WIND TURBINE EMULATOR

FOR A MICROGRID

K. M. G. Y. Sewwandi (120608P)
K. A. H. Lakshika (120332M)
T. S. S. Senarathna (120601M)
V. Y. Wong (120737J)

Degree of Bachelor of the Science of Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Moratuwa
Sri Lanka

April 2017
 DECLARATION
We declare that this is our own work and this report does not incorporate, without
acknowledgement, any material previously submitted for a Degree or Diploma in any other
University or Institute of higher learning and to the best of our knowledge and belief it does
not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where
the acknowledgement is made in the text.

Also, we hereby grant to University of Moratuwa the non-exclusive right to reproduce and
distribute our report, in whole or in part in print, electronic or other medium. We retain the
right to use this content in whole or part in future works (such as articles or books).

Name of the candidate Signature

K. M. G. Y. Sewwandi (120608P)

K. A. H. Lakshika (120332M)

T. S. S. Senarathna (120601M)

V. Y. Wong (120737J)

Date:

The above candidates have carried out research for their undergraduate project of the BSc
degree under my supervision.

Name of the supervisor Signature

Prof. J.R. Lucas

Dr. K. T. M. U. Hemapala

Dr. Narendra de Silva

Date:

ii
ABSTRACT
Throughout the past few years, power generation based on wind energy has become a
considerable aspect in the present power generation. This has caused an increase in the
wind power based research and in this project a wind turbine emulator is developed to
simulate wind turbine behaviour with a connection to a micro grid in a laboratory
environment. Wind turbine characteristics are modelled using a separately excited DC
motor for steady state variations. DC motor is coupled with a synchronous generator to
provide the power output.

The emulator can be used for research applications to drive an electrical generator in a
similar way as a wind turbine, by reproducing the torque developed by a wind turbine for
a given wind velocity. Also, it can be used as an educational tool to teach the behaviour,
operation and control of a wind turbine.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We remember with immense gratitude the support, guidance and advice given to us by
our project supervisors Prof. J. Rohan Lucas Dr. K. T. M. U. Hemapala and Dr. Narendra
de Silva who took a personal interest in our project. We appreciate the time sacrificed
throughout the year sharing their wisdom and experience and always pointing out our
weaknesses and questioning our progress throughout the project.

The successful completion of this project is very much due to the untiring effort of those
who helped us in numerous ways. We appreciate the opportunity given to us by Head of
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prof. Nalin Wickramarachchi to work on this
project. We are also very grateful to all the academic staff of the department who assisted
us in the project by giving constructive criticisms and other ideas for the improvement of
the project.

It is with gratitude we thank Dr. Narendra de Silva, Head of Engineering Lanka Electricity
Company (Pvt.) Ltd for funding for the Synchronous Generator.

We sincerely appreciate the support given by other non-academic staff members of the
department, specially Mr. Keerthi and Mr. J. D. Leelasiri of the Electrical Machines
Laboratory and Mr. Asoka Chandana and of the Power System Laboratory who helped us
immensely in the success of our project.

Finally, we’d like to pay our tribute to each and every one who shared their thoughts of
wisdom to helped us to successfully complete this project.

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 - Wind Turbine Emulator ............................................................................................................ 2

Fig. 2 - Qualitative Wind Turbine Mechanical Power versus Wind Speed Curve ................................ 5
Fig. 3- VESTAS V27-225kW Power Curve .......................................................................................... 9
Fig. 4- BONUS MK III 450 Power Curve ........................................................................................... 10
Fig. 5- Wind Turbine Model Block Diagram ...................................................................................... 11
Fig. 6- Reference power Calculation block ......................................................................................... 11
Fig. 7 - LabVIEW Block Diagram for Wind Model ............................................................................ 11
Fig. 8 - DC Motor and its Specifications ............................................................................................. 12
Fig. 9 - Electric Model of the Separately Excited DC Motor .............................................................. 12
Fig. 10 - Block Diagram of the Separately Excited DC Motor ............................................................ 13
Fig. 11 - Electrical Model of the Separately Excited DC Motor.......................................................... 14
Fig. 12 - Generator and its Specifications ............................................................................................ 15
Fig. 13 - DC motor Armature Supply .................................................................................................. 16
Fig. 14 - Hardware Implementation ..................................................................................................... 16
Fig. 15 - DC motor Field Supply Circuit and Implementation ............................................................ 17
Fig. 16 - IGBT Module ........................................................................................................................ 18
Fig. 17 - Diode Forward Recovery Characteristics .............................................................................. 19
Fig. 18 - IGBT Turn-Off Characteristics ............................................................................................. 19
Fig. 19 - IGBT Turn-On Characteristics ............................................................................................. 20
Fig. 20 - Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics .............................................................................. 20
Fig. 21 - IGBT, Motor Armature Connection with Snubber................................................................ 21
Fig. 22 - Reference Current Calculation .............................................................................................. 22
Fig. 23 - Controller Block Diagram ..................................................................................................... 22
Fig. 24 - M57962L Driver IC .............................................................................................................. 23
Fig. 25 - M57962L Internal Block Diagram ........................................................................................ 23
Fig. 26 - Hybrid Driver Power Supply................................................................................................. 24
Fig. 27 - Driver Circuit Design ............................................................................................................ 24
Fig. 28 - PID control LABVIEW VI.................................................................................................... 25
Fig. 29 - PID Detailed Blocks .............................................................................................................. 25
Fig. 30 - DC Current Measurement Block Diagram ............................................................................ 26
Fig. 31 - ADS1115 and 100A/75mV Shunt and Connection with Arduino......................................... 26
Fig. 32 - I2C communication with ADS1115 in LABVIEW............................................................... 27
Fig. 33 - YHDC Current Transformer SCT-013-000........................................................................... 28
Fig. 34 - Voltage and Current Measurement Circuits .......................................................................... 29
Fig. 35 - Hardware Setup of Power Measurement Circuit ................................................................... 30
Fig. 36 - E6B2-CWZ6Z Rotary Encoder ............................................................................................. 30
Fig. 37 - Rotary Encoder Interface circuit ........................................................................................... 30
Fig. 38 - LABVIEW Measurement Subsystem.................................................................................... 31
Fig. 39 - DC motor Field Protection .................................................................................................... 31
Fig. 40 - AVR Protection ..................................................................................................................... 32
Fig. 41 - Configuration of Software in LabVIEW ............................................................................... 33
Fig. 42- Graphical User Interface ........................................................................................................ 34
Fig. 43 - Control Logic for DC Motor Start ......................................................................................... 35
Fig. 44 - LabVIEW Subsystem for DC Motor Start ............................................................................ 35
Fig. 45 - Control Logic for DC Motor Stop ......................................................................................... 35
Fig. 46 - LabVIEW Subsystem for DC Motor Stop............................................................................. 36
Fig. 47 - LabVIEW Spreadsheet Reading Block ................................................................................. 36
Fig. 48 - Results for Different Wind Profiles....................................................................................... 37

v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1- VESTAS V27-225kW Power Data ................................................................................... 9
Table 2 - BONUS MK III 450 Power Data ................................................................................... 10
Table 3 - Motor Parameters ........................................................................................................... 15
Table 4- Config Register (Read/Write) ......................................................................................... 27

ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternative Current

ADC Analog to Digital Converter

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

CT Current Transformer

DC Direct Current

GUI Graphical User Interface

ICE International Electro-Technical Commission

IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

LIFA LabVIEW Interface for Arduino

PI Proportional Integral

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

RCD Resistor Capacitor Diode

SSR Solid State Relay

WECS Wind Energy Conversion System

vi
CONTENTS
1 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Wind Turbine Emulator .................................................................................................. 2
1.1.3 Project Objectives ........................................................................................................... 3
1.1.4 Scope of the Project ........................................................................................................ 3
1.1.5 Expected Outcomes of the Project .................................................................................. 4
2 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Wind Turbine .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Wind Turbine Modeling.................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Software Model with LabVIEW ..................................................................................... 9
2.2 Motor Generator Couple ....................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 DC Motor ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2 DC Motor Parameter Calculation ................................................................................. 14
2.2.3 Synchronous Generator ................................................................................................. 15
2.3 POWER CIRCUIT DESIGN ................................................................................................ 16
2.3.1 DC motor Armature Supply .......................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 DC motor Field Supply ................................................................................................. 17
2.3.3 IGBT ............................................................................................................................. 18
2.3.4 Snubber Design ............................................................................................................. 18
2.4 CONTROLLER .................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.1 Controller Design .......................................................................................................... 22
2.4.2 IGBT Driver .................................................................................................................. 23
2.4.3 PI Controller.................................................................................................................. 25
2.5 MEASURING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 26
2.5.1 DC Current measurement.............................................................................................. 26
2.5.2 Power measurement ...................................................................................................... 28
2.5.3 Speed measurement....................................................................................................... 30
2.6 Protection System ................................................................................................................. 31
2.6.1 Field Protection ............................................................................................................. 31
2.6.2 Generator AVR Protection ............................................................................................ 32
2.7 Software and GUI implementation ....................................................................................... 33
2.7.1 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Inputs and Outputs ..................................................... 33
2.7.2 Controller Logic Interface ............................................................................................. 34
2.7.3 Output Results ............................................................................................................... 37
3 RESEARCH PAPER .................................................................................................................... 38
4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 39
4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 39
4.2 Future Work .......................................................................................................................... 40
5 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 41
6 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................... 42
 1 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Overview

Electricity production accounts for higher portion of global warming emissions, with the
majority generated by coal power plants. On the other hand, energy demand in Sri Lanka is
rapidly increasing with the increasing population as well as the fast-growing urbanization.
Traditional energy sources such as coal, oil and gas will be used out in a few years and will
cause serious environmental problems. In this regard, renewable energy sources such as wind,
solar appear to be the most effective solution for sustainable and clean energy development in
Sri Lanka.

The development of renewable energies is a significant challenge for the future. The wind
energy is one of the most promising energy resources, due to its free availability, clean and
renewable characteristics. It can play a key role in solving the Sri Lankan energy crisis. For
this finality, it knows a very significant development rate in Sri Lanka as well as all over the
world. Wind energy exploitation has a very long tradition. Some historians suggest that wind
turbines were known over 3000 years ago. By the end of the 1990s, wind energy has re-emerged
as one of the most important sustainable energy resources, partly because of the increasing
price of the oil, security concerns of nuclear power and its environmental issues. Moreover, as
wind energy is abundant and it has an inexhaustible potential, it is one of the best technologies
today to provide a sustainable electrical energy supply to the Sri Lanka.

Therefore, power generation based on wind energy has become a significant component in
modern power systems, which has caused significant increase in the wind power based
researches. Wind generators do not naturally contribute to the system inertia. Therefore, adding
more and more wind generators to the national grid will cause stability issues. In this regard,
micro-grid connected wind generators are becoming popular. To study the steady state and
dynamic behavior of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) without the reliance on
natural wind resources and actual wind turbine, a system representing the wind turbine and
wind is essential. As a result, a device named wind turbine emulator which can mimic the
functionality of a wind turbine in a laboratory environment is introduced.

1
1.1.2 Wind Turbine Emulator

As described in the above the wind turbine emulator has the ability to produce the same
characteristics of a real wind turbine. There are several types of wind turbine emulators
developed employing different kinds of motors and control techniques. DC motors, induction
motors and although rarely, synchronous motors are being used as the prime mover of these
wind turbine emulators. Wind turbine emulators constructed using DC motors (separately
exited) often use armature and field voltage control methods to achieve static characteristics of
a fixed pitch wind turbine. These simulators are simple, uncomplicated. Similar to the prime
movers, there are many types of generators used in different wind turbine emulators. Induction
generators are the most common with the occasional use of synchronous and DC generators.

DC Motor Synchronous Generator

Fig. 1 - Wind Turbine Emulator

In here a separately excited DC motor coupled to a synchronous generator is used to emulate

the wind turbine behaviour. Armature control technique is used to drive the synchronous
generator since it has a shorter synchronous speed than the rated speed of the DC motor. The
high controllability of the DC motor provides a wide controllable range. In here one quadrant
motor controller is used. Since the design is for a microgrid, synchronous generator is ideal
because it generates reactive power and provides stable conditions for the low inertia microgrid
compared with an induction generator which absorbs reactive power. In order to fine tune the
armature current while allowing faster response a PI controller is used. The controlling and
displaying results is done through a graphical user interface which has developed in LabVIEW
interface.

2
1.1.3 Project Objectives

The project scope was decided based on the main objectives as stated below.

I. Emulate a wind turbine steady state behavior in a laboratory environment using a Motor
Generator Set for a Microgrid
II. Validation of wind turbine hardware outputs with theoretical characteristics of actual
wind turbine
III. Upgrading the safety aspects of the Wind Turbine Emulator

These objectives are elaborated as follows;

• Modelling and Simulation the emulator system using Matlab interface

• Coupling the DC motor with the selected synchronous generator
• Implementing the DC motor control drive mechanism
• Implementing power measurement mechanism for feedback control and other
measurement circuits for display purposes
• Design and implement graphical user interface for control and display the behavior of
the wind turbine emulator
• Integrating the overall protection schemes in accordance with the system

1.1.4 Scope of the Project

The wind turbine emulator is implemented using a 15kW DC motor and 10kW synchronous
generator couple. It has the ability to reproduce steady state behavior of any given wind turbine
and currently two wind turbine models included in the software due to unavailability of
manufactures data, but it is possible to add more turbine models in to the system. The emulator
generates the wind turbine behavior and it is displayed in real time through a graphical user
interface developed under LabVIEW environment. The emulator characteristics are validated
using theoretical characteristics of the actual wind turbine. A separate protection system is
designed in order to provide sufficient safety for the equipment and user under faulty operation
conditions.

3
1.1.5 Expected Outcomes of the Project

The Power System Simulator Model is being built in the Department of Electrical Engineering
of the University of Moratuwa to provide an opportunity for the undergraduates to experience
a real environment for the analysis of the power system under normal and abnormal conditions.
In 2010, the design and implementation of the power system simulator was initiated by the
implementation of a generating system based on a motor-generator set and during the following
years, a diesel generator four transmission lines, different types of loads and system protection
schemes were integrated. There is a possibility to consider the power system simulator as a
microgrid for learning and research purposes and it is required to integrate renewable sources
into the power system simulator in order to attain practical microgrid conditions. The wind
turbine emulator has the ability to reproduce wind behaviour and it is possible to connect to the
power system simulator through an inverter converter set.

The completed wind turbine emulator will include the following facilities.

• Facility to regenerate the steady state behaviour of any given wind turbine (currently
two turbine models are included)
• A graphical user interface is provided to control the emulator and display emulator
outputs
• Ability to display the emulator behaviour for given profile in real time
• Ability to emulate wind turbine behaviour under any given wind profile
• Facility to compare obtained emulator characteristics with respect to the theoretical
characteristics of the actual wind turbine in real time
• Ability to work under both isolated and grid connected conditions (with a use of an
inverter converter set)
• Consists with a reliable protection system which ensures both user and equipment
safety

4
 2 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Wind Turbine

Wind turbines are mechanical devices that is designed to converts Kinetic energy of the Wind
in to useful mechanical energy that can be convert in to the electricity through a generator. For
grid connected systems, the generator output (Voltage and Frequency) is regulated within
expected limits and use several technologies to maintain those limits

In general, commercial grid connected wind turbines are commonly available as a compact
system with generator and controlling unit (pitch control /Active stall control/ Passive stall
control) and they can be classified fixed pitch and variable pitch as well as fixed speed and
variable speed.

Originally, wind turbines were fixed speed. This has the benefit that the rotor speed in the
generator is constant, thus the frequency of the AC Voltage is fixed. This allows the wind
turbine to be directly connected to a transmission system. A wind turbine with a variable rotor
speed is called a variable speed wind turbine where the frequency of the AC voltage generator
will not be constant. That is, direct connection to a transmission system for a variable speed is
not permissible. What is required is a power converter which converts the signal generated by
the turbine generator into DC and then converts that signal to an AC signal with the
grid/transmission system frequency.

Betz's law indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind, independent of
the design of a wind turbine in open flow. According to this law, no turbine can capture more
than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. Due to dimensioning and optimization of

Fig. 2 - Qualitative Wind Turbine Mechanical Power versus Wind Speed Curve

5
wind turbines, Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75% to 80% of the Betz
limit only. Those limits are given by wind turbine manufacture according to its affordable
limits.

A typical power curve for a wind turbine is given in the Fig.2 and it is characterized by three
wind speeds: cut-in wind speed, rated wind speed and cut-out wind speed.

As it can be seen from Fig. 2, the wind turbine starts to capture power at the cut-in wind speed.
The power captured by the blades is a cubic function of wind speed until the wind speed reaches
its rated value. To deliver captured power to the grid at different wind speeds, the wind
generator should be properly controlled with variable speed operation. As the wind speed
increases beyond the rated speed, aerodynamic power control of blades is required to keep the
power at the rated value. This task is performed by three main techniques: passive-stall, active-
stall, and pitch control.

The wind turbine should stop generating power and be shut down when the speed is higher
than the cut-out wind speed. Note that the theoretical curve of Fig. 2 has an abrupt transition
from the cubic characteristic to the constant power operation at higher speeds. However,
practical turbines do not exhibit this behaviour, and the transition is smoother.

2.1.1 Wind Turbine Modeling

With the objective of modeling dynamic behavior of output power of wind power plant
identically, we had to design a wind turbine model to calculate the reference power to feed the
DC motor controller to emulate the wind power plant behavior. To get the actual power output
at the end of wind power plant, the wind energy conversion was considered as follows.

Method 1:

Power contain in the wind is the form of kinetic energy. It is given as following equation (1).

𝑃𝑤 = 0.5𝜌𝐴𝑉 3 (1)

Where,
𝜌 = Air density, (kg/m3),
A= Area which is normal to the wind speed (m2),
V = Wind speed (m/s),

Then the kinetic energy which is hit to the wind turbine is as given from following equation
(2).

6
 𝑃𝑤 = 0.5𝜌𝜋𝑅 2 𝑉 3 (2)

But total wind energy can’t be exacted by the wind turbine and it depend on the manufacturing
characteristics. According to the aerodynamic theories, the extracted power from the wind
turbine can be express considering its effectiveness of transforming wind energy into
mechanical energy of wind turbine (power coefficient; 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) and it can be given as follows
(3).

𝑃𝑤 = 0.5𝜌𝜋𝑅 2 𝑉 3 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) (3)

The aerodynamic mechanical torque (Tm) of the wind turbine is given by (4),

0.5𝜌𝜋𝑅 3 𝑉 2 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆,𝛽)
𝑇𝑚 = (4)
𝜆

Here, 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) is a factor which represent how much wind energy is converted to the
mechanical energy by wind turbine.

An empirical equation [3] which can be used to model for 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) is given by (5),

𝐶5
1
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 𝐶1 (𝐶2 × 𝜆 − 𝐶3 𝛽 − 𝐶4 ) 𝑒 𝜆𝑖
+ 𝐶6 𝜆 (5)
𝑖

Where 𝜆𝑖 is given by,

1 1 0.035
𝜆𝑖
= 𝜆+0.08𝛽 − 𝛽3 +1 (6)

Values of C1 to C6 are vary from one turbine to another. But typical values of those parameters
are given by, C1 = 0.5176, C2 = 116, C3 = 0.4, C4 = 5, C5 = 21, C6 = 0.0068

Where, we can see that it is a function of 𝜆(Tip speed ratio) TSR and 𝛽 (Blade pitch angle).

TSR is designed to keep within the range of optimum value and it is decided by the
manufacturer and depends on the wind turbine geometry.

TSR can be calculated as (7):

𝜔𝑡 ×𝑅
𝜆= (7)
𝑉

7
Where,

𝜔𝑡 = Wind turbine angular speed

Here, we can observe that the mechanical power output from the wind turbine is depend on the
several controlling parameters as TSR and pitch angle. Then the necessity of modelling the
controller is arisen. But the given manufacturing data was not sufficient for modelling this
controller.

In most of wind turbine types, this mechanical power is transfer to the generator through a gear
box. Then it connected to Invertor Convertor System or it is directly convert to the Grid. Then
the necessity of modeling those parts also arisen. Manufacturer to manufacturer and according
to the type of wind turbine, different types of and different rated generators, different seized
and different levels of gearboxes and different types of power invertor convertor systems was
used. Due to unavailability of sufficient manufacturing data and the complexity of modelling
each those subsystems above methodology was not succeed.

Method 2:

Considering not only Wind-to-rotor efficiency (including rotor blade friction and drag) but also
gearbox losses, generator and converter losses, expected power performance delivered by a
wind turbine is given and guaranteed by the manufacturer as power curve and that defined the
power characteristics of a wind turbine. The International Energy Association (IEA) has
developed recommendations for the definition of the power curve. The recommendations have
been continuously improved and adopted by the International Electro-Technical Commission
(IEC). The standard, IEC61400-12, is generally accepted as a basis for defining and measuring
the power curve.

Therefore, in our system, this power curve was used to model the dynamic characteristics of
wind turbine identically. Therefore, through our wind turbine emulator, dynamical behavior of
any type of wind turbine can be represented.

8
2.1.2 Software Model with LabVIEW

The identical power curve of the wind generation system which is provided by manufacturer,
was used to represent identical dynamic characteristics of each wind power generation systems.
So those data were embedded to the software at the design stage. In our software, two types of
actual wind generation system’s data were embedded. Those details are as follows.

• VESTAS V27-225kW (Fixed speed-Pitch controlled)

Rated Power 225kW

Cut in 3.5 m/s
Rated speed 14 m/s
Cut off 25 m/s

Wind Speed (m/s) Power(kW)

3.5 1.5
4 4.5
5 16.6
6 31.8
7 52.5
8 82.4
9 114.5
10 148.3
11 181
12 205
13 217.6
14 225 Table 1- VESTAS V27-225kW Power Data

15-25 225
Power (kW)

• BONUS MK III

Wind speed (m/s) 9

Fig. 3- VESTAS V27-225kW Power Curve
 • BONUS MK III 450 ( Varriable Speed-Stall controll)

Rated Power 450kW

Cut in 4.5m/s
Rated speed 13.5 m/s
Cut off 25 m/s

Wind speed [m/s] Power[kW]

4 0
5 24.9
6 63.9
7 109
8 162.4
9 217.8
10 272
11 331.1
12 373.3
13 423.5
14 454.7
15 466.9
16 476.2
17 469.7
18 435.6
19 425
20 414.9
21 410
22 405
23 400
24 395 Table 2 - BONUS MK III 450 Power Data
25 390
Power (kW)

Wind speed (m/s) 10

Fig. 4- BONUS MK III 450 Power Curve
The basic figure of the wind turbine model is as follows.

Fig. 5- Wind Turbine Model Block Diagram

Initially to calculate reference current, the reference power relevant for wind speed was
calculated the wind. To generate reference power regarding to the wind speed, details of above
power curve was added to the inbuilt look up table in the LabVIEW. Wind speed data is the
main input for this model and it out the reference power as array as follows (Figure 6).

3 4 4 5 5 7 7.5 8 8 0 0 0 24 24 110 140 170 170 170

Wind Profile Reference Power

Fig. 6- Reference power Calculation block

Then the reference power is converted to the per unit values then it is converted to the reference
current such that emulator can be utilize the maximum range of power output from the
generator. The wind turbine model which was developed in LabVIEW environment and it is
given if Figure 7.

Fig. 7 - LabVIEW Block Diagram for Wind Model

11
2.2 Motor Generator Couple
2.2.1 DC Motor

A 15kW separately excited DC motor is used as the prime mover of the wind turbine emulator.
High controllability (which could be achieved through lower degree of complexity) of the DC
motor provides a wide controllable range for the wind turbine emulator.

Rated Power 15kW

Rated Voltage 220V

Rated current 68.2A
Rated speed 1800rpm
Excitation 27V

Fig. 8 - DC Motor and its Specifications

Armature control method is used to control the dc motor torque output. Therefore, field current
is kept as a constant and armature current is directly proportional to the torque of the motor.
With the torque constant, reference current provided by the control circuit generates the
electromagnetic torque output by the separately excited DC motor. The modelling of the
separately excited DC motor is given below.

Fig. 9 - Electric Model of the Separately Excited DC Motor

Armature Resistance (Ra) Motor constant (k)

Armature Inductance (La) Field flux (𝜙)
Armature current (Ia) Total Inertia (J)
Rotational speed (𝜔) Field Resistance (Rf)
Back EMF (Ea) Field Inductance (Lf)
Electrical Torque (T) Field current (If)
Generator Torque (TG)

12
The electric equations of the separately excited DC motor are given below. A synchronous
generator is driven with varying torque using the armature current control and the field flux is
kept as a constant. By Applying Kirchhoff voltage law to the field circuit,
𝑉𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 (𝑅𝑓 + 𝐿𝑓 𝑆)

Generated Back EMF is given by the following equation and since both the field flux and
rotational speed are constants, Back EMF Ea will be a constant.

𝐸𝑎 = 𝑘𝜙𝜔

Generated electromagnetic torque is given by the following equations.

𝑇 = 𝑘 𝜙𝐼𝑎

𝑇 = 𝑇𝐺 + 𝜔 (𝐽𝑆 + 𝛽)
Since the field flux (𝜙) is kept as a constant, generated electromagnetic torque is directly
proportional to the armature current.

𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎 𝑆)

Above equation was obtained by applying Kirchhoff Voltage law to the Armature Circuit. Ea,
R𝑎 and L𝑎 remain approximately constant throughout the operation. Therefore, I𝑎 is only
depends on the 𝑉𝑎. So, we can easily calculate the relevant 𝑉𝑎 value for the desired
electromagnetic torque.

Fig. 10 - Block Diagram of the Separately Excited DC Motor

13
2.2.2 DC Motor Parameter Calculation

Fig. 11 - Electrical Model of the Separately Excited DC Motor

• Measurement of Armature Resistance (Ra) and Filed Resistance (Rf)

These resistances were directly measured by using a multimeter as usual.

• Measurement of Armature Inductance (La)

The AC voltage applied across the armature of DC motor is varied by adjusting the variac
and the corresponding current values are tabulated. The impedance is first measured with
the relationship between current (I), voltage (V) and impedance (Z).

The inductive reactance is calculated from the following relationship

The armature inductance (La) is calculated from its relationship with the inductive reactance
(XL)

• Measurement of Back emf constant (Kb)

The DC motor is made to run in the rated speed (N) by varying the motor field current.
When the motor has reached its rated speed (N) the single pole single throw switch

connected across the ammeter connected to the armature is closed. Now the values of the
current (Ia) and voltage (V) is noted down. The value of back emf constant (Kb) is calculated
from the equation given below.

14
 Parameter Value

Armature Resistance (Ra) 2.8 𝛺

Armature Inductance (La) 3.376mH
Field Resistance (Rf) 1.1 𝛺
Field Inductance (Lf) 104.3mH
Motor Constant (Ke) 1.7313 V/rad/sec

Table 3 - Motor Parameters

2.2.3 Synchronous Generator

A salient pole 10kW synchronous generator is used to convert mechanical power from the DC
motor into the electrical power. Basically, this acts as the generator which is connected to the
wind turbine. The stator winding is directly connected to the load and it should be connected
through an inverter converter set when it is connected to the grid. This type of machine has
high reliability, low harmonics, less maintenance and able to generate reactive power.
Therefore, this emulator can be connected to the systems which has low inertia such as
microgrids.

Rated Power 10kW

Rated Voltage 400V

Rated current 181A
Rated speed 1500rpm
Frequency 50Hz
Power Factor 0.8
Excitation Voltage 100V
Excitation Current 4.6A
Number of Poles 4

Fig. 12 - Generator and its Specifications

15
2.3 POWER CIRCUIT DESIGN
2.3.1 DC motor Armature Supply

Since the 220V DC supply which is available in the Power Systems Laboratory is inadequate
to supply the required power for the DC motor. The DC supply voltage was obtained through
the AC – DC conversion. An uncontrolled three phase full bridge rectifier was incorporated for
this purpose and implemented using six diodes with a maximum current carrying capability of
300A that were already available in the Electrical Machines Laboratory, unutilized. The
equivalent circuit and the implemented rectifier are illustrated in Figure 13.

Fig. 13 - DC motor Armature Supply

Fig. 14 - Hardware Implementation

16
2.3.2 DC motor Field Supply

The DC supply for the field winding was obtained by stepping down the 230V AC supply
through a 24V single phase transformer and converting using an uncontrolled single phase full
bridge rectifier; implemented with diodes having a maximum permissible current of 20A and
the output voltage was maintained constant. The circuit diagram and the implementation of the
field supply to the DC motor are as shown in Figure 15.

Fig. 15 - DC motor Field Supply Circuit and Implementation

17
2.3.3 IGBT

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is used for the DC/DC conversion at the motor
armature circuit. IGBTs feature many desirable properties including high gate impedance, high
switching speed, low conduction voltage drop, high current carrying capability, and a high
degree of robustness. Devices have drawn closer to the 'ideal switch', with typical voltage
ratings of 600 - 1700 volts, on-state voltage of 1.7 - 2.0 volts at currents of up to 1000 amperes,
and switching speeds of 200 - 500 ns. An IGBT module of type CM75DU-12H is used in the
application which is specific to high power switching applications. It requires low driver power
and has built-in fast-recovery freewheel diode for the protection of IGBT. Collector-Emitter
rated voltage is 600V and Rated collector current is 75A. Complete Datasheet can be found at
the Annexes.

Fig. 16 - IGBT Module

Since the motor armature is inductive in nature, which subject devices to higher stresses, there
are turn-on and turn-off transients at the IGBT. The freewheeling clamp diode is required to
maintain current flow in the inductor when the IGBT is turned off.

2.3.4 Snubber Design

2.3.4.1 Switching Behavior of IGBT

IGBT is the heart of controller circuit. Snubbers are circuits which are placed across
semiconductor devices for protection and to improve performance. To reduce the voltage and
current spikes RCD snubber circuit is used in parallel with IGBT.

Voltage spikes and current spikes occur in armature circuit due to the forward recovery
characteristics and reverse recovery characteristics of the freewheeling diode simultaneously.

18
Freewheeling diode require a small bit of time to start conducting from reverse biased state
after IGBT is turned off. This time is called the forward recovery time and there may be
generate huge voltage spike due to this reason during forward recovery time of freewheeling
diode if the load is highly inductive since forward recovery voltage is much higher than normal
forward voltage drop and sum of voltage drops of freewheeling diode and IGBT should be
equal to the supply voltage.

Fig. 17 - Diode Forward Recovery Characteristics

𝑡𝑓𝑟

Fig. 18 - IGBT Turn-Off Characteristics

𝑡𝑓𝑟 - Forward recovery time
𝑉𝑓𝑟 – Peak forward recovery voltage

Similarly, freewheeling diode require small bit of time to change of state to reverse bias from
forward bias state when switch on the IGBT. This time is referring as reverse recovery time.
When the IGBT is turn on again, the current flown diode (flooded by charge carriers) at first
works like a short. The stored charge Qrr has to be removed first for the diode to block voltage.
This appears as a surplus current additional to the load current which is called their reverse
recovery current of the diode Irr.

19
So, Peak value and time duration of voltage spike and current spike can be reduced while
reducing forward recovery time by using fast recovery diode or using snubber circuit parallel
with IGBT.

𝑡𝑟𝑟
Fig. 20 - Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics

Fig. 19 - IGBT Turn-On Characteristics

𝑡𝑟𝑟 - Reverse recovery time
𝐼𝑟𝑟 – Peak reverse recovery current

2.3.4.2 Snubber Design

When the IGBT shuts off the current is at its peak value. We can use the following equation to
find the necessary capacitance to limit the rise time to a given value.

𝐼𝑝𝑘 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡

𝐶 = 𝐼𝑝𝑘 ∗ 𝑑𝑡/𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙

We want to only affect the leading edge of the rising voltage and so the time constant (𝑇𝐶 ) of
the RC element must be a fraction of the period. We use the time constant formula for choosing
R.

𝑅𝐶 = 𝑇𝐶

A rule of thumb is to choose Tc to be 1/10th the switch on time.

𝑅 = (𝑇𝐶 /(𝐶 ∗ 10) = 1/(𝑓 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 2 ∗ 10) = 1/(𝑓 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 20)

20
Energy stored in the capacitor is fully dissipated on each cycle through the resistor, so the
power rating of that the resistor is greater than to:

𝑃 = 𝐸𝑐 ∗ 𝑓 = (1/2 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝑉2) ∗ 𝑓

Also with all components fixed and lowering the resistance value, the rise time will decrease
and the resistor will consume less power Also when raising the capacitance, the rise time will
increase and the resistor will consume more power.

Other requirements

• Diode should capable to handle the peak current.

• All of the components can handle the peak voltages.

Fig. 21 - IGBT, Motor Armature Connection with Snubber

21
2.4 CONTROLLER
2.4.1 Controller Design

In the wind turbine emulator system, the DC motor output torque is controlled according to the
wind turbine model output. Closed loop current control is implemented for the DC machine
and reference current value is calculated according to the reference torque provided by the wind
turbine model. The field circuit of the DC motor is uncontrolled and supplied with the rated
voltage to give the rated flux. Scaling factor is used in providing the reference torque according
to the power capabilities of real wind turbine and DC machine.

Fig. 22 - Reference Current Calculation

Power output calculated from the wind turbine model is scaled down and divided by the
rotating speed of Motor generator set to get the torque output for the desired power. The
reference torque calculated is multiplied with motor torque constant to calculate the reference
current, which is compared with the actual armature current of the DC motor.

DC motor output torque is controlled through the controller by controlling the armature current.
Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the PID based current controller. The current controller should
ideally have a current reference as input and a current response as output.

Current Regulator

PWM Gate Pulse

Reference PID
Current Duty Value Generator

Controller

Current Feedback
Fig. 23 - Controller Block Diagram

In this application only PI control is used by setting the D term gain to zero as most of the
current mode controllers. As the transfer function between voltage and current for most motor
windings only contains a single pole (which is the electrical R/L pole of the winding).

22
2.4.2 IGBT Driver

The IGBT module is driven using a hybrid gate driver IC specified by the manufacturer. IC
M57962L is a special drive circuit with epoxy resin shell package, a total of 14 pins, its shape
and pin arrangement as shown below Fig. 3.

Fig. 24 - M57962L Driver IC

The M57962L is a drive from Mitsubishi Corporation that specializes in driving IGBT
modules. Its internal integrates a desaturation, detection and protection unit. When an
overcurrent pair can respond quickly, the IGBT is turned off slowly and the fault signal is given
to the external circuit. It outputs a positive drive voltage of + 15V and a negative drive voltage
of -10V. Its internal structure block diagram as shown in Fig. 4, it consists of optocoupler,
interface circuit, detection circuit, timing reset circuit and the door off circuit.

Fig. 25 - M57962L Internal Block Diagram

There are several special features in this driver IC which makes it the best choice in driving a
high power IGBT module rather than using a general-purpose IC.

The use of fast-type optocoupler helps to achieve electrical isolation for about 20kHz high-
frequency switching operation. The primary side of the optocoupler has a series current limiting
resistor (about 185Ω), so 5V voltage can be directly added to the input side. Typical input-
output isolation is rated at Uiso = 2500Vrms.

Dual power supply is used to ensure that the IGBT reliable off. The limit of power supply
voltages are +18 V / -15V and in generally +15 V / -10V is taken.

23
Internal integrated short circuit and overcurrent protection circuit operates by detecting the
IGBT saturation voltage drop. When a short circuit occurs, a high current will flow in the IGBT
causing its collector-emitter voltage to increase to a level much higher than normal. The hybrid
driver detects this condition and quickly turns the IGBT off, saving it from certain destruction.

Power is usually supplied to hybrid IGBT gate drivers from low voltage DC power supplies
that are isolated from the main DC bus voltage. Isolated power supplies are required for high
side gate drivers because the emitter potential of high side IGBTs is constantly changing. Two
supplies are used in order to provide the on and off-bias for the IGBT. The recommended on-
bias supply (VCC) voltage is + 15V and off-bias supply voltage (VEE) is -10V.

Fig. 26 - Hybrid Driver Power Supply

In many applications, it is desirable to operate the hybrid driver from a single isolated supply.
This was accomplished by creating the common potential using a resistor and a zener diode.
For optimum performance, parasitic inductance in the gate drive loop must be minimized. This
is accomplished by connecting the 47μF decoupling capacitors as close as possible to the pins
of the hybrid driver and by minimizing the lead length between the drive circuit and the IGBT.
The zeners shown should be rated at about 18 volts and be connected as close to the IGBT’s
gate as possible. These zeners protect the gate during switching and short circuit operation.

Fig. 27 - Driver Circuit Design

24
2.4.3 PI Controller
As mentioned above, only P and I gains are used to correct the current error of the motor.
Current set point is provided by the wind model output and the feedback current is measured
through DC current measurement circuit. PI algorithm is implemented in the LabVIEW
programming environment and an Arduino MEGA is used as the PWM generator for the Driver
circuit.
Arduino PWM Duty Write
Current Feedback wire

PID Algorithm Block

PID Rate Limiter Block

Input for PWM Duty

Fig. 28 - PID control LABVIEW VI

Current reference is given through a local variable and current feedback is given through
current measurement subsystem which is described in the measurement section. Output range
of the block is set as 0-255 as per the requirement of Arduino PWM duty range. PID output is
directly connected to the Rate limiter block to control the rate of change in duty value for better
stability and protection of the system. Communication with Arduino is done through the
LabVIEW Interface for Arduino (LIFA) Toolkit which allows to acquire data from the Arduino
microcontroller and process it in the LabVIEW Graphical Programming environment. Finally,
the duty output was given to the PWM Duty write block to output the PWM signal at the given
pin with varying duty.

Fig. 29 - PID Detailed Blocks

25
2.5 MEASURING SYSTEM
2.5.1 DC Current measurement

DC current measurement is required for the control system feedback loop, in order to control
the torque of the motor. Current shunt method is used for this measurement circuit. Unlike the
solid-state hall effect types, current shunts drop a small voltage across a calibrated resistor,
indicating the amps being passed through the shunt. This allows shunts to report massive
amounts of current, depending on the design of the shunt. Here a 100A/75mV shunt is used
with an Arduino, to measure the DC motor armature current.

Fig. 30 - DC Current Measurement Block Diagram

The Arduino has a few issues with these shunts. Since the maximum output is just 75 millivolts
compared to the Arduino's range of 0-5v, the measurement accuracy and resolution will be very
poor. And also, the Arduino has a 10 bit analog to digital converter (ADC), and the shunt would
have a 4.88 mv per step resolution, or about 6.5 amps per step (a total of 1024 steps). These
problems are solved with a higher bit ADC with an onboard amplifier. We chose a 16-bit ADC
that has over 64000 steps (+/- 32768), and up to 16x amplification. The selected ADC was the
Adafruit ADS1115. It has 4 single ended channels, or two differential channels. We chose to
use differential mode, to eliminate electrical interference in the monitoring circuit, which gives
very stable results.

Fig. 31 - ADS1115 and 100A/75mV Shunt and Connection with Arduino

26
The ADS1115 communicate through an I2C interface. An I2C bus consists of two lines, SDA
and SCL. SDA carries data; SCL provides the clock. All data are transmitted across the I2C
bus in groups of eight bits.

Fig. 32 - I2C communication with ADS1115 in LABVIEW

In slave transmit mode, the first byte transmitted by the master is the 7-bit slave address
followed by the high R/W bit. This byte places the slave into transmit mode and indicates that
the ADS1113/4/5 are being read from. The next byte transmitted by the slave is the most
significant byte of the register that is indicated by the register pointer. This byte is followed by
an acknowledgment from the master. The remaining least significant byte is then sent by the
slave and is followed by an acknowledgment from the master. The master may terminate
transmission after any byte by not acknowledging or issuing a START or STOP condition.

BIT 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Name OS MUX2 MUX1 MUX0 PGA2 PGA1 PGA0 MODE

BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name DR2 DR1 DR0 COMP_MODE COMP_POL COMP_LAT COMP_QUE1 COMP_QUE0
Table 4- Config Register (Read/Write)

Here we are using the Differential mode with MUX value of 000 which measures between
AIN0 and AIN1 and Programmable Gain Amplifier set to a full-scale value of ±0.256V to
increase the accuracy of the readings. The measurement values are read as 16-bit value and
filtered to improve the precision.

27
2.5.2 Power measurement

Power output of the Generator is measured to provide output to the user via GUI. Real power
is calculated by taking the average of instantaneous power which is calculated by multiplying
the instantaneous voltage measurement by the instantaneous current measurement.
Instantaneous power measurement is summed over a given number of samples and divide by
that number of samples to obtain the average value.

1
𝑃= ∫ 𝑣 (𝑡 ) . 𝑖 (𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

2.5.2.1 Current Measurement

Fig. 33 - YHDC Current Transformer SCT-013-000

Split-Core Type Current Transformer is used to measure the AC current. It can be clipped into
live wire with isolation from the High voltage side. The YHDC SCT-013-000 CT (Fig. 33) is
selected for the application which has a current range of 0 to 100 A. It provides a maximum of
50mA current output for 100A in high voltage side. As this CT sensor is a "current output"
type, the current signal needs to be converted to a voltage signal with a burden resistor.
Maximum current output was assumed at 20A and the burden resistance value was selected as
87𝛺 to keep the peak to peak variation of the signal below 5V.

As the Arduino analog inputs require a positive voltage by the use of a biasing voltage divider
(R7 & R28 in Fig. 13) the CT output voltage is kept above and below 2.5 V thus remaining
positive. Capacitor C2 has a low reactance - a few hundred ohms (10 μF) - and provides a path
for the alternating current to bypass the resistor. Higher resistance values (470k𝛺) is taken for
biasing resistors to lower the quiescent energy consumption.

28
2.5.2.2 Voltage Measurement

An AC voltage measurement is needed to calculate real power, apparent power and power
factor. This measurement can be made safely with isolating high voltage side by using a
transformer. 9v AC-AC transformer is used to scale down the voltage reading. The signal
conditioning electronics needs to convert the output of the adapter to a waveform that has a
positive peak that's less than 5V and a negative peak that is more than 0V. So, it was further
scaled down and an offset was added to eliminate the negative component.

The waveform was scaled down using a voltage divider connected across the transformer
secondary terminals, and the offset (bias) was added using a voltage source created by another
voltage divider connected across the Arduino's power supply in the same way that was done
for the current measurement circuit.

Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider that scales down the power adapter AC voltage.
Resistors R3 and R4 provide the voltage bias. Capacitor C1 provides a low impedance path to
ground for the AC signal.

R1 and R2 was chosen to give a peak-voltage-output of ~1V. For an AC-AC adapter with an
9V RMS output, a resistor combination of 10k for R1 and 100k for R2 was selected.

𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘_𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒_𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅1 / (𝑅1 + 𝑅2) × 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘_𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒_𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

= 10𝑘 / (10𝑘 + 100𝑘) 𝑥 12.7𝑉 = 1.15𝑉

The voltage bias provided by R3 and R4 should be half of the Arduino supply voltage. As such,
R3 and R4 need to be of equal resistance. Higher resistance lowers energy consumption. We
used 470k resistors for R3 and R4.

Fig. 34 - Voltage and Current Measurement Circuits

29
 Fig. 35 - Hardware Setup of Power Measurement Circuit

2.5.3 Speed measurement

Motor-Generator couple speed is measured through a rotary encoder. OMRON E6B2-CWZ6C

Rotary Encoder is used for the speed measurement.

Ratings of this rotary encoder are listed below.

Supply voltage 5-24V DC

Current Consumption 80mA max

Output Circuit Configuration NPN open collector output

Pulses per Revolution 1024

Max. Response Frequency 100kHz

Moment of Inertia 1 x 10-6 kgm2 max Fig. 36 - E6B2-CWZ6Z Rotary Encoder

Fig. 37 - Rotary Encoder Interface circuit

30
These Measured data from each circuit is processed within the Arduino and given as output
through serial communication. LabVIEW subsystem is developed to process these serial data
and display each measurement separately.

Fig. 38 - LABVIEW Measurement Subsystem

2.6 Protection System

2.6.1 Field Protection

When we excite the field winding in the DC motor, it produces a flux which links with the
armature. This causes an EMF and hence a current in the armature. This current in armature
produces another flux which lags the main flux and reduces the strength of the main flux.
If field gets opened while the DC motor operating with heavy load armature voltage is suddenly
𝑑𝑖
increase with very high value due the changing of in field winding with very high rate which
𝑑𝑡

may be caused to damage the armature winding.

Fig. 39 - DC motor Field Protection

31
Therefore, DC motor armature supply should cut off suddenly after field winding supply is
open. Field protection system is designed to achieve this requirement and armature supply is
connected through a contractor. Contactor coil supply is controlled through the DC motor field
supply using relay contact with reed switch.

2.6.2 Generator AVR Protection

The automatic voltage regulator is used to regulate the output voltage of synchronous generator
voltage. It takes the fluctuate voltage and changes them into a constant voltage. The fluctuation
in the voltage mainly occurs due to the variation in DC motor supply. It works on the principle
of detection of errors. The output voltage of an AC generator obtained through a potential
transformer and then it is rectified, filtered and compared with a reference. The difference
between the actual voltage and the reference voltage is known as the error voltage. This error
voltage is amplified by an amplifier and then supplied to the main exciter or pilot exciter.

Now when shutdown the DC motor supply the speed is reduced gradually caused to reduce the
output voltage of synchronous generator also but still AVR try to increase output voltage by
supplying more current to the exciter which cause to damage the exciter suddenly. Therefore,
AVR should cut off at the moment which armature supply turned off.

Fig. 40 - AVR Protection

In this circuit AVR is connected to the output terminals of synchronous generator through a
solid-state relay (SSR). Coil supply of SSR is supply through the armature supply.

32
2.7 Software and GUI implementation

The main system of this project consists of two main parts. They are, Hardware and Software.
While hardware design is implemented, the Software was developed to communicate among
all hardware subsystems. Here, all controlling commands and information are communicate to
the hardware through the software. This software which was developed in LabVIEW
environment, can work on personal computer where LabVIEW installed. But it can be
developed as a Stand-Alone Application after installing licensed version of LabVIEW. The
software is mainly consisting of Graphical User Interface (Front Panel) and Controller Logic
Interface (Block Diagram).

Hardware

Controller Logic
Interface

GUI

User

Fig. 41 - Configuration of Software in LabVIEW

2.7.1 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Inputs and Outputs

To keep an easy use of the system a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was created. In this user
interface, no calculation is being done for controlling the system. Its only acts as a bridge
between the user (Front Panel) and the Controller Logic Interface (Block Diagram). It sends
DC motor Start/Stop signal, wind profile and turbine type to the Controller Logic Interface and
displays experimental results when it receives.

Inputs : DC motor Start/Stop signal, path for Wind profile, Wind turbine type

Outputs : Measured Power (W) Current (A), DC current (A), Voltage (V)
Theoretical power (p.u.), Wind speed (m/s), Data of selected wind turbine,
Active Duty, “Ready to Run” signal,

33
 Inputs

Outputs

Fig. 42- Graphical User Interface

2.7.2 Controller Logic Interface

The Controller logic Interface is developed using given is developed with several subsystems.

1. DC motor Start
2. DC motor Stop
3. Emulator block
a. Wind profile selection
b. Wind turbine selection
c. Wind Model
4. Motor Controller
5. Measurements processing

2.7.2.1 DC motor Start

Since the Wind turbine emulator is designed to operate through application, a separate
subsystem was created to “Start” the DC motor. Here, to start the DC motor, the armature
voltage is increased gradually by controlling the Duty just after the “DC motor start” signal is
given from the GUI. To prevent mal operation of user, an indicator is added to wait to press

34
RUN until “Ready to RUN” is on. The control logic for this function is given in Figure 2 and
the LabVIEW block diagram is given in the Figure 3.

Fig. 43 - Control Logic for DC Motor Start

Fig. 44 - LabVIEW Subsystem for DC Motor Start

2.7.2.2 DC motor Stop

The inverse logic of the DC motor Start subsystem was used in the DC motor stop subsystem
by controlling duty until the DC motor is stop. The control logic for this function is given in
Figure 2 and the LabVIEW block diagram is given in the Figure 3.

Fig. 45 - Control Logic for DC Motor Stop

35
 Fig. 46 - LabVIEW Subsystem for DC Motor Stop

2.7.2.3 Emulator Block

In the emulator mode, it consists of several inter-depended functions. Those are as described
as follows.

• Wind profile selection and read wind profile

Initially this function provide space to select the path to browse wind profile. This wind profile
should be a ‘text” file (.txt) which included the time varried wind pattern. The inbuilt block to
read a file ( Figure 5) in labVIEW is used to read this file and it make a array of wind speeds.
This array is feded to the wind model.

Fig. 47 - LabVIEW Spreadsheet Reading Block

• Wind turbine selection

Here, a separate space is given to select each wind generation system which is embedded to
the software as a wind model. Here, case selection function is added to select each wind model
in LabVIEW.

• Wind Model
Detailed description of wind turbine model was done in the above section.

36
2.7.2.4 Motor Controller

Detailed description of wind turbine model was done in the above section

2.7.2.5 Measurements processing

Detailed description of wind turbine model was done in the above section

2.7.3 Output Results

Fig. 48 - Results for Different Wind Profiles

37
33 RESEARCH PAPER
A Research Paper was submitted to iPACT2017 (International Conference on Innovations in
Power and Advanced Computing Technologies) held on 21 & 22 April 2017 with the title
“Wind Turbine Emulator for a Microgrid”.

38
44 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusion

Over the course of the past decade, power generation based on wind energy has become a
significant component in modern power systems, which has caused substantial increase in the
wind power based research. As it is complicated to use a real wind turbine for laboratory
purposes it is necessary to construct an emulator to reproduce the wind turbine behaviour
without depending on natural wind source. Wind turbine emulator reduces experimental cost
and shorten research and development cycle of the new technologies. Wind turbine emulators
can significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of research and design in wind
energy conversion systems.

Wind turbine emulator is presented in laboratory environment and scaled down conditions for
determination of real time wind turbine behaviour. In this project, micro grid connected
situations is added with the purpose of achieving real conditions in grid connected wind
generation systems.

The emulator can be used for research applications to drive an electrical generator in a similar
way as a wind turbine, by reproducing the torque developed by a wind turbine for a given wind
velocity. Also, it can be used as an educational tool to teach the behaviour, operation and
control of a wind turbine. In here a separately excited DC motor synchronous generator set is
used to reproduce the steady state characteristics of real wind turbines.

The Wind Turbine Emulator based on DC motor has high precision and it is easy to control.
High Power capability of the motor allows user to study in more depth. In addition to motor
controlling through PI controlling, the protection of the wind emulator from miss-operation
was highly considered due to grid connected condition. Real time data acquisition is considered
to increase accuracy of the system and data monitoring. The functionality of the proposed micro
grid connected wind turbine emulator scheme is validated with the software model outputs for
given wind profiles.

39
4.2 Future Work

• The emulated wind turbine model, developed in the present work can be developed
including state space models by obtaining wide range of manufacturing data to operate
in transient conditions for a more realistic approach.

• The control method of the DC motor can be improvised to have a more efficient model
that can emulate well the real characteristic operation of a wind turbine.

• Design and implement an inverter converter set that can integrate the wind turbine
simulator into a microgrid test-bed such that it provides more controllability for
emulator to emulate any type of Wind turbine.

• Verity of wind turbine models can be added to the software. Currently a few wind
turbine models are added to the system due to less availability of turbine manufacturer’s
data.

• It is possible to improve the wind turbine model with yaw, pitch and gear control
parameters and get more realistic approach for wind emulator behaviour.

40
5 5 REFERENCES
1. S. W. MOHOD, M. V. AWARE, “Laboratory Development of Wind Turbine Simulator
using Variable Speed Induction Motor“, International Journal of Engineering, Science and
Technology Vol. 3, No. 5, 2011
2. HIMANI, GARG, RATNA DAHIYA, “Modeling and Development of Wind Turbine
Emulator for the Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbine “, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH, Vol.5, No.2, 2015
3. R. OVANDO, J. AGUAYO, M. COTOROGEA, “Emulation of a Low Power Wind
Turbine with a DC motor in Matlab/Simulink“, Power Electronics Specialists Conference,
2007. PESC 2007. IEEE
4. S K BAGH, P SAMUEL, R SHARMA, S BANERJEE, "Emulation of Static and Dynamic
Characteristics of a Wind Turbine using Matlab /Simulink",2012 2nd International
Conference on Power, Control and Embedded Systems
5. KOUADRIA, S .BELFEDHAL, E.M. BERKOUK, Y. MESLEM, “Development of real time
Wind Turbine Emulator based on DC Motor Controlled by PI regulator” 2013 Eighth
International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies
(EVER)
6. M. E. ABDALLAH, O. M. ARAFA “Design and Control of One kilowatt DC Motor-based
wind Turbine Emulator”, Electronics research institute. Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
7. JANSUYA, PHLEARN, AND YUTTANA KUMSUWAN. "Design of MATLAB/Simulink
Modelling Of Fixed-Pitch Angle Wind Turbine Simulator". Energy Procedia 34 (2013):
362-370. Web.
8. "Tip-Speed Ratio". en.wikipedia.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 18 Apr. 2017.
9. LabVIEW 2015 Help Documentation by National Instruments.
10. Open Energy Monitor, https://openenergymonitor.org

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66 ANNEXES
Power Measurement Arduino Code Using Emon Library

#include "EmonLib.h" // Include Emon Library

EnergyMonitor emon1; // Create an instance

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);

emon1.voltage(1, 1197.276, 1.7); // Voltage: input pin, calibration, phase_shift

emon1.current(2, 113.638); // Current: input pin, calibration.
}

void loop()
{
emon1.calcVI(20,2000); // Calculate all. No.of half wavelengths (crossings), time-out

float realPower = 3*(emon1.realPower); //extract Real Power into variable

//float apparentPower = emon1.apparentPower; //extract Apparent Power into variable
float powerFActor = emon1.powerFactor; //extract Power Factor into Variable
float supplyVoltage = emon1.Vrms; //extract Vrms into Variable
float Irms = emon1.Irms; //extract Irms into Variable
Serial.print (supplyVoltage);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print (Irms);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print (powerFActor);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(realPower);
}

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Speed Measurement Arduino Code for Encoder

int PulsesPerRev = 1024; // define the number of pulses per revolution of encoder
wheel
float rpm = 0.0;
float mod = 0.0;
long int counter = 0;
unsigned long timeold = 0; // used to calculate d_t= millis()-timeold;
int d_t;
float freq;
int val = 0; // variable for reading the pin status
int currentState = 0;
int previousState = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT); // Encoder Signal Input
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
val = digitalRead(switchPin); // read input value
if (val == HIGH)
{ // check if the input is HIGH (button released)
currentState = 1;
}
else
{
currentState = 0;
}
if(currentState != previousState)
{
if(currentState == 1)
{
counter = counter + 1;
}
}
previousState = currentState;
d_t = millis() - timeold; //Update RPM every 0.025 seconds
if (d_t >= 250)
{
rpm = float(60.0 *1000.0) / float((d_t)) * counter / PulsesPerRev;
timeold = millis();
d_t = 0;
mod = 1.037 * rpm + 1.786;
freq=(mod/1500)*50;
}
Serial.print (rpm);
}

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