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Optimal capacitor placement on West–East inter-tie in Saudi Arabia using

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Article  in  Computers & Electrical Engineering · May 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.04.002

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 Computers and Electrical Engineering 68 (2018) 156–169

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers and Electrical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng

Optimal capacitor placement on West–East inter-tie in Saudi Arabia

T
using genetic algorithm☆
⁎
M.H. Shwehdia, S. Raja Mohameda, , D. Devarajb
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P. O. Box: 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, India

A R T IC LE I N F O ABS TRA CT

Keywords: The growing demand for renewable energy resources, improved power factor, system stability,
Capacitor placement reliability and security is the target of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC); most of the loads are
Genetic algorithm inductive and need more reactive power (VARs) thus adequate reactive power need to be pro-
Power system stability vided. SEC has introduced the static voltage compensator (SVC) and capacitive banks to improve
Transmission inter-tie
volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) power flow. Genetic approach (GA) is used to obtain the optimal data
Optimal load flow
for load flow. This paper provides analysis of new-planned 380 kV West–East transmission line
inter-tie networks performance under steady and transient states. It considers the reactive power
compensation by the addition of capacitor bank at the terminals of the inter-tie. The GA method
is outlined and implemented to dynamically solve the capacitor placement problem. The capa-
citor bank has improved power losses, operating voltage at different buses.

1. Introduction and background

Excessive VAR demands cause reduction of system capacity, higher losses eventually decreased voltage and higher operation
costs. Shunt capacitor banks are able to compensate VAR requirements. The power system design engineer considers and need to be
optimized the following main factors before connect the capacitor bank in the power system network; the size of the Capacitor bank,
optimal location, control methods, and implementation cost of the capacitor bank. In general, “rule of thumb” of fixed capacitor
banks method applies, accompanied by several power flow runs that is needed to well tune the size and location. The major drawback
of this method does not produce the optimal solution, very time consuming and unrealistic for large network. Therefore, many design
engineers consider the capacitor placement problem as an optimization issue; an optimization approach should be employed [1].
Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) is the only utility provider to all customers in the kingdom. Geographically, it is divided to four
main regions, the east operating area (EOA, central operating are (COA), west operating area (WOA) and the south operating area
(SOA). The eastern, central regions are connected with six 230kv double circuit transmission line and four-380kv double circuit
transmission line. The central and west are also non-connected with double circuit 380kv through Hassan, to madina. SEC has taken
more plans and actions to meet the rapid increase demand of the all four regions. Many inter-ties are under construction to connect
western region to the south region. More efforts and projects are planned to connect the SOA and COA. The paper presents an
investigation using an optimal approach of one of the important inter-tie link namely the 380kv double circuit line from Tabuk-Al-
Qurayyat to Tabarjal-Jouf illustrated in Fig. 1.
In general, the optimal capacitor sizing and placement problem is consider as a non-linear type. Several well-presented research

☆
Reviews processed and recommended for publication to the Editor-in-Chief by Guest Editor Dr. G. Devadhas.
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mshwehdi@kfu.edu.sa (S.R. Mohamed).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.04.002
Received 30 August 2017; Received in revised form 2 April 2018; Accepted 3 April 2018
0045-7906/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.H. Shwehdi et al. Computers and Electrical Engineering 68 (2018) 156–169

Fig. 1. SEC Proposed inter-tie transmission network [2].

papers have been published with various applications of optimization algorithm to solve such problem efficiently. In Reference [3] it
was proposed that the recursive linear programming (RLP) technique to find the optimal location for capacitor placement and
reducing the line losses in a distribution system. Antunes et al. [4] proposed the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) to
fix the optimal location of the capacitor for reactive power compensation in radial distribution system. Prakash and Sydulu [5]
proposed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) with loss sensitivity factors to solve the capacitor placement problem of different bus
distribution systems. The objective functions are considered in this study is to increase the voltage in each bus and reduce the active
power loss.
The work in [6] proposes a method employing the ant colony system (ACS) to solve multi-period optimization problem. The
objective functions taken for this study is reducing the installation cost of the capacitor and net cost of the energy and power losses
from base to horizon year, subject to limitations corresponding to lower and higher limits of the voltage at each bus of the distribution
network. Muthukumar and Jayalalitha [7] proposed a method employing harmony search (HS) approach to detect optimal size and
position of capacitors in unstable distribution systems with harmonics consideration. The objective function considers in this study is

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decreasing the cost due to the loss of power and establishment cost of the capacitor. Genetic algorithm (GA)-based method used in
reference [8] to find the finest places and sizes of capacitors for a distribution network. The sizes of the capacitor were taken as
discrete known variables, which were to be placed on the buses of the network, such that they reduce the maximum amount of losses
of the distribution system.
The work in [9] used loss sensitivity factors to identify the buses requiring compensation and then a discrete particle swarm
optimization algorithm (DPSOA) for resolving the issue of optimal capacitor rating and distribution in a radial distribution network.
Khodr et al. [10] proposed the maximum saving method for sizing and location of the capacitor bank in distribution network. The
problem is formulated as the maximization of the savings produced by the reduction in energy losses; each node is select for the
compensation. da Rosa et al. [11] proposes a genetic algorithms (GA) and Sensitivity Analysis (SA) to find the solution of capacitor
placement problem. In this approach sensitivity, analysis is used to evaluate the candidate solutions directly instead of using an
iterative method also optimal power flow (OPF) is used to avoid the long processing time. The proposed methodology was verified on
34 and 70-bus distribution system and got a significant result.
The work in [12] new GA approach was proposed each individual is represented by a matrix, in which the whole population is
denoted by means a three-dimension matrix to solve the capacitor placement problem(CPP). Injeti et al. [13] proposes the two novel
algorithms such as cuckoo search (CS) and bio-inspired algorithms bat algorithm (BA) and its tested using radial distribution network
and obtained results are show the better convergence performance than the other standard optimization methods.
GA technique is selected, since it is more accurately to solve the capacitor placement problem in the power network. The ad-
vantages of GA is versatile when traversing the search space for an optimal solution, i.e. if a solution to an engineering objective
function is optimal locally, the GA will adapt the search in pursuit of a globally optimum solution subject to predefined search
constraints. The paper presents the result of investigation of the optimal size and location of fixed capacitor banks placed on Saudi
Arabia west–east regions interconnected system-using GA. The study proposes two formulations for capacitor placement, (i) capa-
citors/losses cost balance principle (ii) total cost estimation of the system performance after capacitor placement, annual benefits,
power losses and operating voltage results are analyzed and verified with standards.
This paper organized as follows, full review of the genetic algorithm (GA) method is described in Section 2. Test system modelling
and simulation is provided in Section 3. In Section 4, the application of the genetic algorithm approach: capacitor placement problem
(CPP) formulation is described. GA implementation technique is described in Section 5. Simulation results and discussion provided in
Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes the work.

2. Genetic Algorithm (GA) method

A is a search algorithm established on the mechanic of natural selection. Fundamentally, GA creates a population that develops
via time using reproduction and mutation method. The three most essential parts of using GA are: 1. Definition of objective function.

Fig. 2. General genetic algorithm (GA) procedure [14].

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Fig. 3. Reduced 37 bus – study case model without capacitor bank.

2. Definition and implementation of GA representation. 3. Definition and representation of GA operators.

Before applying the GA procedure in any application the true parameters of the genuine problem must be denoted in GA coding.
The illustration designated for this application is a chromosome separated in two portions (i) specify location of the capacitors (ii)
specify the size of the capacitors used. The general GA strategy as appeared in Fig. 2 [14].

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Table 1
Load flow report summary of total generation without and with capacitor bank connected in test system.
Without capacitor bank With capacitor bank

Real power Reactive power Apparent power Power Real power Reactive power Apparent power Power
(MW) (MVA) (MVA) factor (MW) (MVA) (MVAR) (MVA) factor

Swing bus 565.645 430.226 710.668 0.79 711.579 124.693 722.421 0.98
Generators 1082.000 463.652 1177.187 0.91 1082.000 86.488 1085.451 0.99
Total demand 1647.645 893.879 1874.501 0.87 1793.579 211.181 1805.969 0.99
Total static load 1637.445 691.376 1783.991 1.192
Apparent losses 10.200 202.503 9.588 200.989
System mismatch 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
No. of Iteration =2 =2

3. Test system modeling, simulation

3.1. Simulation tool

The whole inter-tie network was modeled using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. This software allows the
electrical engineer to model power system at steady and transient states by simulating network model on different scenarios [15].

3.2. Reduced to 37 bus–test case model

The Saudi electricity company (SEC) bulk power system of Tabuk–Tabarjal inter-tie system network contains many generator and
load buses, transmission lines and transformers. The modeling of the original network is reduced. The study of the transient stability
analysis coherency is based on the reduced network model derived from the original network. The reduced model is shown in Fig. 3,
contains 37 bus and 26 load buses, 20 transformers and 10 generators only. This system model will be referred to as the reduced 37-
bus model. The 10 generators are distributed six in the western region area and four in the East region area. All the data of the
reduced 37-bus system were obtained from SEC as shown in Appendices A and B. Initially load flow is conducted on the 37-bus
system without capacitor bank.
The load flow program was conducted to find the total network power flow voltage, current, power factor and losses etc. ETAP
program use the Newton–Raphson method for solving power flow. Table 1, include input data and output of the modeled 37-bus
network with no capacitor added and it is clear from the Table. 1 that the system is drawing large amount of reactive power which
affected the power factor at bus1, such violated SEC standards. The output of the load flow indicates poor power factor (PF) at bus 1,
SEC operates its system with PF 0.93-0.95. Improve this low PF from 0.79 to 0.95, capacitor bank randomly connected at various
buses.
To optimally investigate the reactive power flow in the network that caused major overloading conditions; randomly capacitor
bank is connected to weak buses locations, output data of the load flow runs along with governing constrains applied to GA methods
the results indicated that the capacitor bank added to the network has more benefits; improving the voltage level, minimizes the line
current, reduced the system losses and improved power factor. This leads the system to less loading equipment and thus the cost of
investment per KW of the load is consequently reduced.
Fig. 4 illustrates the single line diagram of 37-bus load flow results with capacitor bank. The capacitor bank size depends upon
needed MVAR amounts that will improve instability of the inter-tie. Table 1 depicts the improvement in adding MVAR as well
improving power factor of the network. Also, illustrates that the case with capacitor bank clearly have reduction of reactive power
demand at load buses to 1.192MVAR.
Table 1 results indicate that the significant improvement in power factor and reduced the losses of the inter-tie network using
randomly to locate capacitor in the test model. However, the capacitor connected at all weak buses with different ratings shown
increase in the cost of capacitor bank. To avoid such problem, the GA method proposed to identify the best location and size of the
inter-tie network. The objective function considering for the proposed method is minimize the capacitor bank cost and minimizing
the power losses. Table 2 illustrates the optimal tested case of 37-bus system, real and reactive power flow between bus branches and
real & reactive power losses.

4. Genetic algorithm approach: Capacitor placement problem (CPP) formulation [16]

4.1. Objective function

The objective function of the capacitor placement problem (CPP) is mention in two main formulations as given in Eq. (1) and (2)
below,

F − 1 = System losses + Capacitor cost (1)

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Fig. 4. Single line diagram of reduced 37-bus system with capacitor bank.

F − 2 = Cost of loss reduction − Capacitor Cost (2)

Here, cost of loss reduction is difference between the original and modified system power losses cost.
The proposed novel formulation (i.e., Fitness-F-3) are shown in Eq. (3)–(7). It removes the difficulties from the above inter-
pretations and conventions, further precisely returns the profit from the solution and is depends on complete cost assessment of
system performance before and after capacitor placement.

F − 3 = Net Income = Benefits − Cost (3)

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Table 2
Reduced 37 bus transmission losses.
ID From bus id To bus id Real power (MW) Reactive power (MVAR) Real power losses (Kw) Reactive power losses (KVAR)

T24 Bus12 Bus25 9.320 4.741 2.5 86.8

T25 Bus12 Bus25 9.320 4.741 2.5 86.8
Line29 Bus13 Bus17 1.224 0.515 0.0 6.0
Line30 Bus13 Bus17 1.224 0.515 0.0 6.0
T12 Bus13 Bus26 9.507 4.279 14.7 85.1
T26 Bus13 Bus26 9.507 4.279 14.7 85.1
T27 Bus13 Bus26 9.507 4.279 14.7 85.1
L 31 Bus14 Bus15 0.896 0.368 0.0 −5.1
T13 Bus18 Bus19 10.153 4.576 16.8 97.1
T28 Bus18 Bus19 10.153 4.576 16.8 97.1
T29 Bus18 Bus19 10.153 4.576 16.8 97.1
T14 Bus5 Bus9 74.644 41.594 151.8 7300.2
T15 Bus5 Bus9 74.644 41.594 151.8 7300.2
T16 Bus4 Bus10 205.866 124.476 1203.0 57,862.8
T17 Bus4 Bus10 205.866 124.476 1203.0 57,862.8
T18 Bus4 Bus10 205.866 124.476 1203.0 57,862.8
T19 Bus3 Bus8 47.232 15.854 51.6 2481.7
T20 Bus3 Bus8 47.232 15.854 51.6 2481.7
Total – – – – 10,200.1 202,502.7

1.Model the
7. Repeat network
steps 4,5 and
6 for 2.Find network
performance at
each load level

6. Alternate of
capacitors attributes
increase the objective
3.Intialize the
function value
location and
size of the
capacitor

4.Find the
network
5.Compare system performance
performance (pre- (post
post capacitors) capacitors)

Fig. 5. General solution algorithm.

where,
Benefits = Energy Reduction + Demand Reduction (4)

Demand drop = Benefits,released generation capacity + Benefits,released transmission capacity

+ Benefits, released substation capacity + Benefits,released feeder capacity (5)

Energy drop = Annual conserved energy, real + Annual conserved energy, reactive (6)

Cost = (Total Capacitor Cost + Total Switchgear Cost)/Investment period (7)

Subject to the following performance constraints,

Power mismatch < Pre-set accuracy.
Vmin ≤ V ≤ Vmax.
System resonance: Post-capacitor ≤ Pre-Capacitor.

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1.Resprsentation
of the objective 2.Contributors
7. Criteria for
function to cost
terminating
/benefits of
search
objective
function

6. Optimization
methods for altering
capacitors attributes 3.Mathematical
representation
of network

4.Intial
capacitors
5.Type of
attribute
capacitors

Fig. 6. Applied algorithm [16].

System Maximum SCC post- Capacitor ≤ Pre-Capacitor.

4.2. Solution algorithm

The general solution algorithm as shown in Fig. 5 for the CPP has the following general structure.

4.3. Applied algorithm

The general applied algorithm as shown in Fig. 6.

4.4. Optimization

GA algorithm flowchart implemented, the solution of the CPP based on optimization technique is shown in Fig. 7 [16].

4.4.1. Building GA & coding

Two genes were used in solving the CPP LOCATION string defines location from the permissible list of the capacitor GA iterations
are used as shown in Table. 3. The size of the capacitor considered in the other gene in the allowed locations as referred it is by
SOLUTION string as shown in Table 4. Both of the above genes namely LOCATION gene and SOLUTION gene are made of chro-
mosome. Chromosome will represent one location. In addition, both genes are arranged from left to right in ascending order cor-
respondence to same locations [16].

4.4.2. Genetic operators

Genetic algorithm (GA) generally having the three operators.

4.4.2.1. Reproduction. It is a probabilistic technique for choosing two parent strings from the population of string on the premise of
‘roulette-wheel’ strategy based on their fitness. This promises that the average number of time and string is selected corresponding to
its fitness with respect to whatever remains of the population. The system decides possibility of contributing offspring based on which
strings have higher fitness value.

4.4.2.2. Crossover. It is a method of choosing an arbitrary location in the string and swapping the characters either right or left side of
this point with alternative resemblance split string.

4.4.2.3. Mutation. It is the technique of arbitrary shift of a string location by exchanging ‘ONE’ and ‘ZERO’ or vice versa. It constrains
extensive loss of genetic material through reproduction and crossover by confirming that the probability of noticing through any area
in the problem space is never zero.

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Read Data

Scale bus data based on level

Reference Fitness without capacitor

Initialize

Set iteration=1

Cross over

Mutation

Increment
iteration number
Record the best solution of the
iteration

Update solution
NO
Final
iteration?

YES

Print best solution

Fig. 7. GA program flow chart [13].

Table 3
LOCATION string.
Location 1 2 3

Binary Value 1 0 1
Status ON OFF ON

Table 4
SOLUTION string.
Location 1 2 3

Binary value 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
Size (kVAR) 3 2 7

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Table 5
GA control parameters.
Optimal settings of GA control parameters Value

Maximum generation 50
Population size 100
Crossover probability(Pc) 0.95
A number of points to crossing 2
Mutation probability 0.01

Fig. 8. Convergence curve of power loss reduction of 37-bus system using GA.

Table 6
Cases investigated using the test system.
Case GA fitness Cross over Mutation method Capacitor location selection Revenue calc. Revenue ($/yr.) Loss reduction (MWhr/yr.)

1 F-1 Not applicable – – – 39,115 585.7

2 F-1 Single location – – – 102,417 158.4
3 F-2 All locations 4 Decision levels Location string F-2 16,729 336.5
4 F-3 All 4 Decision levels Location string F-3 3,440,008 −1530.8
5 F-2 All 4 Decision levels Location string F-3 1,770,009 336.5
6 F-2 All 4 Decision levels Solution F-2 18,872 324.6
7 F-2 All 4 Decision levels Location string F-2 17,406 361.3

5. GA implementation

GA implementation procedure explained in this section. The CPP was solved using several cases of the fitness function shown in
Table 6. In addition, the solution reported in [17–19] where used to estimate the profits and the results were compared with the
solutions generated in studied cases.

5.1. Loss reduction

Fitness1 was modified converted to a savings function named Fitness 2. The annual cost of power losses of the modified system
was subtracted from that of the base system and the results were reduced by subtracting the annual capacitor cost. Complete gene
crossover was selected for the GA algorithm. Initiation of the capacitor locations followed the same location of [17–19], then
modified in GA using the LOCATION STRING, then Mutation was applied using four decision levels to both SOLUTION and LOC-
ATION STRING.

5.2. Comprehensive revenue

For the review, F-3 was applied to the test system, complete gene crossover was selected for the GA algorithm. The capacitor
locations were initialized to the same locations in [17–19] and were modified in the GA algorithm using the LOCATION STRING gene.

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Mutation was applied using the four decision levels to both the SOLUTION gene as well as the LOCATION STRING gene.

5.3. Hybrid

F-2 was used in the GA algorithm; this is like CASE 1; however, the capacitors are connected best location in the network through
established on the profits estimated by F-3.

5.4. Location control

Using F-2 for the GA algorithm, the LOCATION STRING process of gene location manipulation has been deactivated (CASE-4).
The Location String process was then activated (CASE-5).

6. Simulation results

The proposed method is tested using the reduced 37-bus system model. The output solutions are shown in Table 6. The table
results indicate that solving the capacitor placement problem (CPP) using several cases with various GA fitness, the cases 1 (F1) and 2
(F1) are shown no revenue. Fitness (F-2) as the objective function results indicate that the loss reduction is achieved, but the expected
revenue is not achieved. Furthermore, F-3 act independently as the objective function results illustrate that the loss did not decrease,
that explains the false indication of high revenue. The reason for the false result of this case is due to the minimal impact of the cost of
real power loss drop in the comprehensive revenue calculations (proposed in F-3) compared to the benefits from reducing the reactive
power, which clearly show the benefit of capacitors addition. Other analysis and discussion of the results is further illustrated by Case
5 which indicate that combination of F-2 and F-3 lead to real power loss reduction as well as increase in the net revenue from
capacitor placement. The control parameters used in this study as shown in Table 5.
Convergence characteristics of power loss reduction in (MWhr/yr) against fitness values of the proposed GA approach are shown
in Fig. 8. It clearly indicates that the objective value converges smoothly to the optimum value.

7. Conclusion

The paper presented the modeling and analysis the proposed inter-tie between West and East regions of SEC. Randomly static
capacitor banks were installed at the ends of the inter-tie, the stability margins were enhanced, reactive power flow and power factor
indicated clear improvements over no capacitor bank case. The case of adding series compensation capacitors, indeed possessed
optimum solution to reduce the reactive power from 463.652 MVAR to 86.488MVAR, such reduction of MVAR on the inter-tie will
allow more power flow from the west to east region and vice versa of about 145MW. Many scenarios were conducted for capacitor
banks location and sizes to increase power flow as well add to the stability of the network using simulation. The GA approach has
been illustrated in step and will help readers on how to apply such optimizing algorithm do random search and optimization
technique, which do natural selection and evaluation process. Using the GA algorithm has made it possible to conduct many scenarios
to study evaluate the best optimum values by selecting an objective and fitness function as shown in Table 6. The GA algorithm
results were obtained after crossover, mutation and the elitist operation presence of the best genes selected chromosome as shown by
F-3 case 5 in Table 6. In this application GA made the selection of location easier and reduced Mwhr/yr.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, through
the funded project #140013. The authors thank Saudi Electricity Company for providing such study data and other information, also
appreciate all the editorial staff of Computers and Electrical Engineering Journal as well the critical comments by the reviewers.

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Appendix A

Table A1
Bus data - 37-bus system.
Bus No Base KV Volt Mag PgMW QgMVAR Pd MW Qd MVAR

1 380 1 −45.10 804.0 104.7 – –

2 380 1 −48.87 572.0 −150.7 – –
3 380 0.9846 −62.41 – – – –
4 380 0.9630 −68.07 – – – –
5 380 0.9743 −66.24 – – – –
6 380 0.9824 −59.06 – – 110.30 51.30
7 380 0.9704 −61.18 – – 165.50 185.30
8 132 0.9787 −63.50 – – 97.40 27.60
9 132 0.9918 −68.44 – – 600.00 200.00
10 132 0.9743 −73.68 – – 767.09 249.84
11 33 0.9972 −74.22 – – – –
12 33 0.9721 −76.77 – – – –
13 33 0.9676 −77.27 – – 0.74 0.30
14 33 0.9677 −75.56 – – 1.04 0.43
15 33 0.9518 −76.26 – – 1.04 0.43
16 33 0.9868 −74.89 – – 0.89 0.37
17 33 0.9556 −78.18 – – 2.80 1.16
18 33 0.9259 −78.26 – – – –
19 13.8 1.0016 −80.76 – – 34.85 15.40
20 13.8 0.9781 −63.62 – – – –
21 13.8 0.9781 −63.62 – – – –
22 13.8 1 −66.61 60.0 15.3 – –
23 13.8 1 −66.61 60.0 15.3 – –
24 13.8 0.9791 −76.07 – – 8.21 3.63
25 13.8 1.0118 −79.18 – – 32.61 14.40
26 13.8 1.0069 −79.70 – – 32.61 14.40
27 13.8 1 −66.61 60.0 15.3 – –
28 13.8 1 −66.61 60.0 15.3 – –
29 13.8 0.9883 −68.68 – – – –
30 13.8 0.9883 −68.68 – – – –
31 13.8 1 −68.61 60.0 15.3 – –
32 13.8 1 −68.61 60.0 15.3 – –
33 13.8 1 −63.89 75.0 10.1 – –
34 13.8 1 −63.89 75.0 10.1 – –
35 13.8 0.9697 −74.48 – – – –
36 13.8 0.9697 −74.46 – – – –
37 13.8 0.9697 −74.46 – – – –

Appendix B

Table B1
Transmission line data.
From bus To bus Line R (pu) Line X (pu) Charging(pu)

1 3 0.003740 0.073440 2.577170

1 3 0.003740 0.073440 2.577170
2 6 0.003500 0.061210 2.259080
2 6 0.003500 0.061210 2.259080
3 4 0.001650 0.032400 1.136980
3 4 0.001650 0.032400 1.136980
3 5 0.001650 0.032400 1.136980
3 5 0.001850 0.032400 1.136980
3 6 0.001980 0.038880 1.364380
3 6 0.001980 0.038880 1.364380
4 5 0.001650 0.032400 1.100000
4 5 0.001650 0.032400 1.136980
6 7 0.002200 0.032400 1.515980
(continued on next page)

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Table B1 (continued)

From bus To bus Line R (pu) Line X (pu) Charging(pu)

6 7 0.002200 0.032400 1.515980

11 12 0.144540 0.442390 0.000350
11 12 0.144540 0.442390 0.000350
11 12 0.133100 0.381450 0.000250
11 12 0.133100 0.381450 0.000250
11 13 0.275560 0.887630 0.000980
11 13 0.275560 0.887630 0.000980
11 13 0.275560 0.887630 0.000980
11 13 0.275560 0.887630 0.000980
11 14 0.920950 1.360000 0.001560
11 16 0.667380 1.490600 0.001790
11 18 0.144540 0.442390 0.000350
11 18 0.144540 0.442390 0.000350
12 13 0.045920 0.147950 0.000100
12 13 0.045930 0.147950 0.000150
13 17 0.366800 1.184400 0.001310
13 17 0.366800 1.184400 0.001310
14 15 0.957220 1.413600 0.001620

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can bee found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.04.
002.

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M.H. Shwehdi et al. Computers and Electrical Engineering 68 (2018) 156–169

M. H. Shwehdi obtained his B.Sc. from Univ. of Tripoli, Libya, M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees in EE from the USC in 1975 and from MSU in 1985. He taught in the US for
10years. At present, he is full professor at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include Power Systems, High Voltage, Power Quality and
Renewable energies.

S.Raja Mohamed is a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Received his B.E. and M.E. in EE from M.K University and Anna
University, India, 1998 and 2004 respectively. He has teaching experience in the India, Oman. Research Interests include power systems, power electronics and its
applications such as in PV systems, reliability, harmonics, micro-grid.

D. Devaraj completed his B.E and M.E in Electrical Engineering in 1992 and 1994, respectively, from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India. He received his Ph.D.
degree from IIT Madras, India in 2001. Presently, he is the Director-Academic & Dean-SEET at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Academy (KARE), India. His
research interests include Power system security, voltage stability and evolutionary algorithm.

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