Essay- is a composition that discusses a topic from a personal viewpoint.

Generally, the purpose of essay is

to explain or prove a point.

Stages in Writing essay:

1. Pre-writing stage
a. Developing a concept- most difficult stage in writing an essay. It is in this stage when you
formulate your topic, identify your audience, and establish your purpose. The setting of purpose
must be done when after as your intention in writing would affect the way you will organize the
paper.
b. Gathering Materials
c. Develop a thesis/ Writing the thesis- the paper’s main point. It is important that the thesis is a
complete, opinion-based sentence.
d. Developing a plan-
 idea mapping: refers to the graphical or textual technique for visualizing connections
between several idea or pieces of information. Each idea or fact is written down and
then linked by lines or curves to its major or minor idea or fact, thus creating a web of
relationships.
 story boarding: is a technique were every idea is placed in index card. This allows the
writer to experiment with changes in the sequence of ideas before the writing stage
begins. Each idea has labels to facilitate the organization of such and source of the
information for citation purposes.
 formal outline: is a systematic and logical representation of how the paper will look like .
This can be in form of a scratch outline(composed of habitual jotting down of notes from
what you have read), topic outline (parts and subparts are arranged according to the
importance of your notes/ideas/topic), sentence outline (entries are in the form of a
complete sentence that corresponds to the content of the order of arrangement),
paragraph outline (more formal than the sentence outline as each paragraph contains a
topic sentence, supporting details, concluding sentence)

2. Writing stage- refers to the writing of the first draft.

 Introduction: foregrounds your topic and gives hint on the important points within
essay. It mentions the thesis statement which allows readers to clearly understand the
purpose of your essay.
 Body: paragraphs support the thesis
 Conclusion: serves as reminder of the main idea of the essay

3. Post-writing stage- the first draft may be disorganized.

Writing Publishable Academic Research

3 Structures:

1. Preliminary Parts
 Title, Abstract, Keyword
2. The Article
 Introduction- beginning of the paper. It includes:
a. Situation Analysis (background of the study)- presents the background of the problem.
Discussion of why’s and what’s of the study. The analysis should highlight questions,
issues, problems, and disturbing observations as well as identify a gap in the field of
knowledge which the research intends to address. Contain a number of literature review
related to the study.
b. Framework of the Study- presentation of major theories and concepts.
c. Research paradigm- an offshoot of the theoretical/conceptual framework
discussed.Must comprehensively show the interrelationship of variables.
d. Definition of Terms: - contains terms that are relevant in understanding the study.

 Methodology-
a. Research Design- specify the general method and specific design used in the research.
b. Materials and Procedures- section of the list of the materials with corresponding unit of
measure
c. Instrument and Data Collection- presents the instrument (questionnaires, tests,
interview schedule, observation checklist)
d. Data Analysis- last portion of this section, you specify the statistical tools you use in the
treatment of the data gathered ( Anova, chi-aquare, pearson)

 Results- presentation of your research data.

3. Supplementary Parts
 Conclusions, acknowledgements, references, appendices

Literary Analysis

Components:

1. Introduction- gives main idea or thesis that attracts the reader’s interest
2. Body- contains the support for the thesis statement or idea espoused in the introduction
3. Conclusion- restate or summarize the idea