Title : Auxiliary, Modal, and Noun Phrase

Course : Practical Grammar Usage

Lecturer : A’thi Fauzani Wisudawati, S.Pd., M.Pd.
By
Alifia Aura Nirbaya (213106002)
Luki Nilasari (213106016)
Saskiya Nabela Prastiwi (213106024)
Vivi Elviana (213106026)
Yudha Armanda Herawan (213106027)

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF MADIUN

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
SEPTEMBER
2022
 AUXILIARY

Definition and Functions

Auxiliary verb: A verb that gives grammatical information that is not given by the main verb of a
sentence. (Cambridge Vocabulary)
Auxiliary verbs can be said to be auxiliary words to complete the main verb in a sentence. In
addition to completing the main verb, the auxiliary verb also serves to clarify the main verb.
Therefore, the auxiliary verb cannot stand alone without a verb. These auxiliary words are used
to show tenses, aspects, modals, emphasis, and so on. In a clause or sentence, the auxiliary verb
usually appears before the main verb.
Types of Auxiliary Verbs
1. To Be (am, is, are, was, were, been, being, and to be)
To Be is usually used to describe verbs, nouns, and present participles. We must also adjust to
the tense.
Examples:
I am drinking orange juice.
It is the best moment in my life.
They are playing badminton.
I was thinking about you.
They were being observed.
She has been drinking heavily since breakfast.
If you want to be an artist, you must practice hard.
2. To Do (do, does, did, done)
This word serves to emphasize the feeling or verb in front of it. The use of these auxiliary words
can also be adjusted to the conditions and tenses used. For example do and does for present
tense, did for past tense, and done for past perfect tense.
Examples:
I do love you, you must know that.
He doesn't care about people's works.
I have done with this.
 3. To Have (have, has, had)
Have is an auxiliary verb which includes have, has, and had which is used by adjusting the tenses
used. Have is used in present and future perfect tenses, has for present perfect, had for past
perfect. Auxiliary verb have is usually followed by a past participle or verb-3. However, if the
auxiliary verb have is followed by 'been', then the verb can be in the form of a present or past
participle.
Examples:
We have tried to help you.
She has given everything to you.
I have been waiting for you for all this time.
Grandpa had retired from his job.
 MODALS

Definition and Functions

Modal verbs are used to express certain hypothetical conditions, such as advice, capability, or
requests (there’s a full list in the next section). They’re used alongside a main verb to change its
meaning slightly. Because they’re auxiliary verbs, they can’t necessarily be used on their own.
(A modal verb should only appear alone if it’s clear from context what the main verb is.)
Here's a list of the modal verbs in English:

 can
 could
 may
 might
 will
 would
 must
 shall
 should
 ought to

Modal Verb Rumus Formula

1. Positive Sentences
(I,You,We,They,He,She,It) + Modal Verbs + Verb 1

2. Negative Sentences
(I,You,We,They,He,She,It) + Modal Verbs + Not+ Verb 1

3. Interrogative Sentences
Modal Verbs+ (You,We,They,He,She,It) + Verb 1
Functions and Example Sentences

1. Will
Will modal verb is a present modal which means "will". Use of modal verbs and examples are
below:
a. Expressing Will or Intention (Willingness)
I will join the event if my mother allows
(I will join the event if my mother allows)

b. Making Predictions
President will come to our city next week.
(The president is coming to our city next week.)

c. Ask a Request
Will you have lunch with me?
(Would you like to have lunch with me?)

2.Would
Would is has the same meaning as will. However, would is a modal past, and can also be used
for more formal sentences, for example:

a. Expressing Will or Intention (Willingness)

If you had invited me, I would come last night. (conditional sentence type 3)
(If only you invited me I would have come last night)

b. Making Predictions
I believe that our team would become a winner.
(I believe that our team will be the champion.)
c. Ask a request
Would you help me to do my assignment?
(Will you help me with the assignment?)

3. Can
The modal verb can means can or can. Just like will, can is also a present modal. Example
sentences are:

a. Declaring Ability
I can show you the magic.
(I can show you magic.)

b. Ask for permission

Can I go home now?
(Can I go home now?)

c. Expressing Possibilities
It can be fun if he is here right now.
(It would be great if he was here now.)

4.Could
Could has the same meaning as can. However, could is a modal past and is used to speak more
formally. You can see an example of its application in a sentence below.

a. Declaring Ability
When I was still in senior high school, I could study all
(When I was in high school, I could study all night long.)
b. Ask for permission
Could I sit here? Another chair is full.
(Can I sit here? The other seats are full.)

c. Expressing Possibilities
It could be very hard if you don't help me.
(It will be very difficult if you don't help me.)

5. May
May is a present modal which means "maybe". Use in sentences like the example below.

a. Expressing Possibilities
Sani may come after doing her work.
(Sani will probably come after she finishes her work.)

b. Ask for permission

May I visit grandma this week?
(May I visit grandma this week?)

c. Expressing Suggestions
You may not eat lobster if you have an allergy to seafood.
(You shouldn't eat lobster if you have a seafood allergy.)

6. Mighty
Might means the same as may, but in the past modal form. Another difference is that might
expresses the possibility that is more uncertain, and states things more formally. Examples are
as follows:
a. Expressing Possibilities
Kim Seon Ho might go to Bali next year.
(Kim Seon Ho may go to Bali next year.)

b. Declaring Offer
Might I offer you to do assignments?
(May I offer you to do the assignment?)

c. State a sentence that is proven not to have happened in the past. The word might must be
followed by have.
Father might have asked Toni to join the
(Dad may have asked Toni to enter the competition.)

d. Ask for permission

If Adele has a concert in Indonesia, might I go to the concert?
(If Adele has a concert in Indonesia, can I go there?)

7. Must
Must is a present modal which can also be replaced with have to or has to. In general, must
means must. If it is followed by a note, it will become a ban. Example sentences as follows:

a. Expressing a Must
You must meet your teacher now.
(You should see your teacher now.)

b. Declaring Prohibition
Sinta is still sick, she must not go to school today.
(Sinta is still sick, she can't go to school today.)

c. Expressing Certainty
Final exam must be easy for you.
(The final exam must be easy for you.)

8. ought to
Ought to is included in the present modal which functions to indicate which one is more
appropriate. Examples of application in sentences are below:

a. Declare Liability
We ought to eat now before we perform.
(We should eat now before we perform.)

b. Expressing Suggestions
You ought to use sunscreen to protect your skin.
(You should use sunscreen to protect your skin.)

9. Shall
Shall is included in the present modal. However, shall can only be used by first-person subjects
such as I and we. In general, shall is used in formal situations. Examples of modal verb
sentences:

a. Declare Liability
We shall give the management report to the finance manager next week.
(We have to submit a management report to the finance manager next week.)

b. Expressing suggestions
Shall we tell HR about the incident?
(Should we tell HR about the incident?)

10. Should
Should is a capital past which is more defined as should. Should is used to give advice or
advice. For example, when expressing advice or advice, the sentence form is as follows:
Dinda should change her instagram password because it's hacked.
(Dinda should have changed her Instagram password because it was hacked.)
 NOUN PHRASE

Definition and Functions

Noun phrases are groups of words that function like nouns. Typically, they act as subjects,
objects or prepositional objects in a sentence. In a noun phrase, the modifiers can come before or
after the noun. In a noun phrase, dependent words before the head are either determiners (e.g.
the, my, some) or premodifiers (e.g. adjectives).
Determiners come first in a noun phrase (e.g. the big black car). They include:
▪ Articles: a/an, the
▪ Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
▪ Possessive determiners: my, your, his, her, etc.
▪ Quantifiers: some, any, all, enough, no, every, etc.
▪ Numerals: one, two, three, etc.
▪ Interrogative words: which, what, whose

Sentence Pattern of Noun Phrase

1. Noun + Noun
Examples: newspapers, school bags, pizza boxes, and air conditioners.
In these examples, you will notice that although there are two nouns, they only mean one noun.
2. Noun + of + noun
Examples: declaration of independence, city of angels, age of empire, and book of secrets.
The word 'of' in the series of words is used to indicate the meaning of the noun that is mentioned
first.
3. Determiner + Noun
Examples: my family, these cookies, this house, that book.
4. Quantifier + Noun
Examples: some people, a little of sugar, many people.
5. Quantifier + Determiner + Noun
Examples: all of the students, some of the flowers, many of her friends.
6. Determiner + Adjective + Noun
Examples: that big house, those beautiful flowers, his long hair.
 7. Quantifier + Determiner + Adjective + Noun
Examples: all of the happy kids, some of the green leaves, most of her inspiring quotes.
8. V-ing + noun (as Gerund)
Examples: of swimming pool, walking stick, and smoking room.
Contextually, the meaning of V-ing as a gerund is to mark the last-mentioned noun. The V-ing
contained in this noun phrase serves to explain an activity.
9. V-ing + Noun (as Participle)
Examples: talking bird, walking dead, or smoking man.
Noun as participle in this sentence is usually an explanatory form of what and who. To make it a
complete object, you can replace the activity with V-ing as an activity and a noun to describe the
object that does it.
10. V3 + Noun (as Participle)
Examples: hidden treasure, Forbidden City, cooked meals, frozen dairy.
The use of V3 has a function as a form of participle or explanatory information that uses relative
pronouns such as who, which, that, whom in passive adjective clauses.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Vincentia Devina. zenius.net. Mengenal Konsep Noun Phrase dan Contohnya. 21 Januari 2021.
[diakses 17 September 2022]. Diakses dari
https://www.zenius.net/blog/noun-
phrase#:~:text=Contoh%20kalimat%3A%20%E2%80%9CMy%20water%20bottle,sama%2Dsama
%20merupakan%20sebuah%20noun

Gramedia.com. Modal Auxiliary Verb : Pengertian, Contoh, Rumus, & Soal. 26 November 2021.
[diakses 18 September 2022]. Diakses dari https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/modal-
auxiliary-verb/

Englishfirst.co.id. Modal Auxiliary dalam Bahasa Inggris. 29 Mei 2020. [diakses 17 September
2022]. Diakses dari https://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/kids/blog/modal-auxiliary-dalam-bahasa-inggris/