REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Flexural Analysis of Beams

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

Prepared by:
ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO
STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
Structural concrete and reinforcing steel both behave inelastically as ultimate strength is approached. In
theories dealing with ultimate strength of reinforced concrete, the inelastic behavior of both materials must
be considered.

Stress-Strain Relationship for Reinforcement Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete

STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
SECTIONS
ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

1. Enforce section equilibrium

The section is assumed to be subject to only bending (no axial force), so that the sum of the
compression forces must be equal to the sum of the tension forces. So,

𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻

2. Assume the steel yielded

Using the equilibrium equation and assuming that the steel has yielded, solve for the depth of
compression block (a).
𝒇𝒚
let 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
so, 𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 𝒂=𝜷∗𝒄
ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

3. Check the assumption

Check if the steel has yielded by using the stress or strain.

𝒇𝒔 =∈𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 𝒅−𝒄
∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔
𝒄
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒄
𝒇𝒚
If 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 = 𝑬 then, the steel has yielded
𝒔

so, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚
𝒇𝒚
If 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 < ∈𝒚 = then, the steel does not yield
𝑬𝒔

recompute (a), 𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻
𝒅−𝒄
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS
4. Determine the nominal moment strength

𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑻 ∗ 𝒅 − or 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪𝒄 ∗ 𝒅 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 ∗ 𝒅 −
𝟐
BALANCED CONDTIONS
BALANCED CONDTIONS
BALANCED CONDTIONS

Steel Ratio
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ . 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝝆𝒃 = =
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 + 𝑬 . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒔

𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ Rectangular Section
𝒇𝒚 (𝒇𝒚 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎)
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS, TRANSITION REGION &
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS (UNIFIED DESIGN PROVISIONS)
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS, TRANSITION REGION &
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS (UNIFIED DESIGN PROVISIONS)

∈𝑡 ≥ 0.005 ∈𝑡 ≤ 0.002
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, Φ
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, Φ
Maximum Reinforcement for Flexural Members

a. ACI 318-99

The maximum amount of reinforcement permitted in a rectangular section

with tension reinforcement only is

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃
𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′
𝒇𝒚 (𝒇𝒚 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎)
𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∗ 𝒃𝒅

b. ACI 318-02 to ACI 318-14

For reinforced concrete beam sections, the value of ∈𝒕
at nominal flexural conditions shall be greater than or
equal to 0.004

∈𝒕 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
Minimum Reinforcement for Flexural Members

The minimum steel percentage for a reinforced concrete beam section

should be

𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ≥
𝟒 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∗ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅