speed is used.
Cavitation is a very complicated physical phenomenon
resulting from water flow in the passages of a turbine. It
can occur whenever the local fluid pressure falls below a
value corresponding to the water vapor pressure at the
prevailing temperature.

Under these conditions, boiling and steam bubble

formation may occur. The chapter discusses different
types of turbines: the Pelton turbine, the Francis turbine,
the Kaplan turbine, and the tubular turbines.
 AKNOLEDGEMENT:

The project provided me a great opportunity to

learn the project has been successfully completed
as a result of knowledge, skills, logic and also
those who guide me. I would like to acknowledge
Prof.S.Y.CHAVAN Sir for their guidance and
support throughout the duration of this project. I
would also like to thank our honourable principal
sir for this support and encouragement of the
micro project. I would like to again thank
Prof.S.Y.CHAVAN Sir for constant support and
for providing us with all possible facilities in the
department. I would like to thank all the teaching
and non-teaching staff of Mechanical Engineering
Department and my friends who directly or
indirectly help me in the successful completion of
this micro project.
  INTRODUCTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES :

The hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses the

energy of flowing water and converts  is  into  the
mechanical  energy  in  the  form  of  rotation  of  the
runner.  (A prime mover is a machine which uses the
raw energy of a substance and converts it into the
mechanical energy.) Since the fluid medium is water,
these turbines are also known   as   the   ‘ water  
turbines’ Hydraulic   turbines   coupled   with   hydro
— generators form the so  —called ‘ hydro units’
which are widely used now a days for generating
electrical power.

HYDRAULIC TURBINES :
Turbine is a machine wherein rotary motion is obtained by centrifugal
forces, which result from a change in the direction of high velocity fluid
jet that issues from a nozzle.
Water turbine is a prime mover, which uses water as the working
substance to generate power. A water turbine uses the potential and
kinetic energy of water and converts it into usable mechanical energy.
The fluid energy is available in the natural or artificial high level water
reservoirs, which are created by constructing dams at appropriate places
in the flow path of rivers. When water from the reservoir is taken to the
turbine, transfer of energy takes place in the blade passages of the unit.
Hydraulic turbines in the form of water wheels have been used since
ages; presently their application lies in the field of electric power
generation. The mechanical energy made available at the turbine shaft is
used to run an electric generator, which is directly coupled, to the
turbine shaft. The power generated by utilizing the potential and kinetic
energy of water has the advantages of high efficiency, operational
flexibility, low wear tear, and ease of maintenance.

 How a Hydraulic Turbine Work?

In general, the principal component of a turbine is a rotor. The rotor is
a wheel carrying a number of plates and vanes on its periphery.

The rotor is housed in a stationary casing and water possesses a

good amount of potential energy which is allowed to flow through
pipes and finally discharged through nozzles and thus gaining kinetic
energy.
Whenever the water strikes the runner and causes it to rotate, the
mechanical energy developed is supplied to the generator coupled to
the runner which generates electricity.

 Advantages of Hydraulic Turbine:

The Advantages of Hydraulic Turbine are as follows:

 Hydraulic Turbine's running coast is less compared to other

turbines.
 It is a renewable source of energy.
 The efficiency of this system is high.
 Environmental pollution is almost zero.

 Disadvantages of Hydraulic Turbine:

The disadvantages of Hydraulic Turbine are as follows:

 The installation cost is very high.

 It can be placed at only those regions where there is a
surplus of water.
 The population of aquatic animals can be impacted.

 Usages of Hydraulic Turbine :

 The applications of Hydraulic Turbine are as follows.

 It is used for the generation of electric power in dams.

 It will control the floods in the rivers.
 The water which stays in a reservoir can be used for
agriculture purposes.

 CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

 Working of REACTION Turbines :

 Waters are supplied by penstock from the reservoir to a

turbine and then enter the casing. The cover completely
surrounds the runner. This casing distributes the water in the
turbine runner according to the perimeter. This cover is
 always filled with water. Inside the casing number of the
existing fixed vanes, it partially transforms the available head
with water into a dynamic head.
 The cross-sectional area of the casings is gradually reduced
to maintain a constant velocity of water throughout the
turbine runner. These various components and veins help
the water flow into the runner with minimal loss of energy.
 When water enters the runner above the rotor, it has both
kinetic energy and pressure energy. When water collides
with the moving van / rotating van, it applies the impulse
force due to the kinetic energy, as in the case of the Pelton
wheel.
 As the water flows over the moving / rotating vane, it creates
a pressure difference on the vane due to the airfoil shape of
the vane, which causes the water to apply a lift force over
the vane. These lift forces are also known as the reaction
force.

 IMPULSE TURBINES:
 Impulse turbines are defined as turbines in which high-
velocity jets of water or steam collide with the blades of the
turbine to rotates the turbine and produce electricity using
this winding. The impulse turbine is so named because it
acts on the impulse force created for the striking blade of the
water jet.
 In impulse turbines, water hits the blade tangentially; hence
it is also known as a tangent flow turbine. Impulse turbines
are suited for high head and low discharge of water. This
means that it is used when the amount of water flow is small,
and there is high pressure due to the high location of the
water head.
 In these articles, we will discuss the first type, which is an
impulse turbine. In impulse turbines, the kinetic energy
coming from the nozzles is converted into high-velocity water
jet turbine shaft work. The blades of the impulse turbine are
usually bucket-shaped.
 Before hitting the turbine blades, the water pressure
(potential energy) is converted into kinetic energy by the
nozzle, and the turbine is focused. There is no pressure
change on the turbine blades, and the turbine is not required
for operation.
 Newton’s second law describes the transfers of energy to
impulse turbines. Impulse turbine is most often used in very
high head applications.

 Working Principle of Impulse Turbine:

In this turbine, the static pressure inside the runners is constant, and the
turbine runner is at atmospheric pressure. The runner rotates in the air, and
the blade is sprayed through the nozzle to exchange energy with the
turbine. Jet nozzles or a series of nozzles direct high-speed flow to the
blades, which are usually in the shape of a bucket or cup. Therefore, only
the pressure changes in the nozzle.

The application of curved blades is to change the velocity of flow. This

strike causes a change in speed, and a force is applied to the turbine
blades based on the law of energy interaction. According to Newton’s
second law of motion, forces obtained through a motion of the fluid
depends on two factors: the mass of the fluid entering the turbine and the
change in the velocity of the fluid between the turbine inlet and outlet.

As there is no change in the fluid mass, only the change in velocity is taken
into account in the calculation of the force applied to the runner.

Thus, in the power generation process in impulse turbines, the following

steps are applied.
  The stored water flows upstream from a source through the penstock
to reach the nozzle.
 The potential energy of water inside the nozzle is converted into
kinetic energy and injected into the blade or bucket; Thus, the runner
rotates.
 The runner has a mechanism to control the flow of injected water.
The spear usually plays an important role in this process.
 The generator connected to the shaft converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
Impulse turbine has the ability to take all kinetic energy from water for high
efficiency. After reaching the runner, water is discharged into the
atmosphere from the bottom of the turbine housing; therefore, there is no
suction at the bottom of the turbine. Here you can see schematically how
an impulse turbine works in the process of extracting the kinetic energy of
water as well as the power from its components.

Types of Impulse Turbine:

#1. Pelton Turbine

Pelton turbine is the most well-known type of impulse turbine.

Each bucket used in this type of turbine has double cups with
splitters between the cups. The Pelton turbine separates the jet of
water between the cups and thus increases the turbine’s
performance. Pelton turbines can achieve efficiency up to 95%,
and efficiency up to 90% is achievable in micro-level hydroelectric
plants.

#2. Turgo Turbine

The Turgo turbine is the impulse turbine that is best suited for the
medium-head operation. The buckets used in turbo turbines have
single cups, and the cups are more shallow. Unlike the Pelton
turbine, the water jet hits the bucket uniquely (about 20 degrees)
in the Targo turbine. Turgo turbines can be used at very high
rotational speeds. They can handle higher flow rates than similar-
sized Pelton turbines.

#3. Cross-Flow Turbine

Cross-flow turbines are modified forms of impulse turbines mainly

used in small hydropower plants. The cross-flow turbine was
developed in 1903 by Anthony Michel, Donnet Banki, and Fritz
Osberg. They are easy to make and require very little
maintenance. In cross-flow turbines, water passes through the
turbine or across the turbine blade, unlike other turbines where
water flows axially or radially.

 REACTION TURBINES
 They have vast applications and can be classified in
various ways. According to the water flowing through
turbine runners, turbines are classified into two
categories, i.e., impulse turbines and reaction
turbines. Pelton wheel turbines are the type of
Impulse turbine, but here we only talk about reaction
turbines. A reaction turbine is different from an
impulse turbine in many ways.
 In response, the pressure of the turbine is not the
same throughout the turbine. When the water enters
the turbine runner, a part of the available energy of
water is converted into kinetic energy, and the
 remaining part is converted into pressure energy.
Pressure varies throughout the turbine. At the
entrance of the turbine, the pressure is much higher
than the pressure at the exit.
 When the water starts flowing through the runner, the
pressure energy starts converting into kinetic energy.
The turbine cover must be airtight and always filled
with water due to pressure differences. The pressure
at the entrance is equal to the atmospheric pressure,
but the runner pressure begins to decrease and
decreases below atmospheric pressure.
 Working of Reaction Turbine:

 Waters are supplied by penstock from the reservoir to a turbine and

then enter the casing. The cover completely surrounds the runner.
This casing distributes the water in the turbine runner according to the
perimeter. This cover is always filled with water. Inside the casing
number of the existing fixed vanes, it partially transforms the
available head with water into a dynamic head.

 The cross-sectional area of the casings is gradually reduced to

maintain a constant velocity of water throughout the turbine runner.
These various components and veins help the water flow into the
runner with minimal loss of energy.
 When water enters the runner above the rotor, it has both kinetic
energy and pressure energy. When water collides with the moving
van / rotating van, it applies the impulse force due to the kinetic
energy, as in the case of the Pelton wheel.
 As the water flows over the moving / rotating vane, it creates a
pressure difference on the vane due to the airfoil shape of the vane,
which causes the water to apply a lift force over the vane. These lift
forces are also known as the reaction force.
 Advantages of Reaction Turbine:
 It has high hydraulic efficiency.
 This requires less space.
 The reaction turbines use oil-free exhaust systems.
 It has a small size.
 It has a high capacity to use high temperature and high
pressure.
 This type of turbine has a high working speed.
 It is easy to construct.
 The blade has a higher efficiency than an impulse
turbine.

 Disadvantages of Reaction Turbine:

 This type of turbine generates thrust force.
 It confronts the problem of the cavity.
 It does not have symmetrical blades.
 These turbines require higher maintenance than impulse
turbines.
 Higher maintenance costs are required.

 Applications of Reaction Turbine:

 Apart from cross-flow turbines, this is the only turbine to
achieve optimum power output at low peak water head and
high velocity, which is not efficient.
 Reaction turbines are used in wind power mills to generate
electricity.
 It is the most widely used turbine for generating electricity in
hydroelectric plants.

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPULSE AND REACTION

TURBINES:
Action plan:
Sr. Details Of Planned Planned Name of Team
No. Activity Start Date Finished Members
Date
1 Selection Of 10- 04-2022 15-04-2022 All team members
Topic

2 16-04-2022 20-04-2022 All team members.

Collection of
information

3 21-04-2022 24-04-2022 Atharv jaywant patil

Making of
proposal
4 25-04-2022 28-04-2022 Yuvrajsingh.v.pardeshi
Making final
report
5 Checking of 29-04-2022 3-05-2022 Atharv jaydeep patil
microproject
with help of
teacher &
making PPT.

• Resources used:

Sr. Name of specification Quant

no component ity
 Computer. Internet 1
1
Website https://youtu.be/od4cc_9iXRw 1
2
Book Fluid mechanics and Machinery 1
4

• List Of Team Members:

Roll No. Names Enrollment no.

1713 Yuvrajsingh Vijaysingh 2000100385

Pardeshi
1715 Patil Atharv Jaydeep 2000100387
1716 Patil Atharv Jaywant 2000100388