UNIT 2 Presentation of Information2.1 PICTORIAL PROJECTION ao. ————" Learning outcomes At the end of this chapter you will be able to: * Identify different types of Pictorial Projection ‘* Study two common types of Pictorial Projection namely: 1) Oblique Projection and 2) Isometric Projection. Draw solids in Oblique Projection and in Isometric Projection respectively Using appropriate grid papers. Introduction What is Pictorial Projection? Pictorial Projection is a method of drawing that gives an instant three-dimensional view or “picture” of an object. Pictorial Projection allows the viewers to see all three primary dimensions of the object, i.e. length, width and height. That is why objects drawn in Pictorial Projection are normally in 3D (three dimensions). A well-executed pictorial drawing is used mainly as an aid to visualise easily the form of an object. Types of Pictorial Projection There are four main types of Pictorial Projection as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Fig.1 Types of pictorial projection The two types of Pictorial Projection that will be studied at this level are namel¥" 1. Oblique Projection and 2. Isometric Projection. dl2.1.1 OBLIQUE PROJECTION It is a simple way of making three dimensional (3D) drawings. This method is used when it is important to show the front view of an object. The front face of the object is shown without distortion in Oblique Projection. Types of Oblique Projection There are two main types of Oblique Projection namely: (i) CAVALIER PROJECTION In Cavalier Oblique drawings, all receding lines or inclined lines are drawn to their full true depth as shown in the figure below: (ii) CABINET PROJECTION in Cabinet Oblique drawings, all receding lines or inclined lines are shortened by one-half their true depth to compensate for distortion as shown in the figure below: UOEWJOJUI JO VOE|ESeld :Z LINNRules of Oblique Projection 4 The following rules should be observed when drawing in Oblique Projection: «The front view of the object is drawn to its TRUE shape. o+ © The adjacent sides (top and side) are drawn ata common oblique angle which ggg, + Hidden details are omitted and should be indicated only for some special Fequiremeny s, The oblique axes The illustration below shows the three main axe: On each axis a particular information is placed. Height Depth used for drawing in oblique projec, lon, Vertical axis—_ /___Inclined axis Length Horizontal axis Fig. 4 - The inclined line or receding line is obtained by drawing the diagonal within the squaresof the square grid to form an angle of 45°. | mm | _, \ | Fig. 5 CY The depth line can be drawn either on the right or left as shown in Figure 6 bel depending on the direction of the side view. HHA Fig.6 Depth line JTo draw boxes in Oblique Projection You will need: 1) The 5mm square grid paper (squared paper) 2) A pencil 3) Aruler 4) An eraser Example One Step 1 Using your pencil and ruler, draw the given front face on the square grid lines. Count the exact number of squares I | (7 Deep) 5 UONeUUOJUY JO Ul 5= i? What is a shaped block? cuboid a shaped block is for, When some parts are removed from a I. Song = 1 are illustrated in the figure below. ‘ aS Tp Fig. 7 Shaped blocks Basic principles for drawing shaped blocks in Oblique Projection ~ Use the crate/box method. . the Corners can be annotated using A,B,C, D etc. to facilitate positioning on crate/box. the Draw the shaped block given below in Oblique Projection. The given arrow shows direction in which you have to draw the depth line on the square grid. +} 4 i. t + / (5 Deep) J I |Step 1 Study the shaped block carefully then identify the overall dimensions to draw the crate/box using thin lines. For this example, we will draw the depth line on the right as indicated by the arrow. Afterwards you may try the same on the left. Total height = 7 units Total length = 9 units Total depth = 5 units Using the above dimensions, draw a crate/box in faint lines. It is same as drawing a cuboid in Oblique. Step 2 Then draw the given front view on the front face of the crate/box using again thin lines. You can annotate each corner with an alphabet to facilitate your task. UOHeUUOJU] JO UONEUSSAJd :Z LINNStep 3 om each visible corners of the front face drawn, project the depth lines eq el +h visi front face drawn, project the d visible s of the front era ‘ 10 thy A}, Be given depth, to obtain corresponding corners A-A’, Step 4 Join the edges at the back face of the crate, outlining in dark lines the shaped block in shaped block using one appropriate colour for /box. Observe parallel lines. Complete by Oblique Projection. You may enhance you! each visible faces,Points to Remember Faint lines are obtained by applying less pressure on your pencils, ‘Always draw the crate/box in faint lines. Use the overall dimensions of the object to draw the crate/box. The crate/box is same as a cuboid. Observe parallels when joining the edges. No hidden details are required. Only visible edges to be drawn in dark lines. UOHEUWOJUI JO VONEWUSSeld :Z LINNPrism in Oblique Projection What is a prism? Aprism has the same cross section all along its length and having straight edges. A cylinder is not a prism, because it has curved sides. a oi Prisms are defined by the shape of their cross section. Some have regular cross section whereas some have irregular cross section. Regular prism Cross section (i) Square prism (ii) Triangular prism la, SS A i) Rectangular prism X UOEWOJU] JO UOEUaseg :Z LINNCross section Regular pris™ {ivy pentagonal prism (v) Hexagonal prism Irregular prism Drawing a prism in Oblique Projection Draw the given prism below i elow in Oblique Project depth line. blique Projection. The arrow indicates the direction Follow the steps gi ps given below to draw any prism in Obi lique Projection. va KE (8 Deep) [Ter2.1.2 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION Introduction The word Isometric is formed by two syllables: Iso meaning equal and Metric Meaning Measurement. Therefore Isometric means — “equal measurement’. An isometric drawing is a method of pictorial drawing often used in engineering. The isometric drawing is the fastest and most accurate type of pictorial to draw. All isometric lines are at 30° to the horizontal lines as shown in the picture below. yr.) Some basic rules to be observed when drawing in Isometric Projection: * In Isometric Projection all vertical lines o1 * Anisometric drawing can be easily drawr * For an object having a complicated shap the object. * The lowest point is Normally the starting point of the isometric drawing. * All the edges are parallel to the isometric axis, * Hidden details are omitted unless absol * Isometric axes: in the object are drawn vertically. n using the Isometric grid. €, an imaginary crate/box is used to enclose lutely necessary. There are three main isometric axes which meet to form an angle of 120° between them as shown below, 120° 120° 120°The isometric axes on the isometric grid are shown in Figure 8 below: Isometric axes PN Isometric grid Fig.8 Isometric axes To draw in Isometric Projection You will need: * Isometric grid paper * Aruler (300 mm long) « Aneraser * Apencil When drawing in isometric projection, measurements are made along the three principal axes. On each axis a particular measurement is indicated as shown below. At this level, the isometric grid will be used. The arrow indicates the direction of the depth line on the isometric grid. The three principal axes have already been drawn as shown below. On each axis a particular dimension is indicated. For convenience, the following is proposed. WAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAN NG ALL OH AN Z\ Xxrawing a cube in ometric Projection Drawing a cube in Isomettic Projectior ss ram the enen cute in emetic Proton ¢ eae Irom corners A. Band ofthe tron face, dr the dptnines which willbe ve ‘eneitin Funts tocttan corresponding ports Lt and Remember the direction o {even trom Note that om cones De eg wich be vibe Step Suny late te lone nese port on he {ront face of the cube denoted by corners Ol ne une wre AE Cans Oct the cute acconsng tone | Step 3 Jon omar 4 and Gt ettan the requied ce in hometnc Observe pall ‘oentace Outine at wie eager nat and thek nes,Step 4 Enhance the cube in Isometric by u LIAADLIOELASL WVAVAVAVAVAVAVAVAWA ADAAA ADALAALRALRLALY Zs AALS Always draw exactly on the isometric grid lines in order to avoid double line formation. —< All measurements are according to the number of units indicated. (sete dom “) The isometric view starts with the given front view. \ Draw sharp corners. Avoid big dots or surplus. The outline should be dark, uniform and regular. No hidden details required. cg y To draw a cuboid in Isometric Projection. Draw the cuboid given below in Isometric Projection. The front face and depth have been given. LT “ | ml (5 Deep)The same steps as for drawing a cube in Isometric Projection is followed. The dimensions given for the cuboid should be carefully observed on each axis and the direction of the given arrow. ( Note it, yy) Cy NOTE: t A L, [> Ri y 5 . <| I 4 [> g B AAD ADAAA DAIWVVVWPPP Outline all visible edges in dark and thick lines. Enhance the cube in Isometric by using colours. One colour for each visible face. Exercise in the Work Refer to Unit 2.1, Exercise 6, uoneWUOsU] JO UOHe}USSeld ‘7 LINNPyramids in Isometric Projecti is ramid? . Aa a three-dimensional shape or structure with a flat base and all its siggy py! 4 converging towards a common point at the top called the apex. Apex Perpendicular height The base of the pyramid can be of various shape and size. Some common examples are: ee Type of Pyramid Shape of Base (i) Triangular based pyramid (ii) Square based pyramidType of Pyramid Shape of Base (iii) Rectangular based pyramid > {iv) Pentagonal based pyramid = (v) Hexagonal based pyramid > (vi) Octagonal based pyramid > ®ese i UONELUUOJUL JO UONEWUASAd :Z LINN