Harish Solanki

Simulation and Modeling of Solar based
Decentralised DC Microgrid system

Major Project Report
Submitted to Rewa Engineering College
in partial fulfillment of requirement the award of degree
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering
Under the Guidance of: Under the Supervision of:

Prof.Archana Tamrakar Prof. Anant Shrivastava
Head of the Department Assistant Professor
Dep. of Electrical Engg. Dep. of Electrical Engg.
Rewa Engineering College Rewa Engineering College
Rewa (M.P.) Rewa (M.P.).
Submitted by:
Harish Solanki
0301EE191025
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

REWA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, REWA(M.P.)
2022-23
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
REWA ENGINEERING COLLEGE REWA, MADHYAPRADESH
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “Simulation and Modeling of Decentralised Solar based
DC Microgrid” is a bonafide work carried out by Harish Solanki (0301EE191025). Department
of Electrical Engineering in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in “Electrical
Engineering” of the Rewa Engineering College, Rewa during the year 2022-23. The project report has
been approved as it is satisfied the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the
said Degree.
Prof.Anant Shrivastava Prof. Archana Tamrakar

Assistant Professor Head of the Department
Dep. of Electrical Engg. Dep. of Electrical Engg.
Rewa Engineering College Rewa Engineering College
Rewa (M.P.) Rewa (M.P.)
Dr. B.K.Agarwal
Principal
Rewa Engineering College
Rewa (M.P.)
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the major project report “Simulation and Modeling of Decentralised
Solar Based DC Micro-Grid” submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of Bachelor of Technology of the Rewa Engineering College, Rewa is a bonafide
work done by me under supervision of Prof. Anant Shrivastava and under the guidance of
Prof. Archana Tamrakar.
This submission represents my ideas in my original words and where ideas or words of others
have been included, I have adequately and accurately cited and referenced the original sources.
I also declare that this report has not been previously formed the basis of the award of any
degree, diploma or similar title of any other University.
Place: REWA Harish Solanki
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks
to Dr.B.K.Agrawal, Principal, Rewa Engineering College, Rewa for providing me with all the
necessary facilities and support.
I specially acknowledge Prof. Archana Tamrakar Head of Department,Department of Elec- trical
Engineering,and Prof. Anant Shrivastava, Rewa Engineering College Rewa for their advice,
supervision and vital contribution as and when required during this project work, their
involvement with originally has triggered and nourished the intellectual maturity that will help
me for a long time to come. I am proud to record that I have the opportunity to work with an
exceptionally experienced professor like them.
While bringing out this project work to its final form I came across with a number of people
whose contributions in various ways helped my project work and they deserve special thanks.
It is a pleasure to convey our gratitude to all of them.
Harish Solanki
iii
ABSTRACT
In This project, I present the Implementation of “Decentralised Solar Based DC Micro-
Grid”. Currently, most of the day-to-day electrical and electronic appliances require DC inputs.
This project demonstrates the design of an isolated DC-DC power supply where input is taken
from batteries and a PV array. The battery is being charged by a 670W PV array installed with
this system and multiple DC loads. Microgrids can be defined as power clusters of distributed
generation, load, and energy storage devices accumulated together in the vicinity of each other.
It gives the opportunity to utilize renewable energy sources for a green and clean environment.
As the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are located nearby to the load, power transmission
losses are minimized. The output of DERs such as PV, and fuel cells is DC. In wind power, DC
power can be obtained using power electronics devices. The DC terminals are connected to
electronic loads, electric vehicles, and batteries which form a Direct Current Microgrid. It is
very important to operate and control DCMG in appropriate way to achieve more reliability,
cost-benefit and enhanced performance. The control objectives of DCMG are a) equal load
sharing among DERs per unit and b) maintaining terminal voltage constant.
iv
List of Figures
1.1 Microgrid Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Grid Connected Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Off Grid Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Ac Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 DC Micro grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 AC-DC(Hybrid) Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1 Standalone- DC- Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2 PV-based Standalone system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Original Block Diagram of DC Microgrid ................................................................ 10
2.4 Unipolar DC Distribution System ............................................................................. 11
2.5 Bipolar DC Distribution System (3-Wire DC System............................................... 12
3.1 Overview of solar PV MPPT Charge controller model ............................................. 15

3.2 Subsystem of MPPT Charge controller block ........................................................... 16
3.3 PV Array block .......................................................................................................... 16
3.4 PV array block parameter .......................................................................................... 17
3.5 MPPT......................................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Buck Converter .......................................................................................................... 18
3.7 Perturb & Observe MPPT algorithm flowchart ......................................................... 18
3.8 Perturb & Observe MPPT algorithm implementation in simulink. ........................... 19
3.9 Battery block ............................................................................................................. 19
3.10 Battery parameter ...................................................................................................... 20
3.11 Three Stage Battery Charge Controller Flowchart .................................................... 21
3.12 Implementation of a battery charge controller .......................................................... 21
3.13 Display....................................................................................................................... 22
3.14 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 22
3.15 Result of case 01- Irradiance= 1000, Cell Temp. = 25.............................................. 23
3.16 Result of case 02- Irradiance= 800, Cell Temp. = 25................................................ 24
3.17 Result of case 03- Irradiance= 600, Cell Temp. = 25................................................ 24
3.18 Lead acid battery charge controller performance ...................................................... 26
4.1 Solar Panel ................................................................................................................. 27

4.2 Construction of Solar Panel ....................................................................................... 28
4.3 I-V characteristic of solar cell ................................................................................... 30
4.4 I-V characteristic of solar panel ................................................................................ 31
4.5 335W UTL Solar Plate .............................................................................................. 32
4.6 335 W Solar Panel Module........................................................................................ 32
4.7 Battery ....................................................................................................................... 34
4.8 Solar Charge Controller(Ashapower) ........................................................................ 35
4.9 SURYA-40HV Vers.7.6 ............................................................................................ 37
v
4.10 BLDC Ceiling Fan ..................................................................................................... 38
4.11 Fan Connection .......................................................................................................... 38
4.12 DC Tubelight ............................................................................................................. 39
vi
List of Tables
3.1 Different cases to simulate model under different weather conditions ..................... 23
4.1 Specification Of PV System ...................................................................................... 33

4.2 Specification of UIT1536 150 AH Solar Inverter Battery......................................... 34
4.3 Specification of MPPT Solar Charge Controller ....................................................... 36
4.4 MPPT LED indicator................................................................................................. 37
4.5 Specification of 12V 32 Watt BLDC Ceiling Fan ..................................................... 38
4.6 Load connected in room earlier ................................................................................. 40
4.7 Number of appliances connected and avoided .......................................................... 40
4.8 New connected load .................................................................................................. 41
4.9 Quantity of components required to connect through the load ................................. 41
4.10 Cost estimation .......................................................................................................... 42
vii
List of Abbreviation
µ-G Microgrid
AC Alternating Current
AWG American wire gauge
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
BLDC Brushless DC
CCHP Combined cooling ,heating and power
CHP Combined heating and power
CNC Computer numerical control
DC Direct Current
DG Diesel Generator
EV A Ethylene vinyl acetate
HV AC Heating ventilation and air conditioning
INV Inverter
MPPT Maximum power point tracking
PV Photo-voltaic
PV C Poly vinyl chloride
PWM Pulse width modulator
RV s Recreational vehicle
SMU Solar management unit
SPV Solar photovoltaic programme
STC Standard Test Conditions
UV Ultraviolet
V IR Vulcanized Indian rubber
XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene
viii
Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
List of Figures............................................................................................................. v
List of Tables ............................................................................................................ vii
List of Abbreviation.................................................................................................... viii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRID 1
1.1 Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Type Of Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Grid Connected Micro Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Stand Alone Micro Grid (Off Grid Micro Grid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Micro Grid Based On Distribution System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2: STAND-ALONE OR OFF GRID DC MICROGRID 8
2.1 Standalone Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 DC-Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 DC Distribution system ............................................................................................. 11
2.3.1 Introduction of DC Distribution System ....................................................... 11
Chapter 3: SIMULATION OF SOLAR BASED DECENTRALISED DC MICRO
GRID SYSTEM 15
3.1 Simulation Model of Decentralised DC Microgrid System ...................................... 15
3.2 Blocks used in the simulation model ......................................................................... 16
3.2.1 PV Array Modelling ..................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 MPPT Solar Charge Controller Model ......................................................... 17
3.2.3 DC-DC Converter ......................................................................................... 17
3.2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm ................................................ 18
3.2.5 Battery........................................................................................................... 19
3.2.6 Lead Acid Battery Charger Controller .......................................................... 20
3.2.7 Display .......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.8 Scope............................................................................................................ 22
3.3 Simulation Result ..................................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 MPPT Algorithm Performance ..................................................................... 22
3.3.2 Battery Charge Controller Performance ....................................................... 24
Chapter 4: INSTALLATION OF DC MICRO GRID IN PV 27
4.1 Hardware of DC Microgrid ....................................................................................... 27
4.1.1 Solar Panel .................................................................................................... 27
4.1.2 Solar Panel Construction .............................................................................. 28
4.1.3 Types of Solar Panel ..................................................................................... 29
4.1.4 Battery........................................................................................................... 33
ix
4.1.5 MPPT ............................................................................................................ 35
4.1.6 DC Load........................................................................................................ 38
4.2 Load Calculations for our project .............................................................................. 40
4.2.1 Previously Connected AC load ..................................................................... 40
4.2.2 New Connected DC Load ............................................................................. 41
4.3 Cost Estimation ......................................................................................................... 42
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 43
Glimpses ............................................................................................................................ 45
Reference ........................................................................................................................... 46
x
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRID
1.1 Microgrid
Microgrids are localized grids that can disconnect from conventional grids to operate individ-
ually. These grids are able to operate while the main grid fails, microgrids have the flexibility
and help alleviate grid disturbances as well as operate as grid resources for system recovery. [1]
A small-scale, localized power generating station with its own storage systems and definable
boundaries can be considered a µ-G. If the µ-G can be integrated with the area’s utility grid, it
is often referred to as a hybrid µ-G.
Figure 1.1: Microgrid Network
1. Micro-grids are typically supported by generators or renewable wind and solar energy
resources and are often used to provide backup power or supplement the main power grid
during periods of heavy demand.
2. A microgrid strategy that integrates local wind or solar resources can provide redundancy
for essential services and make the main grid less susceptible to localized disasters.
3. A microgrid is a local energy grid with control capability, which means it can disconnect
from the traditional grid and operate autonomously.
1
Simulation and Modeling of Solar based Decentralised DC Microgrid system
4. Microgrid is an integration platform for supply-side (micro storage units and demand
resources generation), and storage units (controllable loads) located in a local distribution
grid.
5. A microgrid should be capable of handling both normal state (grid-connected) and emer-
gency state (is-landed operation).
6. microgrid as comprising Low-Voltage (LV) distribution systems with distributed energy

resources (DERs) (microturbines, fuel cells, photovoltaics (PV), etc.), storage devices
(batteries, flywheels) energy storage system and flexible loads. Such systems can operate
either connected or disconnected from the main grid. The operation of micro sources
in the network can provide benefits to the overall system performance if managed and
coordinated efficiently.
1.2 Type Of Micro Grid

1.2.1 Grid Connected Micro Grid
A grid-connected microgrid normally operates connected to and synchronously with the tradi-
tional wide area synchronous grid (microgrid), but is able to disconnect from the interconnected
grid and to function autonomously in ”island mode” as technical or economic conditions dic-
tate. In this way, they improve the security of supply within the microgrid cell and can supply
emergency power, changing between the island and connected modes.[2]This kind of grid are
called ’islandable micro grids’.
Figure 1.2: Grid Connected Micro Grid
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Advantages Of Grid Connected Micro Grid

1. The output of the solar system is connected to the main grid.
2. The shortage power is supplied from the grid and the surplus power is re-supplied to the
grid.
3. Used for House, Building, Grid Reinforcement, Power Generation (MW Level)
Disadvantages Of Grid Connected Micro Grid

1. Voltage, frequency and power quality should be at acceptable limits.
2. Resynchronization to the utility grid is difficult.
3. Protection is difficult.
1.2.2 Stand Alone Micro Grid (Off Grid Micro Grid)

A stand-alone microgrid has its own sources of electricity, supplemented with an energy storage
system. They are used where power transmission and distribution from a major centralized
energy source is too far and costly to operate.A stand-alone microgrid can effectively integrate
various sources of distributed generation (DG), especially renewable energy sources (RES).
They offer an option for rural electrification in remote areas and on smaller geographical islands. [3]
Figure 1.3: Off Grid Micro Grid
Advantages Of Stand-Alone Micro Grid

1. Isolated from the grid, Used to small capacity load in a rural area without a grid.
2. off-grid microgrids isolate you completely from grid outages or security breaches.
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3. Feeling of being self-sufficient for your energy demands is great.
4. A stand-alone microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation

(DG), especially renewable energy sources (RES).
Disadvantages Of Stand Alone Micro Grid

1. The power storage device (ex. the battery) is necessary when the generation is impossible.
2. The additional costs of installing a battery bank, and in some cases an alternative source
of power like a diesel generator, make these systems more expensive than a grid-tied
system.
3. Battery banks are designed to last for 7-10 years after which they need to be replaced.
1.2.3 Micro Grid Based On Distribution System

1.2.3.1 AC Micro Grid
1. An AC microgrid connects to the distribution network via an AC bus.
2. ES and DG are connected to the AC bus via the inverter.
3. No inverter is required for power supply to AC loads.
4. Control and operation are difficult.
Figure 1.4: Ac Micro Grid
AC microgrids consist of distributed generation sources such as renewables, and conven-

tional power generation sources such as engine-based generators. These distributed generators
are connected through an AC bus system with an energy storage medium like a battery energy
storage system (BESS). Renewable generators such as solar photovoltaic, wind turbines, etc.
produce DC output. This output can be converted into AC through power electronic-based
converters.
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Advantages of AC Microgrids
1. Capability of integrating with conventional utility grid or in islanded mode makes them
versatile.
2. Compatibility with AC equipment such as AC-based loads like motors. This equipment
can be powered easily with the AC supplied by the microgrid.
3. No inverter requirement for AC loads.
4. Cost efficiency in the power protection systems.
5. Higher load availability for AC loads.
Disadvantages of AC Micro-grids
1. Lower conversion efficiency.
2. Expensive converters (DC-AC converters)
3. Difficult controllability due to the factors of frequency, voltage regulation, and unbal-
anced compensation.
4. Lower power supply reliability can hinder the performance of equipment that requires an
adequate power supply for high-performance needs.
5. Lower transmission efficiency than their DC. [4]
1.2.3.2 DC Microgrid
• DG, ES, and DC load are connected to the DC bus via a converter and the DC bus is
connected to AC loads via an inverter to power both DC and AC loads
• DG control depends on DC voltage, it is easier to realize the coordinated operation of the

DGs.
• DC microgrid is easier to control and does not involve synchronisation.
• Inverters are required for power supply to AC loads.
Advantages of DC Microgrids
1. Higher conversion efficiency.
2. Lower cost converter systems.
3. Higher power supply reliability.
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Figure 1.5: DC Micro grid
Disadvantages of DC Micro-grids
1. The higher initial investment.
2. Less market awareness with DC microgrids.
3. Lower compatibility with the AC loads. [4]
1.2.3.3 AC-DC Microgrids

1. An AC/DC hybrid microgrid is a microgrid consisting of an AC bus and a DC bus.
2. AC bus and DC bus allow for direct supply to AC loads and DC loads.
Figure 1.6: AC-DC(Hybrid) Microgrid
Any small-scale, localized power station that has its own generation and storage resources
and definable boundaries can be considered a microgrid. If the microgrid can be integrated with
the area’s main power grid, it is often referred to as a hybrid microgrid.
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Advantages of Hybrid Micro-Grid

1. Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids can have a faster implementation
2. can create a power system with redundancy.
3. Availability of the grid means that you can likely downsize your battery bank capacity.
4. Cannot be used in remote areas where there is no grid power.
5. You can switch between power from the grid or power from your battery bank at you own
will.
6. grid-tied microgrid is the ability to share or sell unused energy.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Micro Grid

1. Voltage, frequency and power quality must be considered and controlled to acceptable
standards whilst the power and energy balance is maintained.
2. Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks or as mechanical energy in flywheels

thus requiring more space and maintenance.
3. Re-synchronisation with the utility grid needs to be made carefully.
4. Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges facing the implementation
of microgrids.
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Chapter 2
STAND-ALONE OR OFF GRID DC

MICROGRID
2.1 Standalone Microgrid

A stand-alone microgrid has its own sources of electricity, supplemented with an energy storage
system. They are used where power transmission and distribution from a major centralized
energy source is too far and costly to operate.
A stand-alone microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation
(DG), especially renewable energy sources (RES). They offer an option for rural electrification
in remote areas and on smaller geographical islands.
Figure 2.1: Standalone- DC- Microgrid
There are many advantages of a stand-alone PV system some include low maintenance, low
upkeep cost, no waste or by-products, and easy expansion by using multiple solar panels and
batteries. The disadvantages include high initial investment, especially for the photovoltaic
8
panels and deep cycle lead acid batteries, reliance on the sun, and the possible danger from
battery acid and fumes associated with most renewable energy systems.
Figure 2.2: PV-based Standalone system
Due to ever increasing demand for energy, scientists are working towards RES such as Pho-
tovoltaic (PV), fuel cells and wind energy. Out of the different renewable energy sources PV is
used widely across the globe because of its relatively moderate cost and abundant availability of
solar power. PV generation plants can be used either in standalone mode or in grid connection
mode. The output voltage of the PV panel varies with varying solar irradiation and ambient
temperature. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mechanism provides the maximum
power in any environmental condition. MPPT is integrated with a power electronic converter
which eventually provides regulated power to the load. The basic components of a PV-based
system are a PV panel, an MPPT controller and a power conditioning unit (PCU). The PCU
consists of one or more than one power electronic converter depending upon the specific appli-
cation. The most widely used PCU configuration is a two-stage PCU configuration comprising
a DC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter. The converter regulates the voltage of the PV cell
and the inverter inverts the voltage to the utility AC signal which can then be integrated into the
utility grid. The demand of the day is to make PV affordable for the masses and compact in size
and weight perspective.
The efficiency of commercial PV panels is relatively low, so significant power gets wasted.
The major challenge is to tackle the nonlinear output characteristics of a PV panel with unpre-
dictable changes in solar irradiance and ambient temperature. To maximize the power output of
the panel, MPP has to be tracked efficiently.
2.2 DC-Microgrid
A DC microgrid is a localized power system that can run independently of the main power grid
by generating and utilizing its own DC power. The most common ways of generating power for
DC microgrids are solar panels, fuel cells, and wind turbines with any excess energy stored in
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batteries. Conveniently, all these pieces of a DC microgrid store or generate DC power making
it immediately compatible with computers, phones, LEDs, and most other end devices.
The DC microgrid is basically defined as where distributed generation and the storage el-
ement and the DC loads are connected to the DC bus via a converter. In our major project,
we are using solar energy for electricity generation. So one of the major development in the
modern decade or the past two decades are solar energy penetrations and due to that distributed
energy system predominates. However, in recent time, new and efficient converters have been
developed that facilitates the changes at the DC level. We can have multiple DC levels with the
help of the different types of DC-to-DC converters. Using this new development, almost all the
required DC levels and current levels are available by use of series or parallel structures of new
power electronics devices.
In today’s digital age, more and more devices are operated with DC power, for example,
consumer electronics, industrial information systems, communication technology, and electric
vehicles. So for this reason we have a huge chunk of the DC power and also we have our DC
sources.
Figure 2.3: Original Block Diagram of DC Microgrid
The microgrid is an electrical system that can efficiently distribute, consume and potentially
create and store direct current electricity to power a wide variety of electrical devices in and
around a building when connected to a utility grid or as an island.
1. A DC microgrid compromise of DC power sources, PV, wind, fuel, and rectifier con-
nected to the utility grid.
2. The power distribution networks, safe class 2 wiring, conduit, wire, DC devices, load,
lighting, computer, electronic equipment, controls, motors, fans, etc.
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3. Controls and monitoring of wireless, wired, virtual cloud-based computation, servers, and
other devices.
In a DC Microgrid, a solar photovoltaic cell you can directly put it through a DC-to-DC
converter. So you get rid of many AC to DC converters. And here you can see that you have
put this AC to DC converter. So, you can see that number of component counts in the DC
microgrid essentially is less. So, the number of energy conversion carriers is reduced in the DC
distribution system. Hence, DC systems are economical since you have less component count
and a reliable solution for the DC integration in the case of the microgrid.
2.3 DC Distribution system

2.3.1 Introduction of DC Distribution System
‘DC distribution is the distribution of electric power when the direct current system is
employed for the power distribution.’ DC electric power distribution systems have higher
efficiency, better current carrying capacity and faster response when compared to conventional
AC systems. They also provide a more natural interface with many types of renewable energy
sources. Furthermore, there are fewer issues with reactive power flow, power quality and fre-
quency regulation, resulting in a notably less complex control system. All these facts lead to
increased applications of DC systems in modern power systems. Still, the design and operation
of these systems impose a number of specific challenges, mostly related to a lack of mature
protection technology and operational experience, as well as the very early development stage
of standards regarding DC-based power infrastructure.
2.3.1.1 Types Of DC Power Distribution

There are two types of dc power distribution system
1. Unipolar DC Distribution System (2-Wire DC System):-
Figure 2.4: Unipolar DC Distribution System
As the name suggests, this system uses two conductors, one is a positive conductor and
the other one is a negative conductor. The energy is transmitted at only one voltage level
to all the consumers using this system. A typical unipolar dc power distribution system is
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shown in the following figure.
2. Bipolar DC Distribution System (3-Wire DC System):-

This is basically a combination of two series connected unipolar DC systems. It consists
of three conductors, two outer conductors (one is positive and the other is negative) and
one middle conductor which acts as neutral. This system leaves the following connection
choices to a consumer -
• between positive conductor and neutral

• between negative conductor and neutral
• between a positive and negative conductor (double voltage)
• positive to negative with neutral connected.[5]
Figure 2.5: Bipolar DC Distribution System (3-Wire DC System
2.3.1.2 Types of DC Distributors

DC distributors are divided on the basis of the way they are been fed. There are four types of
DC distributors which are as follows: distributor fed at one end, distributor fed at both ends,
distributor fed at the centre, and ring distributor. Let’s read about all these in detail.
1. Distributor Fed at One End

In the distributor fed at one end, the distributor is connected to the supply at one end. The
loads are being tapped at various points along their length. The current in different
sections of the distributor which is away from the feeding point continues to decrease.
The voltage continues to decrease away from the feeding point. In the scenario of a fault
found in any of the sections of the distributor, the complete distributor requires to be dis-
connected from the supply. This is the reason that supply continuity gets interrupted.
2. Distributor Fed at Both Ends

When it comes to this one, here the distributor is connected to the supply at both ends. The
voltages available at the feeding points may or may not be at equal levels. The minimum
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voltage occurs at a load point which is seen as shifted by the variation of load on various
sections of the distribution. In case a fault is found at the feeding point, it is made sure
that the continuity of supply occurs from the other feeding point. If the fault is observed
in the section of the distributor, it is made sure that the supply continues on both sides of
the fault along with their respective feeding point. Here, the conductor cross-section area
needs a double distributor which is double-fed and is lesser compared to the requirement
for a distributor at one feeding.
3. Distributor Fed at the Center
As per the name, under this type, the distributor is supplied at the centre point as the
voltage drops at the farthest ends. This voltage drop is not as large as it might be in a
distributor which is fed at one end. This one is equivalent to the two distributors which
are fed individually. Under this, each distributor has a commonly used feeding point with
a length that is half of the total.
4. Ring Main DC Distributor

This type of distributor exists in the form of a closed ring which is being fed at one point.
It is equivalent to a straight distributor which feeds at both ends consisting of equal
voltages. In this type, the two ends are bought together in order to form a closed ring.
These types of different DC distributor rings can be fed at various points.
2.3.1.3 Advantages of DC distribution system

The high-voltage DC distribution system has the following advantages:
1. DC distribution requires less conductor material than AC transmission as only two wires
are required for the power transmission through the DC system.
2. DC transmission lines are free from the skin effect. Therefore, the entire cross-section of
the line conductor is utilised, hence the effective resistance of the line is small.
3. There is no capacitance in the DC transmission. Therefore, there is no power loss due to
the charging current.
4. There are no inductance, phase displacement and surge problems in the DC transmission.
5. For the same sending end voltage and load conditions, the voltage drop in the DC trans-
mission line is less than the AC transmission line. It is because of the absence of induc-
tance in the DC transmission line.
6. A DC transmission line has better voltage regulation than an AC transmission line.
7. For the same voltage, A DC transmission system requires less insulation material because
the potential stress on the insulation is less in the case of a DC transmission system than
that in an AC transmission system.
8. DC distribution does not suffer from stability and synchronizing problems.
9. In high-voltage DC distribution, there are no dielectric losses.
10. A DC transmission line has less corona loss and reduced interference with the communi-
cation circuits.
REC,Rewa Page 13
2.3.1.4 Disadvantages of DC distribution system

The main disadvantages of DC distribution are as follows
1. Electric power cannot be generated at high DC voltage because of commutation problems.
2. DC switchgear has its own limitations and they are also more expensive than AC one.
3. DC voltage cannot be directly step-up or stepped down for transmitting the power at high
voltages and for distributing it at low voltages increases the cost of transmission.[6]
REC,Rewa Page 14
Chapter 3
SIMULATION OF SOLAR BASED

DECENTRALISED DC MICRO GRID
SYSTEM
3.1 Simulation Model of Decentralised DC Microgrid System

The overview of the solar photovoltaic MPPT battery charge controller model developed in
MATLAB/Simulink environment is shown in Fig. 3.1. It consists of a solar PV array, DC-DC
converter, battery,and MPPT charge controller block. Inside the MPPT charge controller block
consists of a Perturb & Observe MPPT algorithm and a lead-acid battery three-stage charge
controller.The MPPT charge controller block includes a P&O MPPT tracker and a lead-acid
battery three-stage charger. The MPPT charge controller block output a PWM control signal
to switch the switching device of the DC-DC converter. This is a common design for many
commercial solar PV MPPT battery charge controller. The solar PV array model and battery
model are directly obtained from the Simulink Simscape Electrical blockset library.
Figure 3.1: Overview of solar PV MPPT Charge controller model
15
Figure 3.2: Subsystem of MPPT Charge controller block
3.2 Blocks used in the simulation model

3.2.1 PV Array Modelling
PV array in matlab Simulink is a mathematical model which uses the equations of equiva-
lent circuit model of solar cell. This PV array configure according to requirement of model. The
array is built of strings of modules connected in parallel,each string consisting of modules
connected in series. This block allows you to model preset PV modules from the National Re-
newable Energy Laboratory (NREL) System Advisor Model (2018) as well as PV modules that
you define.The PV Array block is a five-parameter model using a light-generated current source
(IL), diode, series resistance (Rs), and shunt resistance (Rsh) to represent the irradiance- and
temperature-dependent I-V characteristics of the modules. Fig.3.1 shows a PV array block.[7]
Figure 3.3: PV Array block
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Figure 3.4: PV array block parameter
3.2.2 MPPT Solar Charge Controller Model

This charge controller model perform solar photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking to
charge lead acid battery.
Figure 3.5: MPPT
3.2.3 DC-DC Converter

The DC-DC converter converts the DC input voltage source to either higher or lower DC out-
put voltage. Since the PV array voltage is higher than the battery voltage, a buck topology is
commonly chosen for solar PV charge controller application.The buck converter operates as a
regulator to step down the input voltage from the PV array while maintaining its power deliv-
ery to charge the battery. This is achieved by stepping down the input voltage and increasing
the output current delivered to the battery. The buck converter circuit consists of a MOSFET
switching device, a high power inductor, Schottky diode, and an input and output capacitor.The
reverse blocking diode D1 is used to prevent the reverse flow of current back to the PV array
from the battery during night time. The MOSFET Ron is set to 0.02 Ω and the Schottky diode
D2 forward voltage is set to 0.5 V. The MOSFET is switch by a pulse generator with 1000 Hz
switching frequency.[8]
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Figure 3.6: Buck Converter
3.2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm

The P&O MPPT is commonly used in many small and medium commercial solar PV charge
controller and grid-connected inverter due to its tracking effectiveness and simplicity of imple-
mentation. The MPPT algorithm track the maximum power of the PV array and output its duty
cycle relevant to the tracked maximum power to the battery charge controller.This algorithm op-
erates based on the trial and error process in tracking the maximum power point. The algorithm
observes the power changes and perturbs the PV panel operating voltage by changing the duty
cycle to the converter switching device which in turn changing the effective input resistance of
the buck converter. It then observes again if it reaches the maximum power and this process
repeats itself indefinitely.
Figure 3.7: Perturb & Observe MPPT algorithm flowchart
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The implementation of the MPPT Perturb & Observe Algorithm in Simulink is shown in
Fig. 3.8. It is implemented using only Simulink blocks without using any scripting code. Each
block is labelled with its function with respect to the flowchart. The P&O MPPT algorithm takes
in voltage and current reading from the PV array, the previous sample (K-1) function is carried
out by the unit delay block. The three if-else conditions of the P&O algorithm are carryout by
the condition switch block, the ∆D block allows the user to set the perturbation step size of the
duty cycle, the duty cycle increment and decrement function are carried out by an adder with a
memory block D(K-1) feedback loop. The D(K) limit block limit the duty cycle exceeding the
range between 0.1 to 0.2.
Figure 3.8: Perturb & Observe MPPT algorithm implementation in simulink.
3.2.5 Battery
It implements a generic battery model for most popular battery types.Here we use Lead-acid
battery with nominal rating of 12V.
Figure 3.9: Battery block
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Figure 3.10: Battery parameter
3.2.6 Lead Acid Battery Charger Controller

The battery charge controller was developed to charge a lead-acid battery using the three-stage
charging method. The three-stage charging includes the constant current charging, constant
voltage charging, and float charging stage. The first stage constant current charging also refer
as bulk charging stage where the charge current is charge at its rated capacity, in this case, the
charge current is at MPPT. The second stage constant voltage charging also refer as absorption
charging stage where the battery is charged at a constant voltage, in this stage the MPPT is
disabled. Finally, the third stage float charge simply maintains the battery State of Charge (SoC)
at 100 % when the battery is fully charged. This is to prevent the battery gassing reactionand
overheat due to an uncontrolled excessive charge at over 100 %. The flow chart of the battery
charge controller is shown in Fig. 3.11. The charge controller measures the battery SoCand
voltage. In the first condition, if the battery SoC is less than 100 % then the charger enters into
the constant current or constant voltage charging stage, else enters float stage where duty cycle
D(K) is zero. In the second condition, the battery voltage level is used to determine the MPPT
bulk or constant voltage absorption charging stage. If the battery voltage is less than theconstant
voltage set point, the charger switch to MPPT constant current bulk charging stage, else disable
MPPT and switch to constant voltage absorption charging stage.
The implementation of a battery charge controller in Simulink is shown in Fig. 3.12. The battery
charge controller read in the battery voltage and SoC as input. The Simulink utilized thecompare
to constant block as if condition to determine if the battery SoC less than 100 %, if thecondition
is true it will disable the float stage by allowing the MPPT duty cycle to pass throughthe multiply
block so that the charger enters into either bulk or absorption charging stage. If the condition is
false, meaning the battery already reaches its SoC of 100 % it will enable floatstage by sending
zero to set the duty cycle to zero.
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Figure 3.11: Three Stage Battery Charge Controller Flowchart
Figure 3.12: Implementation of a battery charge controller
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3.2.7 Display
The Display block shows the value of the input data.
Figure 3.13: Display
3.2.8 Scope
Scopes provide several methods for displaying simulation data and capturing the data for later
analysis. Symbols on your block diagram represent the various data display and data capture
methods.
Figure 3.14: Scope
3.3 Simulation Result

3.3.1 MPPT Algorithm Performance
The tracking ability of the MPPT algorithm is verified through this performance analysis. The
performance of the MPPT tracker is carryout by varying the solar irradiance input to the PV
array ranging from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2.For estimating the performance of the DC off-
grid system under different weather conditions, three cases with different solar radiation and
temperature, listed in table 3.1, are considered to simulate the model.
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Case Irradiance Cell Temp.

01 1000 25
02 800 25
03 600 25
Table 3.1: Different cases to simulate model under different weather conditions
Figure 3.15: Result of case 01- Irradiance= 1000, Cell Temp. = 25
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3.3.2 Battery Charge Controller Performance

The performance of the battery charge controller is carryout by charging the battery through the
sequence of MPPT bulk, constant voltage absorption and float charging stages to demonstrate
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the three stages charging capability of the charger. The battery block is set to a lead-acid battery,
12 V, 150 AH capacity, state of charge of 99.7 % and simulation duration of 10 sec. The
PV array solar irradiance is set at 1000 W/m2 which produces 670 W of power. The charge
controller PWM frequency is set at 1000 Hz and the battery constant voltage set point is set at
13.2 V. The performance of the battery charge controller is shown in Fig. 3.18. It can be seen
that initially, the charge controller charges the battery at MPPT bulk charging stage when the
battery SoC and voltage are less than 100 % and 13.2 V respectively. The charger switch to a
constant voltage absorption charging stage when the battery voltage reaches 13.2 V at 2.5 sec.
In this stage, the chargecontroller no longer charges the battery at MPPT power, the duty cycle
is switch between MPPT and zero to maintain the constant voltage of 13.2 V which can be seen
at duty cycle time from 2.5 sec to 6.4 sec. When the SoC reaches 100 % at 6.4 sec, the charge
controller switch to float stage where the duty cycle is zero and the battery voltage drop to the
floating voltage of 13.12 V.
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Figure 3.18: Lead acid battery charge controller performance
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Chapter 4
INSTALLATION OF DC MICRO GRID

IN PV
4.1 Hardware of DC Microgrid

4.1.1 Solar Panel
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar panel is an assembly
of photovoltaic cells mounted in a framework for generating energy. Solar panels use sunlight
as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called
a PV panel, and a system of PV panels is called an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply
solar electricity to electrical equipment.[9]
Figure 4.1: Solar Panel
Photo-voltaic Modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-
film cells. The structural (load-carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the
27
back layer.[10]
Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but
semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are usually connected
electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then in parallel to increase
current. The power (in watts) of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage (in volts)
and the current (in amperes) of the module.[10]
4.1.2 Solar Panel Construction

A solar panel is actually a collection of solar cells, which can be used to generate electricity
through the photovoltaic effect. A component that is used to design a solar.
The panel is known as a solar cell or PV cell. A single solar cell generates a voltage of around
0.5 to 0.6 volts. The main part of solar electricity is the solar panel. Solar panels also known as
photovoltaic solar panel or solar module is basically an array of series and parallel connected
solar cells. For generating 24 volts we need to use 48 cells for making one solar panel. Solar
panels are connected together to create a solar array.[11]
Figure 4.2: Construction of Solar Panel
A standard solar panel consist of a layer of silicon cells a metal frame a glass casing polymer
sheet, backing material and various wiring to allow current to flow from silicon cells. For
increasing the efficiency of solar panels use polymer sheets. Six main components of solar
panels -
1. Extruded aluminium frame
2. Toughened glass-3 to3.5mm thick
3. Solar photovoltaic cells
4. Encapsulation-EVA film layers
5. Polymer rear back sheet
6. Junction box diodes and connectors
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4.1.3 Types of Solar Panel

1. Monocrystalline solar panel
2. Polycrystalline solar panel
3. Thin film solar panel
Polycrystalline Solar Panel

You can quickly distinguish these panels because this type of solar panel has squares, its angles
are not cut, and it has a blue-seckled look. They are made by melting raw silicon, which is a
faster and cheaper process than that used for monocrystalline panels.[12]
This leads to a lower final price but also lower efficiency (around 15 percent), lower space effi-
ciency, and a short lifespan since they are affected by temperatures to a greater degree. However,
the differences between mono- polycrystalline types of solar panels are not so significant and
the choice will strongly depend on your specific situation. The first option offers a slightly
higher space efficiency at a slightly higher price but power outputs are basically the same.[12]
Polycrystalline solar cells are of dark or light blue colour. The difference in their Structure is
only due to their manufacturing process. It is uniformly made.[12]
4.1.3.1 I V characteristics of solar cells

I-V characteristics of solar cells are the superposition of the I-V curve of the solar cell diode in
absence of light. Illuminating a cell adds to the normal “dark” currents in the diode so that the
diode low becomes:
I = I0 [exp(qV /nkT ) − 1] − IL
where,
I0= “dark saturation current” or diode leakage current in absence of light.

q = electronic charge.
V = applied voltage.
n = ideality Factor.
k = Boltzmann’s constant.
T = temperature.
IL= light-generated current.
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Figure 4.3: I-V characteristic of solar cell
The above graph is used to plot the I-V characteristic from this characteristic various pa-
rameters of the solar cell can be found like short circuit current (ISC), the open-circuit voltage
(Voc), the fill factor (FF) and efficiency. The rating of the solar panel depends upon these
parameters.[13]
Short Circuit Current (ISC): The ISC is the current through the solar cell when the voltage
across the solar cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short-circuited). Usually written as ISC,
the short-circuit current is shown on the IV curve . ISC is due to the generation and collection
of light-generated carriers.[14]
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC): When the maximum load is connected to a PV device (re-
sistance = infinite), a PV device produces maximum voltage and zero current, referred to as its
open-circuit voltage, Voc.[15]
Fill factor (solar cell), the ratio of maximum obtainable power to the product of the open-
circuit voltage and short-circuit current. The fill factor (image sensor), is the ratio of the light-
sensitive area of a pixel to the total pixel area in an image sensor.[16]
With the solar cell open-circuited, which is not connected to any load, the current will be at
its minimum (zero) and the voltage across the cell is at its maximum, known as the solar cell
open circuit voltage, or Voc. At the other extreme, when the solar cell is short-circuited, that is
the positive and negative leads connected together, the voltage across the cell is at its minimum
(zero) but the current flowing out of the cell reaches it’s maximum, known as the solar cell short
circuit current, or ISC.[17]
Then the span of the solar cell I-V characteristics curve ranges from the short circuit current
(ISC) at zero output volts, to zero current at the full open circuit voltage ( VOC ). In other words,
the maximum voltage available from a cell is at an open circuit and the maximum current is at
a closed circuit.Of course, neither of these two conditions generates any electrical power, but
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there must be a point somewhere in between where the solar cell generates maximum power.[17]
There is one particular combination of current and voltage for which the power reaches its
maximum value, at Imp and Vmp.In other words, the point at which the cell generates maximum
electrical power is shown at the top right area of the green rectangle. This is the “maximum
power point” or MPP. Therefore the ideal operation of a photovoltaic cell (or panel) is defined
to be at the maximum power point.[17]
Maximum power point of a solar cell is positioned near the bend in the I-V characteristics
curve. The corresponding values of Vmp and Imp can be estimated from the open circuit volt-
age and the short circuit current:Vmp is (0.8–0.90)Voc and Imp are (0.85–0.95)Isc. Since solar
cell output voltage and current both depend on temperature, the actual output power will vary
with changes in ambient temperature.[17]
Thus far we have looked at Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve for a single solar cell or
panel. But a photovoltaic array is made up of smaller PV panels interconnected together.[17]
Then the I-V curve of a PV array is just a scaled-up version of the single solar cell I-V charac-
teristic curve as shown.
Figure 4.4: I-V characteristic of solar panel
Photovoltaic panels can be wired or connected together in either series or parallel combina-
tions, or both to increase the voltage or current capacity of the solar array. If the array panels are
connected together in a series combination, then the voltage increases and if connected together
in parallel then the current increases.[17]
The electrical power in Watts, generated by these different photovoltaic combinations will
still be the product of the voltage times the current, ( P = V x I ). However the solar panels are
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connected together, and the upper right-hand corner will always be the maximum power point
(MPP) of the array.[17]
Figure 4.5: 335W UTL Solar Plate
4.1.3.2 Module Drawing of 335W Solar Panel
Figure 4.6: 335 W Solar Panel Module
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4.1.3.3 Specification
S. No. Description Rating

1 Nominal Maximum Power (Pmax) 335 Wp
2 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 46.15 V
3 Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp) 39 V
4 Short Circuit Current (Isc) 9.09 A
5 Current at Maximum Power (Imp) 8.6 A
6 Fill Factor (FF) 79%
7 Maximum System Voltage 1000 V
8 Maximum Series Fuse 20 A
9 Weight 21 Kg
Table 4.1: Specification Of PV System
4.1.3.4 Features
1. AR Coated Tempered Glass.
2. Positive Power Tolerance up to 5W.
3. Ip68 Junction Box for Long Term Endurance.
4. Excellent Module Efficiency up to 17.0%.
5. 100% EL Tested High PTC rating.
6. Quality and Reliability assurance in standard weather conditions.
7. Product warranty on materials and workmanship.
4.1.3.5 Application
1. On-grid large-scale utility systems.
2. On-grid rooftop residential, commercial and industrial rooftop installations.
3. Off-grid residential system.
4.1.4 Battery
A device that converts the chemical energy of its cell components into electrical energy. It con-
tains two materials that cannot undergo an oxidation-reduction reaction directly, but that can do
so if electrons are allowed to travel from one material to the other through an outside circuit
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while ions simultaneously travel within the cell.[18]
Battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy and for the transforma-
tion of chemical energy into electrical energy.
Battery consists of a group of two or more electric cells connected together electrically in series.
Battery is a device consisting of a series of Galvanic cells that can act as a portable source of
direct current at a constant voltage.
Figure 4.7: Battery
Particulars Description
Brand UTL Solar
Model UIT 1536
Capacity 150Ah
Warranty 36 + 24*
Nominal Voltage 12 volt
Container IT 500
Dimension 503*190*410 mm
Field Weight 55.5kg
Dry Weight 30.4kg
Table 4.2: Specification of UIT1536 150 AH Solar Inverter Battery
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4.1.4.2 Benefits of UTL 150AH Solar Inverter Battery

1. Reliable and safe solar battery for all electrical needs.
2. Easy to transport, install, and clean.
3. Cheap and maintenance-free solar battery.
4. Environment-friendly solar solution for backups.
5. Equally suitable for off-grid and hybrid solar systems.
6. Quick rechargeable even after deep discharge.
7. Deep satisfaction with only a one-time investment.
8. 24 months pro-rata warranty.
9. Lead-acid batteries produce hydrogen gas which is highly flammable.
4.1.5 MPPT
An MPPT, or maximum power point tracker is an electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes
the match between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid. To put it
simply, they convert a higher voltage DC output from solar panels (and a few wind generators)
down to the lower voltage needed to charge batteries.
These are sometimes called ”power point trackers” for short - not to be confused with PANEL
trackers, which are a solar panel mount that follows, or tracks, the sun.[19]
Figure 4.8: Solar Charge Controller(Ashapower)
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Max. applicable PV Panel Load 12V/800Wp/120V Voc

Open Circuit Voltage(Voc at different bat- 24V/1200Wp/165V Voc
tery banks)
Nominal Battery Voltage 12V/24V (Self Setting)
Maximum Charging Current(Rated Output) 40 Amps
Battery Charging Status Bulk-Absorption-Float-Equalization
Maximum Tracking Efficiency 98.9%
Standby Power Consumption <1.5W
Humidity 0 to 90% RH (Np dew)
Operating Temperature -20 degree to 65 degree C
Storage Temperature -30 degree to 80 degree C
Overload Protection From PV Panel YES
Over Charge Protection YES
Panel Reverse Polarity Protection YES
Battery Reverse Polarity Protection Optional
Dimension-L*W*H(cm) 32*15*11
Net Weight(Kgs)/Gross Weight(Kgs) 2.4Kgs/2.9Kgs
Connector Input/ Output Terminal block
Display 2* 16 LC Display
Table 4.3: Specification of MPPT Solar Charge Controller
4.1.5.2 Feature
1. Compatible for 12V/24V battery bank.
2. Auto-detection and self-setting of a battery bank.
3. True 4-stage smart charging for prolonged battery life (Bulk-Absorption-Float-Equalization).
4. Programmable Initial limited ampere battery charging facility.
5. Ultra-fast efficient power point tracking.
6. dsPIC33EP family microcontroller-based devices.
7. PV panel reverse polarity protection.
8. Automatic disconnection of PV panels at night.
9. Overvoltage and overload protection from PV panels.
10. Protection for battery against hardware failures.
11. 16 menu user-programmable function settings and inbuilt settings keys.
12. Grid power control to the connected inverter (SMU-Solar Management Unit).
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13. Forced grid to the solar shifting facility.
Figure 4.9: SURYA-40HV Vers.7.6
LED INDICATOR ON OFF BLINKING

BLUE Load is on SOLAR Load is on GRID Battery LOW
SOLAR/GRID power power (Applicable only warning indication
POWER STATUS (On battery power) if grid power is con- to disconnect
nected to the inverter heavy loads
through the
charge controller)
GREEN PV Panel voltage is PV Panel voltage is
SOLAR PANEL higher than battery lower than battery bank -
VOLTAGE bank voltage voltage OR PV panel
connection
PRESENCE is not ready
RED Solar charging Solar charging current Fast blinking indi-
cates
SOLAR current is above is below 2 amps BULK charging
CHARGING 2 amps (charging is still going Slow blinking in-
dicates
STATUS on in low amps) ABSORPTION
charging
Steady LED indi-
cates
FLOAT charging
Table 4.4: MPPT LED indicator
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4.1.6 DC Load
4.1.6.1 DC Fan
The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is becoming increasingly popular in sectors such as auto-
motive (particularly electric vehicles (EV)), HVAC, white goods and industrial because it does
away with the mechanical commutator used in traditional motors, replacing it with an electronic
device that improves the reliability and durability of the unit. It can also be made smaller and
lighter than a brush type with the same power output, making the former suitable for applica-
tions where space is tight.[20]
Figure 4.10: BLDC Ceiling Fan Figure 4.11: Fan Connection
SINOX 12V DC BLDC Ceiling Fan 32 Watt Details
Brand SINOX
Colour WHITE
Electric fan design Ceiling Fan
Special Feature BLDC MOTOR
Recommended Air Circulation
Table 4.5: Specification of 12V 32 Watt BLDC Ceiling Fan
• 12V DC BLDC Ceiling Fan with Remote Control Operating Voltage Range is 10V-19V
DC;BLDC Energy efficient Ceiling Fan of 32 watts, Use 2.5 square mm wire in DC side
for Better Performance.
• Usage with any 12 volts Battery or can be connected through 12 volts Solar Panel (60
Watts to 100 Watts);HIGH SPEED & AIRFLOW: 375 RPM and delivers air at the rate of
230 CMM.
• Smart BLDC Motor Technology avoids fan overheating of motor.;Provided with reverse
Polarity protection and Short Circuit protection, Remote Controller with 5 speed option
and On / Off option.
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• Fitted with Double ball bearing & 100% copper wiring for lowest power consumption.
• Mounting Type: Downrod Mount; Material Type: Aluminium.[21]
4.1.6.2 DC Tubelight
A DC tube light provides a comfortable level of illumination in a medium sized rooms of a
house. A DC tube light works best without inverter and it can extract DC current from the PV
panels as per requirement. It is a best product for rural areas without grid connectivity.[22]
PV module converts sunlight into electricity, which powers the luminaries. White Light
emitting Diode (W-LED) is a solid state device which emits light when electric current passes
through it.[22]
Figure 4.12: DC Tubelight
DC LED Tube Light-3W

• Light Type- LED
• Wattage- 20 Watts
• Voltage -12 Volts (DC)
• Colour Temperature-6500Kelvin
• Material -Plastic
• Size- 4 Feet
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4.2 Load Calculations for our project

4.2.1 Previously Connected AC load
Appliances AC Power No. of Daily Total AC Total Energy

Name (W) Appliances Usage Power (Watt –hr)
(A) (B) (C) (A×B) (A×B×C)
Ceiling Fan 75 7 6 530 3180
Tube light 40 9 6 360 2160
Projector 280 1 2 280 560
Power Holder 100 6 6 600 3600
Small Socket 100 4 6 400 2400
Power Socket 1000 2 2 2000 4000
Camera 15 2 24 30 720
Total 4,200 16,620
Table 4.6: Load connected in room earlier
Total AC power (in kw) = 4.2 kw

Total energy (in kwh) = 16.8 kwh
Load(Appliances) Avoided
Name of Quantity of Quantity of

Appliances connected Load avoided Load
Ceiling Fan 2 5
Tube light 2 7
Projector 0 1
Power Holder 0 6
Small Socket 0 4
Power Socket 0 2
Camera 0 2
Table 4.7: Number of appliances connected and avoided
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4.2.2 New Connected DC Load
S.No Appliances Wattage Quantity Working Total Total

Name Hours (Wattage) Energy(in kWh)
1 BLDC Ceiling Fan 32 2 6 64 0.384
2 DC Tube light 20 2 6 40 0.24
Total 104 0.624
Table 4.8: New connected load
Quantity of components required
Components Capacity Quantity Required

Solar Charge controller(MPPT) 12V/24V,40A 1
Battery 12V,150Ah 1
PV Module 335W (Polycrystaline) 2
Table 4.9: Quantity of components required to connect through the load
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4.3 Cost Estimation
S Equipment Per UoM Qty. Total

No. Unit Cost
Cost
1 Solar PV Module polycristeline 10800 Nos. 2 21600
(335W)
2 Solar Tubular battery (150Ah) 12800 Nos. 1 12800
3 GI Structure 4400 Nos. 1 4400
4 Solar Charge Controller 40A 7300 Nos. 1 7300
5 DC Cable (4 Sq.mm) 53 Mtr 25 1325
6 MC4 Connector 2 Nos. 60 120
7 DC Cable (10 Sq.mm) 2 Mtr 300 600
8 Copper Crimping Lugs (Ring type) 2 Nos. 30 60
9 Anchor & Fastener 16 Nos. 22 352
10 Conduit pipe 44 Nos. 4 176
11 Elbow band 6 Nos. 6 36
12 Modular box 100 Nos. 1 100
13 Switches 5A 25 Nos. 4 100
14 Ceiling rose 20 Nos. 4 80
15 Plastic saddle 3 Nos. 20 60
16 Wire (2.5Sq.mm) 25 Mtr 100 2500
17 BLDC Ceiling Fan 1200mm sweep 3100 Nos. 2 6200
(35Watt,12V DC operated)
18 LED Tubelight (20Watt,12V DC 1100 Nos. 2 2200
operated)
19 Foundation material 1000 Nos. 1 1000
20 Relay 12V,60A 2000 Nos. 1 2000
21 Overhead Charges 2000
Total - - - 65,009
Table 4.10: Cost estimation
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CONCLUSION
Since the purpose of this project is to design the Solar based DC Microgrid that
can run DC load as well as AC load using inverter in commercial buildings,
school,college’s and also in small consumer premises. It is more feasible for Rural
Electrification where development of conventional utility is more costly than solar
PV system. This can cover 100 percent energy demand requiredby room
appliances. As this PV system generate electricity by capturing solar irradiation
which can be stored in the battery bank and uses it at the times when solar PV
system incapable of.
It seems that DC microgrids have many upsides, primarily among them is the
efficiency of the conversions in a DC system.This will lead to attract costumers
to adopt this system rigorously.
REC,Rewa Page 43
GLIMPSES
SOME GLIMPSES OF SOLAR BASED DC MICROGRID SYSTEM INSTAL-

LATION IN REWA ENGINEERING COLLEGE.......
REC,Rewa Page 44
REC,Rewa Page 45
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Simulation and Modeling of Solar based

Decentralised DC Microgrid system

Under the Guidance of: Under the Supervision of:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Prof.Anant Shrivastava Prof. Archana Tamrakar

Place: REWA Harish Solanki

1.1 Microgrid Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.1 Standalone- DC- Microgrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Overview of solar PV MPPT Charge controller model ............................................. 15

4.1 Solar Panel ................................................................................................................. 27

4.1 Specification Of PV System ...................................................................................... 33

Figure 1.1: Microgrid Network

6. microgrid as comprising Low-Voltage (LV) distribution systems with distributed energy

1.2 Type Of Micro Grid

Figure 1.2: Grid Connected Micro Grid

Advantages Of Grid Connected Micro Grid

Disadvantages Of Grid Connected Micro Grid

2. Resynchronization to the utility grid is difficult.

1.2.2 Stand Alone Micro Grid (Off Grid Micro Grid)

Figure 1.3: Off Grid Micro Grid

Advantages Of Stand-Alone Micro Grid

3. Feeling of being self-sufficient for your energy demands is great.

4. A stand-alone microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation

Disadvantages Of Stand Alone Micro Grid

1.2.3 Micro Grid Based On Distribution System

2. ES and DG are connected to the AC bus via the inverter.

3. No inverter is required for power supply to AC loads.

4. Control and operation are difficult.

Figure 1.4: Ac Micro Grid

AC microgrids consist of distributed generation sources such as renewables, and conven-

3. No inverter requirement for AC loads.

4. Cost efficiency in the power protection systems.

5. Higher load availability for AC loads.

2. Expensive converters (DC-AC converters)

5. Lower transmission efficiency than their DC. [4]

• DG control depends on DC voltage, it is easier to realize the coordinated operation of the

• DC microgrid is easier to control and does not involve synchronisation.

• Inverters are required for power supply to AC loads.

2. Lower cost converter systems.

3. Higher power supply reliability.

Figure 1.5: DC Micro grid

2. Less market awareness with DC microgrids.

3. Lower compatibility with the AC loads. [4]

1.2.3.3 AC-DC Microgrids

Figure 1.6: AC-DC(Hybrid) Microgrid

Advantages of Hybrid Micro-Grid

2. can create a power system with redundancy.

4. Cannot be used in remote areas where there is no grid power.

6. grid-tied microgrid is the ability to share or sell unused energy.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Micro Grid

2. Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks or as mechanical energy in flywheels

3. Re-synchronisation with the utility grid needs to be made carefully.

STAND-ALONE OR OFF GRID DC

2.1 Standalone Microgrid

Figure 2.1: Standalone- DC- Microgrid

Figure 2.2: PV-based Standalone system

Figure 2.3: Original Block Diagram of DC Microgrid

2.3 DC Distribution system

2.3.1.1 Types Of DC Power Distribution

1. Unipolar DC Distribution System (2-Wire DC System):-

Figure 2.4: Unipolar DC Distribution System

shown in the following figure.

2. Bipolar DC Distribution System (3-Wire DC System):-