RESEARCH II QUARTER 2 Week 3

C.N: _________
NAME: ___________________________________________ GR. & SEC: _____________________

Paper Writing 1
Learning Competencies:
The learner:
1. apply the rules of scientific writing to construct scientific paper
2. learn to write the Background of the study, and
3. understand the Review of Related Literature.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE?

Read the simple instructions below to successfully meet the objectives of this kit.
1. Follow and read carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every
page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lesson. Writing enhances
learning.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/ guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually and answer the “Let’s Assess What You Have Learned”
part.
6. Enjoy studying!

PreTest

Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to the definition of the following terms
on the blank provided before the number.
____1. What stage of the background of the study states that you can decide to do more
detailed research at and look for more sources that are more relevant to your research
question?
A. stage 1 C. stage 2
B. stage 3 D. stage 4
____2. Which of the following is describes the Method section of a research study?
A. makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your
research
B. prove that a thesis question is relevant
C. describes how the results were generated
D. is simply a presentation of the results
____3. What is a Review Related Literature?
A. an important component of research regardless of the type of research
B. makes you examine again the concepts or ideas related to your research
C. evaluating the quality of previous research studies
D. all of the above
____4. All of the following is a steps in conducting a systematic review of RRL except;
A. Clarifying the research questions
B. Familiarizing yourself with technical terms
C. Searching for literature
D. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies

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____5. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the Review of Related Literature?
A. To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions
B. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research
C. To clarify the research question
D. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies

LOOKING BACK
Research Management Tools and Project Implementation Phase 1
• Guided goal setting
• Log book entries
• Consultation with experts
• Project monitoring

Gantt Chart

A Gantt chart, or harmonogram, is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project

schedule. This chart lists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals
on the horizontal axis. The width of the horizontal bars in the graph shows the duration of
each activity. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and
summary elements of a project.

Directions: Provide five characteristics and a brief explanation on the topic of question
below.
What makes a great research science logbook?

Characteristics of a great research Brief explanation

science logbook
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

What a Scientific Paper?

Scientific papers (also known as a "journal articles") are a special type of written work that
have particular characteristics.

The general outline/flow is as follows:

• Title
• Author(s)
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• References/Literature cited

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 ACTIVITY 1: Scientific Paper

What is a Scientific Paper?

A research paper is a form of writing,

usually used in the world of academia by
students in colleges or universities assigned to
investigate and research a topic, in which they
find their conclusion. The student is
encouraged and often required to support their
findings with facts from reputable sources.1
"The scientific paper is a written and
published report describing original research
results."
A research paper is an essay in which you
explain what you have learned after exploring
your topic in depth. In a research paper, you
include information from sources such as
books, articles, interviews, and Internet sites.
You also use your own ideas, knowledge, and
opinions. Most of your paper (as a rule of
thumb, at least 80%) must be in your own
words.

:
Rules for Science Writing

The Standard Structure of a Scientific Paper1

The vast majority of papers published in scientific journals today follow a fairly
simple structure. With some variations, most papers use an “IMRaD” format:
- Introduction
- Method (experiment, theory, design, model)
- Results and Discussion
- Conclusions

There are two main advantages of following the IMRaD structure:

1. it makes it easier for the writer to organize the content of the paper, and
2. it makes it easier for the reader to opportunistically find the information they seek.

Introduction

An introduction should inform the reader as to what the paper is about and motivate
the reader to continue reading. The basic flow of the introduction starts with the general and
then moves to the specific.
The research-article introduction moves through three phases:
- Establish a territory (what is the field of the work, why is this field important, what
has already been done?),
- Establish a niche (indicate a gap, raise a question, or challenge prior work in this
territory), and
- Occupy that niche (outline the purpose and announce the present research;
optionally summarize the results).

_______________________
1 Mack, Chris A. How to Write a Good Scientific Paper. Washington, USA. SPIE.
https://spie.org/samples/9781510619142.pdf
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Method

- The Method section (sometimes called the Materials and Method section) describes how
the results were generated. It should be sufficiently detailed so that an independent
researcher working in the same field could reproduce the results sufficiently to allow
validation of the conclusions.
- A good method section should not only describe what was done and how it was done,
but it should justify the experimental design as well.
- The method can include the development of a theory (either as necessary background
or as a novel element of the paper), the establishment of a specific device design, or the
development or description of a modeling tool to be used.

Results and Discussion

- The results of a paper, if included as its own section, should be very short. It is simply
a presentation of the results obtained corresponding to the methods described in the
previous section, organized to make them accessible to the reader
- Often, these results are presented in tables and/or graphs. Well-crafted tables and
figures require very little in terms of supporting text in the body of the, so the results
are usually combined with a discussion of them in the results and discussion section.
- An important goal when presenting results is to clearly designate those results that are
new (never before published), while properly citing results that have been previously
published.

- The purpose of the Discussion section is to explain the results and show how they help
to answer the research questions posed in the introduction.
- This discussion generally passes through the stages of ;
✓ summarizing the results,
✓ discussing whether results are expected or unexpected,
✓ comparing these results to previous work,
✓ interpreting and explaining the results (often by comparison to a theory or model),
✓ hypothesizing about their generality.
- The Discussion section inverts the format of the introduction, moving from the specific
(the results generated in this work) to the general (how these results demonstrate a
general principle that is more widely applicable).
- Any problems or shortcomings encountered during the course of the work should also
be discussed, especially if they might influence how results are to be interpreted.

Other Hints for Rules for Science Writing2

1. Underline or italicize scientific names and other Latin usage, such as et al. and e.g.
- It is not necessary for names of family or other more inclusive taxa to be italicized.
- In general, enclose the scientific name in parentheses following the first mention of
the common name.
- Thereafter, use the common name except for species where the scientific name is
more often used or for species which have no accepted common name.
- Do not capitalize common names except when the word begins a sentence or the
common name includes a proper noun (e.g. Blanding’s turtle, New York fern).
- If a different species of a genus previously referred to is mentioned, use the initial of
the genus with the specific name (e.g. Rana clamitans and R. sylvatica both eat
crickets…).
_______________________
2Guidelines for Scientific Writing. https://www.potsdam.edu/sites/default/files/documents/support/tutoring/cwc/Guidelines-for-
Scientific-Writing.pdf
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 - If the specific name is unknown, list the genus name followed by sp. (e.g. We observed
a small garter snake (Thamnophis sp.) living in the basement).
- If the genus name may refer to several species, use the genus name followed by spp.
(e.g. Clemmys spp. are all omnivorous). Do not underline or italicize sp. or spp.
2. Clearly document units of measurement in your paper (i.e., Metabolic rate [ml/mg
body weight/min]).
3. Avoid writing in the first person. There are times when this is okay, such as when
describing what you did, but never use modifying phrases like “I think...” or “We feel...” If
you are expressing opinion, it is best to say something like “It appears that…” or “The data
are consistent with…”
4. Refer to other peoples’ published work in the past tense; refer to your work in the
current paper in the present tense.
5. Read the scientific literature. That is clearly the best way to get a feel for writing
scientifically. Remember, scientists are among the worst writers in the world. It is a difficult
task to write with the fluidity and clarity that makes a paper a pleasure to read, and yet
maintain the rigid ground rules of scientific writing. This skill won’t come easily, but it is
well worth developing.
6. Double‐space the final paper and all drafts (except the abstract, which is single‐
spaced).

Activity 1: Directions: Put a check mark before the correct answer on what goes where
on the standard structure of a scientific paper.

Section Introduction Method Result Discussion

describes how the results

were generated
explain the results and
show how they help to
answer the research
questions
inform the reader as to
what the paper is about
and motivate the reader to
continue reading
are presented in tables
and/or graphs
motivate the reader to
continue reading

ACTIVITY 2: Background Study

What is a Background of Study? 3

The background of the study is a part of a research provided in the introduction section
of the paper. The background of the study is a compilation of adequate information that is
based on the analysis of the problem or proposed argument, the steps and methods needed
to arrive at the design and implementation of the results achieved and feasible solution.
It is different from the introduction. The introduction only contains the preliminary
information about your research question, or thesis topic and readers will be learning in your
paper. It is simply an overviews of the research question or thesis topic.

______________________
3 https://www.legit.ng/1174941-background-study-research-write-2020.html

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 But the background of your study is more in-depth and explains why your research
topic or thesis is worth the time of your readers. Your paper background of study will provide
your readers with context to the information talked about throughout your research paper.
It can include both relevant and essential studies.

Background of the study is used to prove that a thesis question is relevant and also to
develop the thesis. In summary, a good background of the study is the work done to
determine that your research question or thesis topic is a problem and that the method used
is the one required to solve the issue or answer the question. Read more:

How to write background of the study in a research paper:

Stage 1. At the beginning stages of formulating your thesis, many of the issues are still very
unclear, and you need to solidify your thoughts, you should conduct preliminary research.
You conduct this preliminary research on the specific topic, and the area of study will help
you to put forward a research question or thesis statement that will finally lead to more
relevant and specific research. You can visit a library, check the Internet and other electronic
databases to find preliminary sources such as scholarly journals and books about your
background of the study.

Stage 2. Read and gather the information you need to develop a thesis statement or research
question that will guide your thesis. You should take notes and also keep an accurate track
of the sources of information you have used up to this point. A lot of people use note cards,
but it’s easier and better to use electronic note-taking programs in this electronic age. Just
make sure to use a form or recording that is comfortable and easier for you. Also, make sure
you cite the source of every information you are using on each note so that you won’t forget
where you got the information from, just in case you want to use it in your thesis.

Stage 3. Develop and pen down research question or thesis statement. Think about the
things you’ve read and searched for issues or solutions that have been found by other people
and then formulate your stance or opinion on the issue. Write out your position or opinion
as an authoritative statement. You can decide to do more detailed research at this point and
look for more sources that are more relevant to your research question or thesis.

Stage 4. Complete your research using question and thesis statement as your guide. You
should be able to find sources that are relevant to your specific thesis and provide more
insight into your research question. It is critical that your sources provide information on the
history and past researches related to your thesis or research question.

Stage 5. As you create your background study, create relevant sections. When you start
writing, create five different sections that have the key issues, major findings, and the
controversies that are surrounding your research question or thesis and also a section that
provides evaluation and a conclusion.

Stage 6. Identify the further studies that need to be done in the in the conclusion section.
And also mention possible solutions to the issue that have not been put into consideration
in the past.

Stage 7. Do a revision and editing of your background of the study. You can write out several
drafts of your work, revising, editing, and adding more information as you do so before
coming up with the final one. Make sure each draft is better than the previous. You can also
ask someone else to help you go through it.

You can follow this format when you are writing your background of the study:
• Begin by giving a general overview of your thesis topic and introduce the main ideas
you will be making use of throughout your thesis.
• Then, give the detailed and precise information about all the methodologies used in the
research. This can take up to several paragraphs depending on the individual and
research question or thesis topic.
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 • Cite your sources where necessary to avoid plagiarism.
• Then you can introduce the experiment by describing your choice of methodology
briefly, why you have decided to use this methodology instead of others and the
objective of the methodology.
Activity 2:
Direction: Fill in the blanks with correct answers to complete the text.
The background of the study is a part of a research provided in the __________________
section of the paper. The background of the study is a compilation of adequate information
that is based on the ________________________ or proposed argument, the steps and
_____________ needed to arrive at the design and implementation of the results achieved and
feasible solution.
It is different from the ________________. The introduction only contains the
_________________ information about your research question, or thesis topic and readers will
be learning in your paper. It is simply an _____________ of the research question or thesis
topic.
In writing the format for the background begin by giving a _____________ of your thesis
topic and introduce the main ideas you will be making use of throughout your thesis. Then,
give the ___________ and ________ information about all the methodologies used in the
research. Cite your sources where necessary to avoid _______________.

ACTIVITY 3: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)4

Definition of RRL
RRL is an important component of research regardless of the type of research. Be it
qualitative or quantitative research, you spend time and effort in reviewing related literature.
Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes you examine or
study again concepts or ideas related to your research that people managed to publish in
books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.
Purposes of RRL
Your reasons for reviewing related literature are true for both qualitative and
quantitative research. You re-examine written works related to your research for the following
purposes:
1. To find out the connection of your research to the current conditions or situations of the
world
2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research and to learn from them
with respect to your own research study
3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies

4. To obtain information on the accuracy or relevance of your research questions

5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research

_________________________
4 Esther L. Baraceros. Practical Research 2 First Edition eBook

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RRL in Quantitative Research
You have learned that there are two basic methods of reviewing related literature:
traditional and systematic review. Traditional is for qualitative research; systematic, for
quantitative research.
Systematic review, ‘a question-driven methodology’ is used by quantitative researchers
who begin their research work by asking questions—one big question that states the main
problem of the research and a set of sub-questions that deal with specific aspects of the
research.
Qualitative research likewise begins with research questions, but these are open-ended
and subjective questions, in contrast to quantitative questions that aim at obtaining exact,
specific, and objective answers whose origin or sources are easy to trace. (Ridley 2012, p.
189; Jesson 2011)

Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review

Systematic review of related literature happens through the following sequential steps:
1. Clarifying the research questions
2. Planning the research based on your understanding of the research questions
3. Searching for literature
4. Listing criteria for considering the values of written works
5. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies
6. Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected

Obtaining results of the review of related literature by means of systematic review that
takes place in a step-by-step method is a scientific way of conducting are-examination of
reading materials that have close connection with your research. Adopting a systematic
review of related literature prevents you from being bias in dealing with the varied form of
literature. The adherence of systematic review to scientific method makes it the apt RRL
method for quantitative research that likewise follows the scientific method of looking into
the truthfulness of something. (Babbie 2013; Russel 2013; Jesson 2011)

Activity 2: Directions: Put a check mark before the correct answer.

1. Two basic methods of reviewing related literature:

________ traditional
________ systematic
________ technical
________ total
2. A systematic review of related literature follows a certain:
________ theory
________ method
________ instruction
________ model
3. Being honest, truthful, and grateful in doing the review of related literature is
practicing:
________ smartness
________ cut-and-paste
________ ethics
________ individualism
4. Referencing within the body of the paper gives you this research-paper component:
________ footnotes
________ bibliography
________ references
________ citation
5. Adopting a systematic review of related literature prevents you from being:
________ bias
________ impartial
________ objective
________ detach

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 POST TEST
Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to the definition of the following terms
on the blank provided before the number.

____1. Which of the following is NOT a steps in conducting a systematic review of RRL?
A. Clarifying the research questions
B. Familiarizing yourself with technical terms
C. Searching for literature
D. Evaluating the quality of previous research studies
____2. Which of the following Best describes the RRL?
A. makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your
research
B. prove that a thesis question is relevant
C. describes how the results were generated
D. is simply a presentation of the results
____3. Which of the following is describes of the Method section of a research study?
A. justify the experimental design
B. describes how the results were generated
C. include the development of a theory
D. All of the above
____4. What stage of the background of the study states that a researcher should read and
gather the information needed to develop a thesis statement?
A. stage 1 C. stage 2
B. stage 3 D. stage 4
____5. What stage of the background of the study states that you can decide to do more
detailed research at and look for more sources that are more relevant to your research
question?
A. stage 1 C. stage 2
B. stage 3 D. stage 4

REFLECTION

Directions: Concept-Learning Assessment. Check the column that speaks of the extent of
learning you have had about the topics of this module.

Concepts Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly

agree Disagree

You know very well what’s a

review of related literature
You have learned very well
the standard structure of a
scientific paper
You have learned very well
how to write the background
of the study

You have learned very well

the format of writing your
background of the study
You have learned very well
the rules for scientific writing

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Directions: Graphically, show in the space provided the taking place of a systematic review of
literature.

"The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places
you'll go." - Dr. Seuss

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