GRAMMAR 1

1. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1.1 STRUCTURE

(+) Has / have + past participle

(-) Hasn’t / haven’t + past participle

(?) Has / have + subject + past participle

Past participle: verb irregular / verb -ed

1.2 FUNCTIONS

➔ For an action which started in the past and continues in the present

- I have studied French since March

- My brother has lived in Paris for 3 years

➔ For an action which took place in the past and the result is visible in the present

- He has just broken his leg, so he can’t play football

1.3 TIME EXPRESSIONS

Ever / never ⇒ mai, alguna vegada

Already ⇒ ja

Just ⇒ acabo de

Yet ⇒ encara

Recently ⇒ últimament

Lately ⇒ recentment

In recent years ⇒ durant els últims anys

For / since ⇒ durant / des de

How long…? ⇒ Quant temps fa…?

 2. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

2.1 STRUCTURE

(+) Had + past participle

(-) Hadn’t + past participle

(?) Had + subject + past participle

Pasat del pasat (havía)

2.2 FUNCTION

➔ An action that took place before a specific moment in the past

(1st action in the past perfect + 2nd action in past simple)

2.3 TIME EXPRESSIONS

Already ⇒ ja

By the time ⇒ en el moment

Before ⇒ abans

After ⇒ després

Until ⇒ fins

Never ⇒ mai

Just ⇒ acabo de

When ⇒ quan

As soon as ⇒ tan aviat com

 3. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

3.1 FUNCTION

A long action that started in the past and continuous in the present (or not)

3.2 STRUCTURE

(+) Has / have + been + verb -ing

(-) Hasn’t / haven’t + been + verb -ing

(?) Has / have + subject + been + verb -ing

Acció que va durar durant molt de temps, fem ènfasis en la quantitat de temps

Exemples:

➔ I have been working in a shop for a year

➔ I have been cooking all morning, so please eat!!

3.3 TIME EXPRESSIONS

For a month / year… ⇒ durant un mes, un any…

All day / morning / night / week ⇒ tot el matí, el dia, la setmana…

Since ⇒ durant

How long…? ⇒ Quant temps fa…?

 4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

4.1 FUNCTIONS

An action that continued for some time up to another action in the past

4.2 STRUCTURE

(+) Had + been + verb -ing

(-) Hadn’t + been + verb -ing

(?) Had + subject + been + verb -ing

Examples:

➔ They had been studying several hours when they feel asleep

➔ She had been watching TV for twenty minutes when they arrived

4.3 TIME EXPRESSIONS

for hours ⇒ durant hores - per hores

when ⇒ quan

since ⇒ durant

until ⇒ fins

before ⇒ abans

all night / morning / day ⇒ tota la nit / matí / día