Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Organized by
Bangladesh Institute of Human Resource Management
(BIHRM)
1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Theoretical Framework
6. Methodology
7. Results
8. Discussion
9. References
10. Appendices
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Research
3
Title
4
Title
Example of Title
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Abstract
The abstract is itself a miniature version of the entire paper, perhaps 200-250
words long, allowing readers to quickly get the gist of the entire work.
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Abstract
Example-1
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Introduction
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Introduction (Stage-1)
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Introduction (Stage-2)
Indicating a gap Demonstrates the need for this study by pointing out that no
or such studies have previously been done.
Question raising Demonstrates the need for this study by pointing out
unanswered questions or unsolved problems.
or
Continuing a tradition: Demonstrates the need for this study by pointing out how it
logically follows, or is directly related to, previous work.
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Introduction (Stage-3)
Announcing present Explicitly state what research was conducted, including the
research: scope (This study investigated…)
Announcing principal Outline the key results of the study, and their implications.
findings:
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Example of Introduction
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Literature Review
Some more tips for writing a literature review come from Galvan (2003).
Explain why a study is important.
Be specific about time frames. In the last decade is more accurate than recently.
Clearly label any original studies which have led to further research.
Include the results from replications of original research.
Include other literature reviews in your analysis of the literature.
Describe the methodology used to search the literature when pointing out gaps.
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Theoretical Framework
Transactional
Leadership
Talent Retention
Transformational
Leadership
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Results
• The purpose of the Results, which may also be labeled ‘Findings,’ is simply
to provide readers with access to the original data.
• In fact, some papers will use the heading ‘Data’ because that is exactly what
this section contains: the data.
• The results of statistical analysis should also be included here.
• Tables are preferred when it is useful for understanding of the results to
provide a large data set.
• Other figures, such as charts or photographs, can also be included if they
are necessary or helpful for clarity of the discussion.
• The results should be short and sweet, without verbiage.
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Results
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Discussion
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A model for Discussions
Review findings If the Discussion is separate from the Results it is sometimes, but not always, useful to
remind readers of key findings.
Discuss outcomes Were the research questions answered? What were the answers? How can the findings
be used to answer the research questions? Were the findings expected, or were there
some surprises?
Offer explanations Possible reasons to account for the findings, including abnormalities.
Reference the Compare and contrast your results with other relevant studies. How, and why, do your
literature findings differ?
State implications What affect will the findings have on existing theories? In what ways can the findings be
applied to real-world situations?
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Limitations, Future Research Direction and Conclusion
Limitations
• Point out any flaws that you are aware of regarding the research, including
assumptions which have been made.
Future Research Direction
• Suggest possible directions for future research following from this study.
Conclusion
• The last section in the main text, it is not unusual for Conclusions to be included
with the Discussion.
• One possibility is a brief summary of the research, though if this has been done in
the Abstract and Introduction it becomes quite redundant. Suggestions for action
to be taken could also be written here.
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References and Appendices
References
• Referencing is as an important aspect of scientific writing (c.f. Sources and
referencing: The reference list, p.?).
• Details on formatting a reference list will vary depending on the journal’s
requirements (c.f. With [academic] style, p.?).
• Use reference manager (Mendeley, EndNote etc.)
Appendices
• The appendices are supporting materials, often tables or figures, which are
included with the paper but separate from the main text.
• While appendices are useful for including details which would interfere with the
text, be sure not to use them unnecessarily.
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Example of References
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Example of Appendices
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Question & Answer
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