1.

femal reproduc ve tract in embryonic devel. = mullerian duct

2. parasite Provided By bedbugs

3. Template of Reverse transcriptase = rna

4. only Ig that Passes Placenta = IgG ?

5. de ne androgenesis

6. de ne robertsonian transloca on

7. Parasite of genus glossina

8. Parasites that mature in striated muscle

9. Synaptonemal complex

10. Something about vertebrate structure which supports something

11. Something about starter sequence or something

12. Which immunoglobulin exists in dimer

13. At least one x linked recessive disease

14. Bedbug parasite the La n name

15. Embryonic part where the female reproduc ve system comes from

16. Crossing over the chromosome in prophase 1

17. What immoglobin crosses the placenta

18. Nematodes that needs matura on in soil

19. Template molecule in reverse transcrip on

20. What is pachytene

21. What is the name of the parasite that lays eggs in the anus

22. Name a type of type of gene c disorder

23. What is the start region of dna replica on.

24. What is the name of the parasite that uses phlebotominae as a vector

25. what is the di erence between blastula and gastrula

26. which Ig is a pentamer

27. What is the embryonic structure that develops the brain and spinal cord

28. What is Metamerism

29. La n name for Leshmania (vis)

30. De ni ve host for ecc gran

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 31. What is a polar body in oogensis

32. What cells have MHC2

33. What breaks down proteins

34. Topoisomeraise

35. What is an intron

36. Describe the abbrevia on of MHC in Immunology.

37. Explain the structure of trichomonas cells.

38. Func on of cor cal reac on

39. La n name of the regions of bony sh

40. Func on of growth factor in cells

41. Name at least one protein responsible for alterna ve splicing

42. What is deutrosome

43. Di erence between vivax and malaria

44. What are Cell cycle checkpoints for

45. Name a Trematoda in blood vessel

46. What is acrosomal reac on

47. Cell structure which destroys proteins

48. Cell structure for secre on

49. name an alternate splicing protein

50. What is MHC?

51. cor cal reac on's func on

52. What are linked genes?

53. intermediate/de ni ve host of taenia saginata

54. name of area around nostrills in bony sh

55. What is the Longitudinal structure that in vertebrae evolu on is rst rm inner support of
the body

56. What is the La n name of protozoan parasite transmi ed by ies from genus glossina

57. The egg of some Nematoda parasites need matura on in the soil

58. First period of meio c prophase 1

59. Func on of zona pellucida

60. Explain the abbrevia on TCR in immunology

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 61. What is the Cell structure that connects homologous chromosomes during crossing over

62. What is gene penetrance

63. What is a plasmid

64. Instes nal protososa belong to ohylum cliliata or sth like this

65. What is bilateria ??

66. Linked genes

67. What changes during capacita on

68. Final host of dicrocoeliun dendri cum

69. Metamerism

70. Cyclins

71. Fasciola hepa ca

72. Recombinant dna

73. Proteins for alterna ve splicing

74. Zona pellucida

75. MALT

76. Toxoplasma cells

77. Abbrevia on of MALT

78. echinoccus granuloso vector or host cant remember

79. example of structure use to be made with reverse transcriptase

80. Genus triatoma bug is vector of what parasite

81. cor cal reac on

82. What is the part of the shs skull that connects the cranium to the vertebrae ?

83. What is the rela onship between telomeres and cell ageing?

84. How are humans infected by enterobius vermercularis?

85. One La n for the dermal bone if the roof of the neruocranium of sh (or something along
them lines, I didn't understand it?

86. What is the trematode that has ants as its intermediate host

87. What's the func on of IGA

88. What kind of gene c error results in frameshi muta on

89. What is the protein involved in the sperm cell DNA (answer is protoamine)

90. Name a bone of the neruocranium of sh

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 91. Nematode with the intermediate host ants

92. de ni on of homologous chromosomes

93. What is 5'-RNA capping against?

94. Explain Shi muta on

95. Proteins that condense DNA in sperm

96. Explain func on of IgA

97. Reproduc ve duct in embryonic development in vertebrates: Müllerian duct

98. Which is the parasite that is transmi ed by triatoma bedbug:

99. trypanosoma cruzi

100.Nematode whose eggs need matura on in soil

101.What is the func on of promoter?

102.Which cells carry MHC 1?

103.De ne introns

104.Func on of synaptonemal complex

105.structure between nucleus and cytoplasm?

106.Heterochroma n in prophase

107.Tick which causes severe damage to humans

108.Cells which have immunoglobulin on their surface

109.Bone in ear of amphibians and on head of bony sh

110.Which parasites have ariform larvae

111.Histones in nucleosome

112.Glycoprotein layer around oocytes

113.Why is Blastopore to potent

114.la n name for arch connec ng jaw and cranium in La n

115.la n name for nematode that has larvae in female

116.La n name for y with homolobotomous sec ons

117.Blood disorder causing problems between mother and fetus

118.What is Okazaki fragments

119.Androgenisis

120.Role of cyclins in cell cycle

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 121.De ne linked genes

122.femal reproduc ve tract in embryonic devel. = mullerian duct

123.parasite Provided By bedbugs

124.Template of Reverse transcriptase = rna

125.Parasites that mature in striated muscle

126.Synaptonemal complex

127.Something about vertebrate structure which supports something

128.Something about starter sequence or something

129.Which immunoglobulin exists in dimer

130.At least one x linked recessive disease

131.Bedbug parasite the La n name

132.Embryonic part where the female reproduc ve system comes from

133.Crossing over the chromosome in prophase 1

134.Androgensis

135.What is the name of the parasite that uses phlebotominae as a vector

136.What is the embryonic structure that develops the brain and spinal cord

137.What is Metamerism

138.De ni ve host for ecc gran

139.Topoisomeraise

140.Describe the abbrevia on of MHC in Immunology.

141.Explain the structure of trichomonas cells.

142.Intermediate host of Taenia Saginata

143.Di erence between vivax and malaria

144.Cell structure for secre on

145.What is the Longitudinal structure that in vertebrae evolu on is rst rm inner support of
the body

146.First period of meio c prophase 1

147.Explain the abbrevia on TCR in immunology

148.What is the Cell structure that connects homologous chromosomes during crossing over

149.What is gene penetrance

150.Instes nal protososa belong to Phylum cliliata or sth like this

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 151.What is bilateria ??

152.What changes during capacita on

153.Final host of dicrocoeliun dendri cum

154.Metamerism

155.example of structure use to be made with reverse transcriptase

156.Genus triatoma bug is vector of what parasite

157.What is general structure of trypanosomes ?

158.What is the func on of primase?

159.What is the rela onship between telomeres and cell ageing?

160.What is de ni ve host of plasmodium

161.What is the trematode that has ants as its intermediate host

162.What kind of gene c error results in frameshi muta on

163.Reproduc ve duct in embryonic development in vertebrates: Müllerian duct

164.Which is the parasite that is transmi ed by triatoma bedbug:

165.Which cells carry MHC 1?

166.Func on of synaptonemal complex

167.structure between nucleus and cytoplasm?

168.Heterochroma n in prophase

169.Cells which have immunoglobulin on their surface

170.Bone in ear of amphibians and on head of bony sh

171.Which parasites have ariform larvae

172.Histones in nucleosome

173.la n name for arch connec ng jaw and cranium in La n

174.La n name for y with homolobotomous sec ons

175.Blood disorder causing problems between mother and fetus

176.Androgenisis

177.osomal reac on

178.What are protostomes,

179.what are deutrostomes

180.what is recombinant dna,

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 181.func on of kinetochore

182.the structure that breaks down unwanted proteins

183.What is bilateral

184.What is a metamerism

185.What is the structure of Toxoplasma cells

186.De ni ve hosts of Fasciola Hepa ca

187.What is a primase

188.What is the cell structure of a cell going through cross over

189.What is a topoisomerase

190.What is the role of tumour suppressor gene in cell cycle

191.When in the oocyte development does it have a nucleus? Answer: germinal vessicle, in
prophase 1, this is when oogenesis stops

192. cket has meiosis draw the recombina on nodule

193.What's the di between ABO(H) system and rhesus system: rhesus is protein and AB system
is to do with carbohydrates

194.Rhesus is protein

195.Di between agglu na on and precipita on : agglu na on is when the an gen is on the
surface of a par cle, precipita on is when the an gen is free owing in liquid

196.What are deuterostomes?

197.De ni ve host of echinococcus granulosus

198.Func on of helicase

199.What are terminators?

200.Which cell structure controls secre ons?

201.How can you determine di erence between plasmodium vivax and malarie?

202.Func on of synaptonemal complex

203.What is dna recombinant

204.Insect vector leishmania

205.Name of parasite that has pig as de ni ve host

206.Region around the ear for bony

207. shes neurocranium (I think was Regio o ca)

208.Giardia Lamblia structure

209.Echinococcus granulosus def host

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 210.Name protein with a domain structure

211.What are CDKs

212.What is gene expressivity

213.La n name for area surrounding nasal in sh

214.Structure of Trichomonas

215.MALT func on

216.De ni ve host of toxoplasma gondii

217.Protein that has disul de bonds

218.What are Cyclins

219.Origina on of teeth?

220.Parasite human both inter and de ni ve host

221.Func on of IgE

222.Post transla onal modi ca on

223.Nucleolus

224.Func on of cyclosome

225.What's the car lage arch in sh called

226.Name a unicellular parasite transmi ed by blood sucking vector

227.What is O group also known as

228.Name the car lage arch which connects Jaw with neurocranium

229.What is the func on of syncythisis during spermatogenesis

230.What is the func on of Cyclins

231.What is the func on of nucleolus

232.How does entamoeba histoly ca infect

233.What is the name of the start sequence in transcrip on

234.Name one insect with holometabulous development

235.What are homologous chromosomes

236.In which cells are MHC Typ 2

237.Name one parasite with bloodsucking vector

238.The parasite ancylostoma doudenale how is it infec ng

239.di erence between eggs ascaris lumbricoides and trichiura trichuris

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 240.what is synaptonemal complex

241.la n name of intes nal protozoan parasite with phylum ciliata

242.what is the func on of cyclosome(anaphase promo ng complex) in cell cycle

243.name an example of post transala on modi ca on of proteins

244.why is IgM a be er ac vater of compliment pathway

245.name the car lage arch for sh's jaw

246.arch in sh that connects jaw and skull.

247.How does enteraemoba hystoli ca. How does it infect.

248.La n Name a holometobolic insect.

249.what does primase do

250.what do cyclins do

251.Why do sperms have cytoplasmic bridge in genisis

252.Role of nucleosome

253.Region that starts transcrip on DNA

254.Name a capsulated skin receptor in testrial?

255.A la n name for unicellular parasite with bloodsucking vector?

256.How does Anclystoma Duodenale infect humans?

257.What cells carry MCH II?

258.What is the part of the shs skull that connects the cranium to the vertebrae ?

259.How are humans infected by enterobius vermercularis?

260.What disorder is caused by muta on on autosomal dominant allele ?

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Biology Pre-Oral Questions 2017 - last updated 10/06/2017 (05:42 AM)

1. What are protostomes?

Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth are called protostomes
2. what are deuterostomes?
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus are called deuterostomes
3. what is recombinant DNA?
Artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene
sequences
4. What is the function of kinetochore?
Protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull
sister chromatids apart
5. What is the structure that breaks down unwanted proteins?
A Proteasome
6. What is bilateral?
Refers to the symmetrical arrangement of an organism or part of an organism along a
central axis, meaning the organism can be divided into two equal halves
7. What is a metamerism
Metamerism is the repetition of organs in segments called metameres or somites
8. What is a plasmid?
Small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently, commonly found in bacteria.
9. What is the structure of Toxoplasma cells?

10. Definitive hosts of Fasciola Hepatica?

Humans
11. What is a primase?
An enzyme which synthesises the production of a primer, which is short RNA segment that
serves as the start of DNA replication.
12. What is the cell structure of a cell going through cross over?
This occurs during the pachytene phase of prophase 1 ( Not really sure how to answer this
one :/) **
13. What is a topoisomerase?
An enzyme which relieves tension in a DNA strand by cutting the DNA strand and splicing it
back together
14. What is the role of tumour suppressor gene in cell cycle?
Genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or induce apoptosis
15. When in the oocyte development does it have a nucleus?
 In Oocyte development the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle, in prophase 1, this is when
oogenesis stops **
16. During meiosis, draw the recombination nodule?

17. What is the difference between ABO(H) system and the rhesus system?
The ABO system refers to one set of antigens on red blood cells coded by the ABO gene. The
corresponding antibodies are anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Depending on your genetics, you
can have the A antigen, B antigen, both, or neither, in which case you'll have the blood types
A, B, AB, or O respectively. A will produce anti-B antibodies, B will produce anti-A, and O will
produce both.
The Rh blood group system refers to a set of 50 antigens, but Rh factor refers only to the D
antigen. If you are Rh positive, you have the D antigen and don't produce the corresponding
antibody.
18. What is the difference between agglutination and precipitation?
precipitation, antigens are soluble molecules,
for agglutination, antigens are large, easily sedimented particles.
19. Definitive host of echinococcus granulosus
Dogs
20. What is the function of helicase?
Enzymes which separate double-stranded DNA into single strands
21. What are terminators?
terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in
genomic DNA during transcription.
22. Which cell structure controls secretions?
rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
23. How can you determine difference between plasmodium vivax and malarie?
P.vivax and P.malariae have similar morphological features, however P.vivix produces a large
schizont that almost fills an entire LARGE red blood cell and subsequently produces 14-24
meroziotes while P.malariae has a smaller schozont which partially fills a REGULAR RBC so
can only produce 6-12 meroziotes.
24. What are the functions of the synaptonemal complex?
It is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes to mediate
chromosome pairing.
25. What is the insect vector of leishmania?
The female sandfly
26. Name of parasite that has pig as definitive host?
Taenia soleium
27. Region around the ear for bony fishes neurocranium?
 Regio otica*
28. Describe the Giardia Lamblia structure?

29. What is the Echinococcus granulosus definitive host?

Dog
30. Name protein with a domain structure?
Zinc Fingers, they have multiple finger like protusions that make contact with their target
molecules allowing folds to be made independent of the rest of the protein.
31. What are CDKs?
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a group of protein kinases that aid in regulating the cell
cycle by signalling the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle
32. What is gene expressivity?
the degree to which a particular gene produces its effect in an organism
33. What is the function of cortical reaction?
cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules
from the egg, which prevents polyspermy
34. Latin name for area surrounding nasal in fish?
Regio Ethmoidalis *

35. What is the structure of Trichomonas?

36. What is the function of MALT?

Mucosal-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) allows the immune system to sample microbial
antigens for development of adaptive immune responses and provides a location for Plasma
Cells to synthesize IgA
37. Definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
38. Protein that has disulfide bonds ?
 Keratin, which features supercoils of several polypeptides linked by disulphide
bonds between adjacent cysteine amino acids.
39. What are Cyclins?
Cyclins are a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by
activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
40. What is gene penetrance?
Refers to the proportion of people with a particular genetic change (such as a mutation in a
specific gene) who exhibit signs and symptoms of a genetic disorder
41. What is the Acrosome reaction?
The acrosomal enzymes in the head of the spermatozoa get released into the zona pellucida
which then digest the ZP until the cell reaches the plasma membrane of the egg.
42. What is the structure of Trypanosoma ?

43. What is host dicrocoelium dendriticum?

Definitive host: Cows or Humans
Intermediate Host: Snails and Ants
44. What is Sperm capacitation?
The process by which the glycoprotein coat and the seminal proteins are removed fromthe s
urface of the sperm's ACROSOME by substances secreted by the uterus or fallopiantubes of th
e female genital tract, thereby permitting the acrosome REACTION to occur.
45. Name a receptor with transmembrane domain
Adrenergic receptor*
46. What is the function of growth factors?
To stimulate cellular growth by acting as signalling molecules between cells (ex: Hormones
or cytokines)
47. What is MHC in immunity?

Major Histocompatibility comples (MHC) proteins are protein markers found on the surface
of every cell that allow our immune system to distinguish between healthy cells and
pathogens.

Whats is the pachytene ?

Stage of cell Meiosis where crossing over happens

Name of the Parasite that lays eggs in the Anus?

Enterobius vermicularis (pointy tail worm) (maggot worm)

Name a type of Genetic disorder ?

Point mutation , Deletion, Chromosome abnormality !Aneuploidy! (Trisomie 21)

What is the start region of the DNA replication ?

Primer ?? start region for DNA polymerase. Codon Aug ( start for Translation)

What it the name of the parasite that uses phlebotomiae as Vector ?

Leishmania donovani

Difference between blastula and grastula ?

single-layered blastula becomes multilayered gastrula

Which Immunoglobulin is a Pentamer ?.

IGM

What is the embryonic structure that develops the brain and spinal cord

Neuralcrest -> Neuraltube -> CNS , Spinal cord , Brain

What is metamerism ?

metamerism is the phenomenon of having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in
structure

Latin Name for kala-azar,black fever, and Dumdum fever ?

Leshmania viserales

Definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?

Dog (Dog tape worm)

What is a polar Body in oogenesis ?

Condense extra genetic material to form a haploid Gamete (Ovum)

Which cells have MHC2?

Antigen presenting cells

What breaks down Proteins ?

Enzyme called Protease or in the cell the Proteasome

What is Topoisomerases?

Enyzme for Overwinding and underwinding of DNA

What is an intron ?

Not coding parts of the DNA

Describe the abbreviation of MHC in immunology

major histocompatibility complex

Explain the structure of trichomonas vaginales

Function of the cortical reaction ?

Prevent polyspermy (release of Cortical granules )

Intermediate host of taenia Saginat ?

Cattel

Latin name of the Teeth regions of the Bony fish?

Vomer, palatinum ,pterygoid bones + palatin teeth

Function of growth factors in cells ?

Promote cell division

Get released by the checkpoints in cell multiplication , promoting the cell division. Didn’t pass the
cheackpoint no growth factor = Cell stops in division / cant enter next phase till fixed.

Name one protein responsible for alternative splicing ?

Spliceosome

Difference between Plasmodium Vivax and Plasmodium malaria ?

Vivax: Larger trophozoite larger Schizont invades young RBC , has a secondary exoerythrocytic cycle.

What are the cell cycle checkpoints ?

C1,C2,C3 DNA dmg checkpoints , releasing growtfactor or p53 tumor suppressor hormone depends if
pass or not.
Name a Trematode in the blood Vessels ?

Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni

What is acrosomal reaction ?

Relasing enzyme (arcosmiase) out of the head of the sperm to lyse the zona perlucida of the egg to
connect to the Corona radiata.

Which protein structure destroys proteins?

proteasoma

Cell structure for secretion ?

Golgiaparatus -> secretory vesicles

What is zona pellucida ?

Outer layer of protection for the oocyte

Name a fly vector for protozoa

Sand fly , tsetse fly

What is TCR ?

T-Cell Receptor

Latin Name of Roundworm

Nematoda

What is Gene penetrance ?

Amount of people possessing and expressing certain gen ( can be trait or sickness)

Name the central Lymphoid organs ?

Thymus and Bone marrow

Which function have the cell cycle checkpoints ?

Preventing cancer , checking for DNA damage , size of cell

Name the alternative splicing Protein ?

Splicerosoma

What is MHC ?

Major Histo combability complex

Function of the Corticol reaction ?

Prevent polyspermy
What are linked genes ?

Gens that get inherited together as they are close on the same chromosome

Intermediate /definite of Taenia Saginata

Intermediate : cattle , pig definite host : Human

Name the Area around the nostrils of the bony fish.

Basioocipitale , supraocipistale , exoocipitale (Nasalia frontalia , parietalia )

What is the Longitudinal structure that in vertebrae evolution is first firm inner support of the body ?

Neural tube -> spinal Cord

What is the Latin Name of Protozoa parasite transmitted by flies from genus glossina

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Eggs of which Nematoda parasite needs maturation in the soil ?

Ascaris lumbricoides

First period of Meiosis

prophase 1 (Leptotene , Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene , Diakinesis)

Explain the abbreviation TCR ?

T-cell receptor

What is the Cell structure that connects homologous chromosomes during crossing over

Chiasmata

What is a plasmid

Small DNA molecule physicly separated from the DNA , ex in bacteria , ring structure , holds
Information my useful for survival , or to repair DNA

Intestinal protozoa belong to which phylum ?

Sarcomastigophora (Ex Enteromoebia Hystolytiker ) unicellular

What is Bilateria ?

Both sides of the Organisms are Mirror images

Animals with bilateral symetrie

What changes during Capacitation ?

Sperm becomes mature flagella can move , destabilisation of acrosome head

Final host of dicrocoelium dendriticum ?

Cow or Human
What is metamerism ?

Segmentation of the body allows for specialisation of body parts

having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure (eartworm)

what are cyclins ?

Name of common liver fluke?

Fasciola Hepatica

What is the mechanisms of recombination of DNA ?

Crossing over

What is MALT ?

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Draw a Toxoplasma Gondi cell :

1. Three checkpoints of a cell

1. G1, G2 and Metaphase
2. Part of prophase where chromosome crossing over happens
1. Pachytene, Prophase I
3. What is in the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish
Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods and large dermal bones are found in some parts of the
skull.
4. What is a tumour suppressor gene
1. Gene responsible for preventing cancerous growth of a cell by acting as a fail safe.
Can be caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes or landscaper genes
5. What is a terminator
1. A base sequence indicating the end of a gene for transcription
6. What is the small circular DNA in bacteria
1. Plasmid
7. What are the two stops in replication in oogenesis
1. Arrested at Prophase I of meiosis I after birth until puberty, then held at Metaphase
II until fertilization
8. What's the difference between holometabolous and hemimetabolous
1. Hemimetabolous (nyphe) is where an insect partially metamorphs after birth while
Holometabolous (larve pupae ) is when an animal undergoes total metamorphosis
post birth
9. What is the name of the tapeworm that has human as definitive and intermediate host
1. Taenia Solium
10. What's the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA
1. Semi conservative
11. Name any secondary (dermal) bone in skull of bony fish
1. Maxilla
 2. Parietal
3. Nasal
12. Give example of one gene that use alternate splicing
1. IGM gene
13. How do polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin bind to each other
1. Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions
14. In which class of vertebrae does palatum durum first appear
1. Amphibians (NT Query - I can think this is correct but can't find 2nd source)
15. Write name of parasite with undulating membrane which is transmitted by bloodsucking
insect
1. Trypanosoma Rhodesiense
16. What is the name of big liver fluke and how does it infect human
1. Fasciola hepatica, infected by ingestion of circadia on aquatic vegetation
17. Which bone is first formed in middle ear of terrestrial animals
1. Stapes
18. Whats the vector for lyme disease
1. Deer tick (ixodes scapularis)
19. Which immunoglobulin has a dimer
1. IgA (dimer = two identical molecules linked together)
20. What’s capacitation
1. Functional maturation of spermatozoon with ‘activation’ of membrane receptor
proteins
21. What causes scabies
1. Caused by Itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei
22. Branchial arch fish
1. These are gill arches, boney loops that support the gills
23. Bone marrow in immunological point of view
1. Where B and T cells are developed and B cells are matured
24. Vector for trypanosoma brucei
1. Tsetse fly
25. Most important enzyme in transcription
1. RNA polymerase
26. Structure class cestoda
1. Parasitic tapeworms that live in digestive tracts of vertebrate. Have ‘Scolex’ (head)
which may have sucking grooves and segmented body (proglottid segments)
27. What phenotype is bombay
1. hh
28. What is telomere and what is its function
1. Repetitive sequence at end of chromosome protects chromosome from degradation
or reaction
29. Which histone is highly variable
1. H1
30. Name an example of structural heterochromatin
1. Found in centromere or Telomere
31. Name an example for an autosomal recessive condition
1. Albinism or cystic fibrosis or Sickle Cell
32. Why are the cells produced during meiosis in oogenesis difference sizes?
1. Ooocyte and polar bodies are produced and the polar body only gets very little
cytoplasm and will disintergrate
33. Name two bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth
1. Dentale and plantinum
34. Name two unicellular parasites that are transmitted by blood suckinng insects
1. Leishmania and trypanosoma
35. Name stages of lifce cycle of fasciola hepatica
1. Egg, miracidum, radiae, cercariae, adult cercariae
36. Function of DNA ligase
1. Repairs irregularities or breaks in DNA, important in connecting Okazaki fragments
37. The major proteins of chromatin are called….
1. Histones
38. All proteins begin with one and the same amino acid, what is it?
1. Methionine (AUG codon)
39. Give an example of codominant alleles
1. AB Blood group
40. What type of mutation is called duplication
1. Frameshift?
41. What is embryonic induction
1. Interaction of one inducing tissue with another responding. Intracellular signals
prompt certain developmental paths. One such example is embryonic neuralation.
42. What is the patient's blood group if the test produces the following
43. Name an antigen splicing gene
44. Phases of meiosis or mitosis
1. Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (cytokinesis)
2. Meiosis: Prophase I (Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis),
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II
45. What is impacting
A. Effect on living organism and their non-living ( abiotic) environment due to human activity
or natural phenomenon.
46. What is a nucleolus and how is it formed
1. Small dense structure in nucleus during interphase, site of ribosome synthesis. Made
of proteins and RNA, assemble and reform early in G1 following disassembly in
mitosis.
47. Formation of teeth
1. Embryonic cells grow and calcify forming teeth.
48. Difference between cyst and trophozoite in eclectus granulosus
1. Cysts mostly found in liver and lungs while adult trophozoite phase in intestine. Cyst
is circular and embedded in tissue while trophozoite has scolex and hooks to attach
to intestine.
49. What is in the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish
1. Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods, and large dermal bones are found in some
parts of the skull
50. A tapeworm that is host to human
1. Taenia Solium / Trichonata spiralis
51. What is primase
1. Is an enzyme that allows the binding of an RNA primer to allow in order to initiate
transcription
52. What are the structural differences between different classes of antibodies
1. The Heavy chains are different, with different amino acids making up the α, δ, ε, γ,
and μ chains.
53. How do humans get infected by trichuris trichiura
1. By consuming the egg from soil
54. Which plates in cartilaginous fishes fuse to form the ethmoid plate
 1. Bones of the ethmoidal region - mesethmoideum and exethmoideum
55. What is a primer
1. A primer in DNA replication lays down an RNA primer to allow for the binding of RNA
polymerase to begin DNA synthesis.
56. Which type of chromatin contains active genes
1. Euchromatin which is loosely packed (unlike Heterochromatin)
57. What is an anticodon
1. An anticodon is the name we give to a triplicate of base pairs that sit on the tRNA
and bind to mRNA
58. Which protein kinases are imporant in cell cycle control
1. Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CDKs) and Cyclins
59. Which mutation is called translocation
1. Structural chromosomal mutations
60. Which structure of the embryo is called the blastopore
1. The blastopore is the first embryonic opening in development (in protostomes this
becomes the mouth in deuterostomes it becomes the anus and then the mouth).
61. What is the function of Helicase
1. Helicase unwinds the double helix in DNA replication
62. Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of chromosomes
1. Metaphase Chromatin
63. What is peptidyl transferase
1. Enzyme that forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during tRNA’s
translation process.
64. Which type of gene interaction is called complementation
1. Epistasis
65. Which gene mutation is called insertion
1. Frame shift mutation?
66. What are morphogens
1. These are signalling molecules that act on cells to produce a certain change (often
morphological, this is the primary method of communcation during embryology).
67. Which part of mammalian female reproductive tract does fertilization take place
1. Ampula of fallopian tube
68. What is the role of actin cap
1. It keeps the spindles at the very periphery of the egg
69. What is genetic imprinting
1. When genes work differently for males and females
70. What is mesenchyme
1. Loosely organised mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and
skeletal tissue including blood
71. Which are the principal differences between fertilization in mammals and animals in water
1. Mammals generally undergo internal fertilization while animals in water undergo
external fertilization
72. Size of mature follice
1. 18-30mm
73. Example of mammals that have mosaic development
1. Amphibians
2. Nematodes
3. Animals that lay eggs externally
74. What does MHC stand for
1. Major histocompatibility Complex
75. What is the principle difference between blastula and gastrula
 1. Blastula there is one uniform cell layer
2. Gastrula there is 3 cell layers
76. What is a blastoderm
1. First epithelial cell layer in an embryo
77. What is ooplasmic segregation
1. Differnet distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm
78. Difference between the process of spermatozoa entering the egg in human and sea urchin
1. The human egg has a cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy while the sea urchin
egg has an immediate ‘depolarization’ of the membrane to prevent it. This is then
followed by a slower cortical reaction like in a human egg.
79. What are genes
1. A stretch of DNA or RNA nucleotides determining a trait inherited from parent
offspring.
80. What is a promoter gene
1. A gene which promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity
81. What is gene expression
1. The translation of information encoded in a gene into protein or RNA structures that
are present and operating in the cell.
82. What are exons and introns
1. mRNA regions of codes, Exons code for proteins, Introns do not
83. What is a spliceosome
1. Complex made of proteins and RNA that splice and remove introns and join exons
together to form mature mRNA
84. What are codons
1. Nitrogenous bases grouped into threes that code for amino acids
85. What is a stop codon
Nucleotide triplet within mRNA that signals termination of translation

2. UGA, UAG (+ another, query NT)

86. What is a start codon
Nucleotide triplet within mRNA first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated
by a ribosome
1. AUG
87. In what phase of the cell cycle do centromeres duplicate
1. They duplicate with the DNA in S phase
88. What is the only monosomy compatible in humans
1. Monosomy 21
89. DNA transfer of bacteria
1. Via horizontal gene transfer, may be transformation, transduction or conjugation.
90. Ribosomes and what they’re made
1. Tiny particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in cytoplasm. They
are coded for by RNA in the centrioles
91. Cysticercosis
1. Parasitic infection caused by larval cysts of Taenia solium, infecting brain, muscle or
other tissue. Can cause seizures.
92. Unpaired bone in fish
1. Basiphenoideum, Praesphenoideum, Mesethmoideum, basiooccipitale,
supraoccipitale, nasale
93. Cytoplasmic bridges in sperm
1. Spermatogonium remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges (forming syncytium) up
until the very end of differentiation when sperm are released into the lumen.
94. What unicellular parasite can form a cyst
 1. Toxoplasma gondii
95. Latin name for sleeping sickness and how are humans affected
1. Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma, can be chronic or acute
96. What is a hydatid cyst
1. A cyst formed by Echinococcus type tapeworm.
97. Cortical reaction
1. Upon sperm binding with the Zona Pellucida a cortical reaction is triggered where
cortical granules bind to the zona preventing polyspermy.
98. Acrosomal reaction
1. The head of the spermatozoa includes and Acrosome which contains digestive
enzymes. When receptors on the head of the spermatozoa come into contact with
the zona pellucida the reaction is triggered and the zona is broken down.
99. Latin name for arch in fish skull
1. Arcus mandibularis, Hyoideus, branchialis
100. Why is DNA polymerase only able to synthesis on leading strand
1. DNA can only be synthesised in a 5’ to 3’ direction as DNA polymerase needs to act
on the free 3’ hydroxyl group. DNA is antiparallel so the lagging strand is 3’-5’
101. How is lagging strand synthesized
1. Through the creation of Okazaki fragments, synthesized in a 3’ - 5’ direction
102. Define TATA box
1. A TATA box is a type of promoter sequence assisting in transcription.
103. What is alternative splicing
1. Process during gene expression and post transcriptional modification of mRNA that
results in a single gene coding for multiple protiens. Exons are cut out of the mRNA
and can be translated separately.
104. What are 1’ and 2’ bases
105. In what scenario could foetus be effected with Rhesus system
1. Rh-negative mother, Rh-positive child (gets Rh gene from father)
106. Difference between Taenia solium and T. saginata
1. Solium infects pigs, Saginata cattle
107. Bones of middle ear in mammals
1. Stapes, Incus, malleus
108. Function of Zona pellucida
1. This is the binding site for spermatozoa upon fertilization and the site of the cortical
reaction to prevent polyspermy
109. What is required for fertilization in Intracytoplasmic sperm injections
1. Egg + Sperm
2. The spermatozoa is injected directly into the cytoplasm of the egg, often due to low
sperm motility or issues with the acrosomal reaction
110. What happens to male pronucleus during fertilization
1. Pronuclei membrane dissolves leaving no barriers between genetic information.
Chromosomes then combine and become part of single diploid nucleus
111. How do male and female pronuclei meet
1. Mitotic spindles form between the pronuclei, capturing the chromosomes before
they disperse in the egg cytoplasm.
112. How do you class chromosome according to the location of the centromere
1. Metacentric (centromere in centre)
2. Submetacentric (centromere slightly offset)
3. Acrocentric (centromere severely offset)
4. Telocentric (centromere at very end of chromosome)
113. In which process is helicase used
 1. DNA replication
114. What is antigen presentation
1. The presenting of elements of an antigen on an MHC molecule by a nucleated cell
for recognition by a T-cell.
115. What is alloantigen
1. an antigen present only in some individuals of a species and capable of inducing the
production of an alloantibody by individuals which lack it.
116. Function of proteasome
1. To degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis.
117. How many dentitions are there in mammals
1. 32 dentitions
118. Name 3 insect vectors that are infectious
1. Tsetse fly
2. Sandfly
3. Anopheles Mosquito (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale)
1. Vertebrates?
120. Examples of endocranial bones
1. Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Occipital Bone
121. Disease from tenia saginatta
1. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in cattle
What is the place that the antibody attaches to the antigen
1. epitope
124. What catalyzes peptide bonds in ribosomes
1. peptidyl transferase
125. Latin name of cranial bones in bony fish
1. Os Sphenoideum, Os Ethmoideum and Os Occipitalis
126. What is topoisomerase
1. An enzyme which regulates the overwinding and underwinding of a DNA molecule.
128. Name the parasite that has larvae in muscles
1. Trichinella Spiralis
129. Examples of different classes of antibodies and their functions
1. IgM - Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral)
immunity.
2. IgA - Prevents colonization by pathogens.
3. IgE - Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.
4. IgD - Triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils.
130. 3 bones in bony fish that form cranial roof
1. Frontal Bone, Nasal Bone and Parietal Bone
131. What is a xenoantigen
1. An antigen found in more than one species.
132. Name of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease
1. Echinococcus Granulosus
133. Function of arcus mandibulae
134. What is the difference between linked and x-linked genes
1. Linked genes are found on the same chromosome, while x-linked genes are simply
genes found on the X (sex) chromosome
135. Life stages of mosquito
1. Egg - Lava - Pupa - Adult
136. What is ICSI
1. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection - Injection of sperm into the egg. Fertilized egg is
then transferred into the uterus.
137. Infective stage of schistosomae & explain
1. No immediate symptoms, within 12 months develop fever, chills, cough and muscle
ache
139. Which nematodes release eggs in feces? Give examples and describe
1. Ascaris lumbricoides, brown yellow surface.
2. Trichiurs barral shaped and brown
140. What is a pseudocoelom
1. Cavity between mesoderm and endoderm
141. Latin name of fish Taenia and explain lifecycle
1. Diphyllobothrium
2. UNEMBRYONATED Egg LAID and passed through faeces - Becomes EMBRYONATED
in water - CORACIDIA form and are EATEN by crustaceans - Develops into
PROCERCOID LARVAE in the crustaceans body - EATEN by small fish - Procercoid
larva is RELEASED from the crustacean and develops into PLEROCERCOID LARVA. -
EATEN by larger fish or UNDERCOOKED eaten by human - DEVELOPS into mature
adult in small intestine.
142. Part of cell cycle that has two chromatids
1. S phase
143. What is bivalent
1. A pair of homologous chromosomes
144. Form of plasmodium falciparum found in blood.
1. Trophozoite form
145. Why is egg of trchina spiralis not found in feces
1. Larvae develop in stomach, no eggs are produced
146. What are the alleles of the ABO blood group and how do they relate
1. Alleles are A, B and O.
148. Some nematodes can infect by mosquito, what are they
1. Wuchereria bancrofti
149. A parasite with an undulating membrane that infects liver
1. Echinococcus granulosus
150. What is a Strobila? Name its parts
1. Proglottid segments - MAture, Immature and Gravid.
151. How are humans infected by fiscal hepatica and schistosoma
1. Hepatica: Eating of sea vegetation
2. Schistosoma: Swimming cercariae penetrates the skin
152. What are infective larva stages in of nematodes in the muscles and give latin name
1. L1 larvae and L3 larvae. Trichinella spiralis
153. What is the name of the longes parasite in the intestine
1. Scardis lumbricodies
154. What is the largest parasite in general
1. Dracunculus madenesis
155. Name the organelle in the plant which has its own DNA
1. Chloroplasts
156. What is apoptosis and Necrosis
1. Apoptosis = planned cell death
2. Necrosis = Unplanned cell death (leads to inflammation)
157. How can trichomonas vaginalis infect humans
1. During sex
158. Sex linked genes
1. Genes that are found on the X or Y chromosomes
159. What is Robertson translocation
 1. Rare chromosomal arrangements where chromosomes 13, 14 and 15 are
rearranged. The foetus is viable
160. Latin names of round worms
1. Phylum Nematod: ascaris saginata, enchinococcus granulosus, taenia solium
diphyllobothrium latum, hymenolepsis nana
161. What is a polytene chromosome and where is it produced
1. Oversized chromosomes in salivary glands of Winged flies (Dipterans)
162. Regions of the cranial skull in fish
1. Occipitalis, Calvaria, Otica, Sphenoidalis, ethonidalis
163. Parastitic round worm in which autoinfection is typical
1. Strongyloides stercoralis
164. Differences between culex and anopheles
1. Anopheles - rest with body at angle to surface, wing have dark spots, eggs laid
singally and have air floats, head of larvae is longer and feeds on water surface
2. Culex rest with body parallel to surface, wings unspotted, eggs laid in clusters with
no air floats, head is rounded, feeds below water
165. What is Opsonization
1. Where cells prepare an antigen for phagocytosis
166. What happens to proteins after degradation
1. Amino acids are reused.
167. Name of disease for Trichomonas tenax
1. Pulmonary trichomoniasis
168. How can you detect plasmodium malariae and falciparum on blood sample
169. Which organelles have their own DNA
1. Mitochondria
2. Plasmids
3. Chloroplasts
170. What is a kinetochore and what is its function
1. Protein chromatids where spindle fibers attach. Forms in eukaryotes and assembles
on the centromere linking the centromsome to microtubules
171. What part of mRNA is recognised in translation
1. The start Codon
172. Definition of dermal bones
A. A type of bone that ossifies directly from membrane without a cartilaginous
predecessor
173. What is oncogenes
1. Gene which has potential to cause cancer by transforming into a cancer cell
174. DNA transfer in bacteria
A. Transduction - DNA is moves from one organism to another using a Virus
B. Bacterial conjugation - involves the transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell
to recombinant recipient
175. How can you limit spread of T.Saginata and T.Solium
1. Cook Meat well

What is the Big Liver fluke and how is it Transmitted?

Fasciola Hepatica is a parasitic trematode transmitted of Watercress infected by the metacercaria

from.

What are the genes used in alternative splicing ?

Exons
What are the three check points in the cell cycle ?

G1(restriction checkpoint),G2 ,Metaphase

In which Vertebrate was the palatum durum first formed ?

Reptilia

What are the Bands formed between the polypeptide chains of Immunoglobins ?

Disulphide bonds ( at Hinge region)

At which stage of prophase I does synapsis occur ?

Zygotene

What is a Tumor suppressor gene ?

Gen encodes Tumor suppressor protein p53 -> regulation cell cycle or promoting apoptosis.

What is the Name of the unicellular parasite with an undulating membrane transmitted by a blood
sucking fly ?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

In what phases of the cell cycle do the centrosomes duplicate ?

G1 -> S Phase

What is the first Bone in the Middle ear of the vertebrates ?

1. Malleus -> 2. Incus -> 3.Stapes

Which antibody exist as a dimer ?

IgA
What is the blood sucking insect transmitting Lyme disease ?
Ixodes ricinus ( castor bean Tick )

What is the only monosomy compatible in Humans ?

Turner syndrome ( just one X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes )

What is the region where Transcription starts ?

TATA-Box

Why is DNA polymerase only able to synthesise on leading strand ?

It´s has to follow the primer and the replication fork , lagging strand gets replicated with the
use of okazaki fragments

How is the Lagging strand synthesised ?

With the uses of Okazaki fragments , In small patches later joined by DNA ligase.

Define a TATA-Box
Starting gene sequence of Adenine and Thymine for the Transcription.

What is alternative splicing ?

Single Gene encoding for multiple proteins .The use of recombination (exclusion in pre
MRNA) of exons to translate different proteins

What are 1´and 2` bases ?

Nucleosides ?

In which scenario could be the foetus be effected by the rhesus factor

Mother RH – and the foetus RH + ( in second pregnancy with same Rh)
Rh incomparability

Difference between Taenia saginata and Taenia solium ?

T. Saginata : Long neck 4 suckers with rostellum and hooklets , Vaginal sphincter
T. Solium : short neck , 4 sucker without rostellum

Give an example for recessive gene mutation ?

Sickel cell anaemia , haemophilia

Give an example of a structural heterochromatin

Beads on a string , condense section of chromosome

What is Robertsonian translocation ?

Fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes

What is the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica ?

Indirect life cycle : Human as Adult , eggs excreted , embryonated eggs in water , Miracida
hatches penetrates snail (sporocyst , rediae , Cercariae ) free swimming cercariae encyst on
water plant -> get eaten , excyst in duodenum of definitive hoste (human , cattel )

How does MHC help in antigen representing ?

Displays antigens t- helper cell for immune reaction

Give to bony structures of a fish that have teeth on them

Premaxilla , maxilla , jugal , dentary

What is the function of DNA ligase ?

Joining DNA strands together

The major proteins of chromatins a called ?

Histones

All proteins begin with the same amino acids this is ?

Codon AUG is the start codon and translates into methionine

Give at least 2 single cell organisims that can be transmitted by a blood sucking vector
Plasmodium Vivax , Malarie , Tripanosoma cruzi , leishmanial dolovani ,

Give an Example for codominant alleles.

AB-blood type

Which type of mutation is called duplication ?

Polyploidy ( Numerical chromosome aberration ) ?
What is embryonic induction ?
Introducing early embryonic tissue into another early embryonic tissue of a different host.
(Mangold experiment)

What is the name of the tapeworm which has Human as Defined and Intermedia host ?
Hymenolepis Nana

What is the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA ?

Bubble , eye , theta

Name any secondasy (dermal) bony in the skull of the bony fish :
Premaxilare , vomer , maxillare

Give an example of one gene that uses alternative splicing ?

DNA coding for IgM

During which phase of prophase does crossing over occur ?

Pachytene of prophase I

How does polypeptide chains of Immunoglobin bind to each other ?

Disulphide bonds

What is the roll of actin cap ?

Regulates nuclear shape ?

What is genetic imprinting ?

The expressing of a gen depending on its origin , if paternal gen is imprinted the maternal
one will be expressed.

What is the mesenchym `?

Embryonal pluripotent tissue producing endoderm and mesoderm

What is the principle difference in fertilization in mammals and animals that live in water?
Mammals : Internal fertilization , water animals external fertilization.

How big is the mature follicle ?

18-30 mm

Which gene mutation is called insertion ?

The insertion of a new tripled in to the replication ( can be Nonsense / missense codon)

What are morphogens ?

Proteins , transcriptional factors, small molekuels which provokes the differentiation process
in embryogenesis

In which part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization happens ?

Uterine tubes

Which structure of the embryo is called blastopore ?

The invagination of vegetal balstomeres which later will become either the mouth or the
anus of the Animal

What is the function of helicase ?

Separating under use of ATP the DNA strands (hydrolysis)

Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of the chromosomes ?

Metaphase Chromatin
What is peptidyl transferase ?
Enzymatic function of the ribosome to build peptidbondings between the aminoacids

Write the name of a parasite with underlating membrane which is transmitted by a blood
sucking insect.
Trypanosoma brucei (tsetse fly), trypanosoma cruzi (bed bug)

What is the name of the big liver fluke and how does it infect ?
Faciola hepatica over water cress

Which parasite with an underlating membrane infects the liver ?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

How do you classify chromatids according to where the centromere is ?

Acrocentric, metacentric , telocentric and submetacentric

Which process is helicase involved in ?

Hydrolysis of the hydrogenic bonds between the DNA strands

What is the function of the proteasome ?

Lysis of proteins

What is an alloantigen ?
Antigen that stimulate the production of antibodies in those who lack them.

How many dentitions are in Humans ?

Diphodontie ( Dentitions the toothing happens two times )

What are 6 regions of the skull of the fish :

Neurocanium : Exoocipitale sinestra , dextra , basoocipitale , supraocipitale , epiopticum
sinstra , dextra

What is the difference between Gastrula and blastrula describe ?

Single layered Blastula becomes multi-layered Gastrula (ectoderm , mesoderm,endocerm)

What is the Name of the auto infectious round worm ?

Enterobius vermicularis (threadworm)

What is a tetrad chromosome ?

The foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have already
replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.
Name two unicellular parasites that a transmitted by blood sucking insects
Trypanosoma cruzi , tripanosoms brucei gambiense , leihsmania bonovani

Name the stages in the life cycle of fasciola hepatica :

Adult eggs in faces ->Unembryonated egg, In water Embryoated egg , Miracidia , Snail :
Sporocyst , Rediae cercariae (encysted) ,On water cress : Metacercariae (excysted) young
adult -> Adult

Whats a Terminator ?
Gene sequence marks end of protein (transcription) UAA ,UAG UGA

What is the small circular DNA in bacteria ?

Free F-Factor ( Fertility Factor) a bacterial plasmid

What are the two stops in replication in oogenesis ?

After prophase of divison 1 (Primary oocyte)
At Metaphase II till fertilization

What is the difference between Holometabolism and hemimetabolism ?

Hemimetabolous : young insects : Nympe similar to adults
Holometabolous : young insect differ in everything : larva -> pupae
Undergo metamorphosis to adult

What is the Name of the Tapeworm that has the Human as definitive and Intermediate
host?
Hymenolepis Nana

How do you classificate chromosomes according to there location of the centromere ?

Metacentric , Acocentric , Telocentric , Submetacentric

What is antigen presentation ?

The display of a fragment of an antigen by MHC 2 of an antigen presenting cell to the T-cell

Name 3 insect vectors that are incectiouse

Anophlia clulexx , tsetse fly , bed bug , ixodes ricinus , pulex irritans

In which systematic group does circulatory system appear first ?

Pisces ex. AMPHYOXUS LANCEATUM

Which histone in highly variable ?

H1 differs in species and tissues

Name an example for autosomal recessive condition ?

Sickel cell Anemia , haemophilia

Why are the cells produces in meiosis on oogenesis of different sizes ?

 Only one of them will become an Oocyte the other will degrade and donate there
cytoplasma.

Name 2 bones in a bony fish that can carry teeth ?

Premaxilla , maxilla , dentale

What is a xenoantigen ?
Antigen found in more then one species

1. Three checkpoints in cell cycle?

A: G1: restriction checkpoint (commitment to cell division) ,G2/M checkpoint (cell ready for Mitosis?
[multiple factors], Metaphase checkpoint (mitotic spindle properly attached to all chromosomes?)

2. When does Crossing-Over happen?

A: pachytene stage of Prophase 1 of Meiosis

3. (some comparative anatomy about the skull forming)

4. What is a tumor suppressor gene?
A: gene responsible for preventing cancerous growth by acting as a failsafe (caretaker-, landscaper-.
Gatekeeper- genes)

5. What is a terminator?
A: section of nucleic acids that marks the end of a gene

6. What is the small circular DNA is bacteria?

A: Plasmid

7. What are the 2 stops in replication in oogenesis?

A: 1.At Prophase 1 after birth until puberty. 2. Than held at Metaphase 2 until fertilization

8. Difference between holometabolism and hemimetabolism?

A: Holometabolim: total metamorphysis after birth (embryo/egg-larva-pupa-imago[adult]).
Hemimetabolism: partial metamorphysis (egg-nymph-imago)

9. Tapeworm with human as intermediate and definitive host?

A: Taenia Solium

10. Replication type in eukaryotic DNA?

A: semi-conservative (1 half old strand-1 new)

11. Name any secondary dermal bone in the skull of bony fish:
A: maxilla, parietal bone, nasal bone

12. Example of gene with alternate splicing (regulated process during gene expression, leads to
1 gene encoding multiple Proteins):
A: IGM gene

13. How do polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin bind to each other?

A: Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions#

14. In which class of vertebrae does Palatum durum first appear?

A: Reptiles
 15. Name of parasyte with undulating membrane transmitted by bloodsucking insect?
A: Trypanosoma brucei (Rhodesiense)

16. What is the name of the „sheep liver fluke“ and how does it infect humans?
A: Fasciola hepatica,ingestion of cysts on aquatic vegetation

17. Which bone is first formed in the middle ear of terrestial animals?
A: stapes

18. Vector for Lyme disease?

A: deer ticks (ixodes scapularis)

19. Which immunoglobulin has a dimer (2 identical molecules linked together)?

A: IgA

20. What is capacitation?

A: functional maturation of spermatozoa: destabilization of acrosomal sperm head membrane
allowing penetration of oocyte and chemical changes in the tail for greater mobility. Takes place
after ejaculation in female reproductive tract.

21. Cause of Scabies?

A: the mite sarcoptes scabiei (skin infestation)

22. Branchial arch in fish?

A: gill arches, boney loops that support the gills

23. Bone marrow in immunological pov?

A: B and T-cells are developed and B-cells matured here.

24. Vector for Trypanosoma brucei?

A: Tsetse fly (Genus Glossina)

25. Most important enzyme in transcription?

A:RNA Polymerase

26. Structure of class cestoda?

A: parasidic flatworms, life in digestive tract of vertebrates. Scolex(head) with sucking grooves and a
segmented body (proglottid segments → continuously produced by scolex)

27. What phenotype is „Bombay“?

A: hh /Oh

28. What is a telomere and what is its function?

A: repetetive sequence at the end of a chromosome protects it from degradation or reaction by
being degraded in its stead.

29. Which histone is highly variable?

A: H1

30. Example of structural heterochromatin?

A: found in centromere and telomere

31. Example for an autosomal recessive

A: Albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell

32. Why are the cells produced during meiosis in oogenesis different sizes
A: Oocyte and polar bodies are produced, polar body only gets very little cytoplasm and will be
desintegrated

33. Name 2 bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth:

A: Dentale and Pre-maxilla

34. Name 2 unicellular parasytes transmitted by bloodsucking insects

A: Leishmania and Trypanosoma

35. Stages of lifecycle of Fasciola Hepatika?

A: egg, miracidium, radiae, cercariae, adult cercanae

36. Function of DNA ligase?

A: repaird irregularities and breaks in DNA, connects okazaki fragments

37. Mayor Proteins of chromatin:

A: Histones (5 main types)

38. With which Aminoacid do all Proteins begin?

A: Methionine as a part of the AUG start codon

39. Example of codominant alleles?

A: AB blood group

40. What type of mutation is called duplication?

A: gene, chromosome, genome duplication(?)

41. What is embryonic induction?

A: Interaction of one inducing tissue with another. intercellular signals prompt certain developement
paths e.g. embryonic neuralation

42. Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis?

A: Mitosis: Pro-,Meta-,Ana-,Telo-, (cytokinesis)

A: Meiosis: Prophase I (Leptotene,Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis) Meta I,Ana I,Telo I,Pro
II, Meta II, Ana II, Telo II,

43. What is impacting?

A: effect of living organism on non-living surroundings (abiotic)

44. What is the Nucleolus and how is it formed?

A: small, dense structure in Nucleus during interohase. Site of Ribosome synthesis. Made of Proteins
and RNA. Disassembled in Mitosis, reassembled and reformed in early G1.

45. Formation of teeth.

A:embryonic stem cells grow, form enamel organ which produces enamel forming the teeth. Process
is regulated by the „sonic hedgehog“ gene

46. What is the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish?

A: Bony scales are lost in the tetrapods and large dermal bones are found in some parts of the skull

47. A tapeworm whose host is human.

A: Taenia Solium, Trochonata Spiralis

48. What is Primase?

A: enzyme that allows the binding of a RNA primer in order to inititate transcription
 49. Structural differences between different classes of antibodies
A: the heavy chains are different with different amino acids making up the alpha, delta, epsylon,
gamma and mu chains

50. How do humans get infected with trichuris trichiura ?

A: digesting the egg left in the soil

51. Which plates of cartilaginous fish fuse to form the ethmoid plate
A: bones of the ethmoidal region- mesethmoideum and exethmoideum

52. What is a primer?

A: short strand of RNA/DNA where DNA synthesis starts

53. Which type of chromatin contains active genes?

A: euchromatin (loosely packed, unlike heterochromatin): most active part of genome, frequently in
translation

54. What is an anticodon?

A: triplet of bases that is placed on a codon of the mRNA strand by tRNA during Protein synthesis

55. Which protein kinases are most important in cell cycle control?
A: cyclin-dependant kinases (CDKs) and cyclins

56. Which mutation is called translocation?

A: structural chromosomal mutation: rearrangement of parts between non-homologous
chromosomes

57. Which structure of the embryo is called: blastopore?

A: first embryonic opening in developement. In Protostomes: mouth, in Deuterostomes: anus, then
mouth

58. Function of Helicase?

A: unwinds the double helix in DNA replication with ATP usage

59. Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of chromosomes?

A: Metaphase chromatin

60. What is peptidyl transferase?

A: enzyme that forms peptide bonds between adjacent aminoacids during tRNA's translation process

61. Which type of gene interaction is called complementation

A:Epistasis

62. Which gene mutation is called: insertion?

A: addition of one or more basepairs into a DNA sequence

63. What are morphogens?

A: signaling molecules that act on cells to produce a certain change, often morphological. It is the
primary form of communication during embryonic developement.

64. Where does fertilization take place (female mammal)?

A: Ampula of fallopian tube

65. What is the role of the actin cap?

A: keeps spindles at the very periphery of the egg(?:couldn't find it-sounds about right though)

66. What is genetic imprinting?

A: genes are deactivated depending on the parent: if maternal allele is imprinted only the paternal is
expressed and vice versa

67. What is mesenchyme?

A: loosely organized mesodermal embryonic tissue that developes into CT and skeletal tissue
including blood

68. Principal differences between mammals and water animals?

A: Mammals: Internal fertilization, Water animals: external fertilization

69. Size of mature follicle?

A: 18-30mm

70. Example of animals with mosaic developement?

A: Amphibians, Nematodes, animals that lay eggs externally

71. What does MHC stand for?

A: Major histocompatibility complex

72. Principle difference between blastula and gastrula?

A: Blastula: 1 uniform cell layer Gastrula: 3 cell layers

73. What is a blastoderm?

A: first epithilial cell layer in an embryo

74. What is ooplasmic segregation?

A: different distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm.

75. Difference between the process of a spermatozoa entering the egg in human and sea
urchid?
A: human egg has cortical reaction preventing polyspermy while sea urchin has an immediate
depolarization of the membrane (fast block)to prevent it, followed by a slower cortical reaction
similar to humans

76. What are genes?

A: a stretch of DNA/RNA nucleotides determining a trait inherited from parent to offspring

77. What is a promoter gene?

A: a gene that promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity (provide secure initial binding
site close to the starting sites of genes 100-1000 basepairs long)

78. What is gene expression?

A: translation of information, encoded in a gene: creating proteins or RNA structures that are
present and operating in the cell (gene info → functional gene product)

79. What are exons and introns?

A: Exons code for Proteins, Introns do not. Introns are cut out during splicing of pre-mRNA to create
mature mRNA

80. What is a spiceosome?

A: protein and RNA complex: splices introns out of mRNA, then joins exons together to create mRNA
(mature)
 81. What are codons?
A: groups of 3 nitrogenous bases. Together they code for the 20 amino acids (in protein
biosynthesis) as well as stop codons. They are fitted onto a mRNA strand by Ribosomes and
transported by tRNA.

82. What is a stop codon?

A: nucleotide triplet that codes for termination of translation (in mRNA). UGA and UAG in humans.

83. What is a start codon?

A: First codon of mRNA translated by the Ribosome. AUG most common.

84. In what phase of the cell cycle do centromers duplicate?

A: with the DNA in S phase (between G1 and G2)

85. What is the only full monosomy seen in humans?

A: Turner syndrome: partial or full loss of an X-chromosome in females. All others are lethal pre-
birth.

What is the difference between linked and x-linked gens ?

A:Linked gens found on the same chromosome , while x-linked gens found on the X chromosome.

Life stages of mosquito

A: Egg-Lava-Pupa-Adult

What is ICIS ?

A: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

What is the Embryonic structure called grey disc ?

A: Floor of the amniotic cavity (consist of embryonic ectoderm)

Infective stage of schistosomae and explain

A: Eggs over infected water , symptoms : Katayma Fever , Abdomial pain , dermatitis , cough
diarreha.

Which Nematoda releases egg in Feces , give example and describe :

A: Arcaris lumbricoides , brown yellow surfaces

A: Tichiurs barrel shaped and brown

What is a pseudocoelom?

A: cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

Latin name of fisch taenia (tapeworm) and explain Life cycle :

A: Diphylobothrium latum

Unembryonated eggs ->feaces Embyonated in Water -> coracida eaten by crustacaea

Procerocoid Larvae in copepods(crustacaea eat by fish) Plerocercoid Larva in Fish ->under cooked
meat Human -> adult in small intestine

Part of cell cycle that has two chromatids

A: S-phase

What is bivalent ?

A: a pair of Homologous chromosomes

Name a form of plasmodium falciparum found in Blood.

A: peripheral blood : ring and Crescents trophozoite in RBC

Why is the egg of Trichina spiralis not found in faeces?

A: Larvae develop on stomach no eggs are produced

What are the alleles of the ABO blood group and how are they related ?

A: A , B (co/ dominant) and O (recessive ) , found on the same locus on the chromosome

Most trematodes are hermaphrodites . why are they schistosome not ?

A: They are dioecious (sexual dimorphism)

Some Nematodes can be transmitted by mosquitos , which are they ?

A: Wuchereria Bancrofti

Name a parasite with an underlating membrane resident in the liver.

A: Echinococcus granulosus (dog tape worm)

What is a Strobila ? Name its parts.

Many Proglottid segments , Mature, inmature and gravid

How are Humans infested by fasciola hepatica and Schistosoma hepatica ?

A: Eating sea vegetation (water cress)

What are the infective Larva stage in nematodes in the muscles and give the Latin Name.

L1 and L3 larvae of Trichinella spiralis

What is the name of the longest parasite in the intestine?

A: Ascardis lumbricodies

What is the larges parasite in general ?

Dracunculus medinensis

Name the organell in the plants that has its own DNA.

A: Chloroplasts

What is Necrosis and Apoptosis ?

A: Necrosis : unplanned cell death -> inflammation , Apoptosis : planned cell death no inflammation

How can trichomonas Vaginalis be transmitted?

A: during sex

What are Sex linked genes ?

Genes found on the X or Y Chromosome

What is Robertson translocation ?

Rare chromosomal arrangement where the chromosomes 13, 14 and 15 are rearranged , The foetus
is not viable.

Latin name for roundworm

A: Nematoda

What is a polytene chromosome and where is it produced ?

A: Oversized Chromosome in salivary glands of winged flies ( Dipterans)

Regions of the cranial skull of the Fish?

A: Occipitalis , calvari , otica , sphenoidalis ,ethonidalis

Parasitic round worm in which autoinfection is typical ?

A: strongyloides stercoralis

Difference between Clulex and anopheles ?

A: Anopheles rest with body at angle to surface , wing have dark spots , eggs laid singally , and have
air floats.

Clulex: rest with body parallel to surfaces , winfs unspotted , eggs laid in cluster with air floats . hed
is rounded , feeds below water (air tube)

What is Opsonization ?

A: Antibody opsonization is the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated
by a phagocyte

What happens to proteins after degradation ?

A: Amino acids will be reused

Name a disease for Trichomonas Tenax.

A: Pulmonary Trichomoniasis

How can you detect plasmodium malariae and falciparum in blood sample ?

A: Occurrence of multiple rings in an RBC with accole from -> P. falciparum

Occurrence of Band from in RBC -> P. malariae

Which Organelles have their own DNA ?

A: Mitochondria , Plasmids , Chloroplasts

What is a kinetochore and what is its function ?

A: Kinetochore: protein structure found at the centromere of a chromatid to which microtubules

attach to during cell division.

What part of mRNA is recognised in translation ?

The start codon , normaly AUG for the Amino acid Methionin.

Definition of dermal bones.

A: A type of Bone that ossifies directly from membrane without cartilaginous predessor.

What is oncogenesis ?

Genes which have the potential to cause cancer by transforming into cancer cells.

Ways of DNA transfer in Bacteria?

A: Transduction : DNA is moved from on bacteria to another by a virus

Bacterial conjugation: involves the transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell to a recombinant
recipient (F-Factor)

How can you limited spread of T.saginata and Solium ?

A: cook meat well, cooking water before drinking

What is the substance in an embryo called ,,grey cresent ,, ?

Band between Anima and Vegetal pool in for example frog embryo. Fortells the future patern of the
animal.

What is Primase ?

A: Its is an Enzyme that allows the binding of an RNA primer in order to initiate transcription.

What are the structural difference between different antibody classes ?

A: The heavy chains differ , with different amino acids making up : γ, δ, α, μ and ε
chains.(respectively IgG, IgD igA IgM and IgE)

How does Humans get infected by trichuris trichiura ?

A: by eating the infective eggs from soil

Which plates in cartilaginous Fisch fuse to form the ethmoid plate ?

A: Mesethmoideum and exethmoideum.

What is a Primer ?

Short strand of DNA or RNA (18-22 bases) that serve as starting point for DNA synthesis.

Which Chromatin contains active genes ?

Euromatin (losly packed ) in contrast to the heterochromatin ( condensed )

What is an Anticodon ?

A:an anticodon is a unit (of tRNA) made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases
of the codon on the mRNA.

Which protein kinases are important in cell cycle control?

A: (CDK) Cyklin-dependet-Kinases and corresponding cyclins

Which mutation is called translocation?

A: Structural chromosomal mutation

Which structure of the embryo is called blastopore ?

A: The blastopore is the first embryonic opening in development ( in protosoma it becomes the
mouth in deuterostome first the anus then the mouth.

What is the function of Helicase ?

A:Helicase unwinds double helix in DNA replication.

What is the peptidyl transfer?

A:Enzyme that form peptide bonds between amino acids during tRNA translation process.

Which type of gene interaction is called complementation ?

A:Epistasis ( tow genes have to work together to express the trait ex autosomal recessive)

Which gene mutation is called Insertion ?

A:Frameshift mutation

What is the role of actin cap ?

A:It keeps the spindles at the very periphery of the egg.

Example of Animals that have mosaic development.

A: Amphibians (Frogs) , Nematods

What is the blastoderm ?

A: First epithelia cell layer in an embryo

What is ooplasmic segregation ?

Different distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm

Differecne between the process of spermatozoa entering the egg in Human and sea urchia.

A: Human egg : cortical reaction Sea Uchia : immediate ,, depolarisation ,, of the membrane then
slower cortical reaction to preven polyspermy.

What are genes ?

A: A strecht of DNA or RNA nucleotides determing a trait inherited from parent.

What is a promoter gen ?

A: A gene which promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity.

What is gene expression ?

A: The translation of information encoded in an gene into protein or RNA structures that are present
and operating in the cell.

What is a splicesome ?

A: Complex made of protein and RNA that splices and removes introns and joins exons together to
from mature mRNA.

What are Codons ?

A: Nitrogenouse bases grouped into triplets that code for amino acids

What are stop codons ?

A:Nucleotides triplets within mRNA that signals termination of translation. (UAG, UGA , UAA)

In what phase of the cell cycle do centromere duplicate ?

A: they duplicate in the S-phase

What causes sleeping sickness ?

A:Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

What is oposonisation ?

A: Antibody opsonization is the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated
by a phagocyte.

Which part of mRNA is recognised during translation ?

A:The Codons, they get put together with the tRNA anitcodons by the Ribosome forming an Protein

Name a unicellular parasite which has a cyst.

A: Lambia Intestinalis

Life cycle of a Mosquito.

A: Eggs->Larva(metamorphosis)->pupae(metamorphosis) ->Adult ( imago)

What is a Ribosome made of ?

A: Small and large Ribosomal subunit

Bridges between Sperm cells

A: occlusive junction

Which Nematoda release eggs in the feces ? Give examples and describe the eggs.

A: Ascaris Lumbricoides : Fertilized egg : round, oval, thick with transparend shell ( unfertilized
brown and Narrow)

Trichuris Trichiura : barrel shapped with mucous plug at each pole

Key:

• * = Unsure of answer, please double check

• ** = Incomplete answer
Biology ‘pre­oral’ questions 
 
1. Three checkpoints of a cell 
a. G1, G2 and Metaphase 
2. Part of prophase where chromosome crossing over happens 
a. Pachytene, Prophase I 
3. Some comparative anatomy about the skull forming 
4. What is a tumour suppressor gene 
a. Gene responsible for preventing cancerous growth of a cell by acting as a fail 
safe. Can be caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes or landscaper genes 
5. What is a terminator 
a. A base sequence indicating the end of a gene 
6. What is the small circular DNA in bacteria 
a. Plasmid 
7. What are the two stops in replication in oogenesis 
a. Arrested at Prophase I of meiosis I after birth until puberty, then held at 
Metaphase II until fertilization  
8. What's the difference between holometabolous and hemimetabolous 
a. Hemimetabolous is where an insect partially metamorphs after birth while 
Holometabolous is when an animal undergoes total metamorphosis post birth 
9. What is the name of the tapeworm that has human as definitive and intermediate 
host 
a. Taenia Solium 
10. What's the replication mode in eukaryotic DNA 
a. Semi conservative 
11. Name any secondary (dermal) bone in skull of bony fish 
12. Give example of one gene that use alternate splicing 
a. IGM gene 
13. How do polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin bind to each other 
a. Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions 
14. In which class of vertebrae does palatum durum first appear 
a. Amphibians (NT Query ­ I can think this is correct but can't find 2nd source) 
15. Write name of parasite with undulating membrane which is transmitted by 
bloodsucking insect 
a. Trypanosoma Rhodesiense  
16. What is the name of big liver fluke and how does it infect human  
a. Fasciola hepatica, infected by ingestion of circadia on aquatic vegetation 
17. Which bone is first formed in middle ear of terrestrial animals  
a. Stapies 
18. Whats the vector for lyme disease 
a. Deer tick (ixodes scapularis) 
19. Which immunoglobulin has a dimer 
a. IgA (dimer = two identical molecules linked together) 
20. What’s capacitation 
a. Functional maturation of spermatozoon with ‘activation’ of membrane receptor 
proteins 
21. What causes scabies 
a. Caused by Itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei  
22. Branchial arch fish  
a. These are gill arches, boney loops that support the gills 
23. Bone marrow in immunological point of view 
a. Where B and T cells are developed and B cells are matured 
24. Vector for trypanosoma brucei 
a. Tsetse fly 
25. Most important enzyme in transcription 
a. RNA polymerase 
26. Structure class cestoda 
a. Parasitic flatworms that live in digestive tracts of vertebrate. Have ‘Scolex’ 
(head) which may have sucking grooves and segmented body (proglottid 
segments)  
27. What phenotype is bombay 
a. hh 
28. What is telomere and what is its function 
a. Repetitive sequence at end of chromosome protects chromosome from 
degredation or reaction  
29. Which histone is highly variable 
a. H1 
30. Name an example of structural heterochromatin  
a. Found in centromere or Telomere 
31. Name an exmpale for an autosomal recessive condition 
a. Bombay phenotype 
32. Why are the cells produced during meiosis in oogenesis difference sizes? 
a. Ooocyte and polar bodies are produced and the polar body only gets very 
little cytoplasm and will disintergrate 
33. Name two bones in bony fishes that can carry teeth  
a. Dentale and plantinum  
34. Name two unicellular parasites that are transmitted by blood suckinng insects 
a. Leishmania and trypanosoma 
35. Name stages of lifce cycle of fasciola hepatica 
a. Egg, miracidum, radiae, cercariae, adult cercariae 
36. Function of DNA ligase 
a. Repairs irregularities or breaks in DNA, important in connecting Okazaki 
fragments 
37. The major proteins of chromatin are called…. 
a. Histones 
38. All proteins being with one and the same amino acid, what is it? 
a. Methionine (AUG codon) 
39. Give an example of codominant alleles 
a. Blood groups 
40. What type of mutation is called duplication 
a. Frameshift? 
41. What is embryonic induction 
 a. Interaction of one inducing tissue with another responding. Intracellular 
signals prompt certain developmental paths. One such example is embryonic 
neuralation.   
42. What is the patient's blood group if the test produces the following 
43. Name an antigen splicing gene 
44. Phases of meiosis or mitosis 
a. Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (cytokinesis) 
b. Meiosis: Prophase I (Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis), 
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase 
II, Telophase II  
45. What is impacting  
 A. Effect on living organism and their non­living ( abiotic) environment due to human 
activity or natural phenomenon. 
46. What is a nucleolus and how is it formed 
a. Small dense structure in nucleus during interphase, site of ribosome 
synthesis. Made of proteins and RNA, assemble and reform early in G1 
following disassembly in mitosis.  
47. Formation of teeth 
a. Embryonic cells grow and calcify forming teeth.  
48. Difference between cyst and trophozoite in eclectus granulosus 
a. Cysts mostly found in liver and lungs while adult trophozoite phase in 
intestine. Cyst is circular and embedded in tissue while trophozoite has scolex 
and hooks to attach to intestine.  
49. What is in the dermal layer in the skull of a bony fish 
a. Protective bony scales, these survive in some parts of the skull into tetrapods 
through large dermal bones.  
50. A tapeworm that is host to human 
51. What is primase 
a. Is an enzyme that allows the binding of an RNA primer to allow in order to 
initiate transcription  
52. What are the structural differences between different classes of antibodies 
a. The Heavy chains are different, with different amino acids making up the ​ α​
,​
 ​
δ​
, 
ε​,​
 ​
γ​
, and​ ​
μ​
 chains. 
53. How do humans get infected by trichuris trichiura 
a. By consuming the egg from soil  
54. Which plates in cartilaginous fishes fuse to form the ethmoid plate 
a. Bones of the ethmoidal region ­ mesethmoideum and exethmoideum  
55. What is a primer 
a. A primer in DNA replication lays down an RNA primer to allow for the binding 
of RNA polymerase to being DNA synthesis.  
56. Which type of chromatin contains active genes 
a. Euchromatin which is loosely packed (unlike Heterochromatin) 
57. What is an anticodon 
a. An anticodon is the name we give to a triplicate of base pairs that sit on the 
tRNA and bind to mRNA 
58. Which protein kinases are imporant in cell cycle control 
 a. Cyclin­dependent Kinases (CDKs) and Cyclins  
59. Which mutation​  is called translocation 
a.  Structural chromosomal mutations? 
60. Which structure of the embryo is called the blastopore 
a. The blastopore is the first embryonic opening in development (in protostomes 
this becomes the mouth in deuterostomes it becomes the anus).  
61. What is the function of Helicase  
a. Helicase unwinds the double helix in DNA replication 
62. Which type of chromatin contains centromeric regions of chromosomes 
a. Metaphase Chromatin  
63. What is peptidyl transferase 
a. Primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, forming peptide bonds between 
adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during translation process.  
64. Which type of gene interaction is called complementation 
a. Where a pair of genes work together to create a specific phenotype 
65. Which gene mutation​  is called insertion 
a. Frame shift mutation? 
66. What are morphogens 
a. These are signalling molecules that act on cells to produce a certain change 
(often morphological, this is the primary method of communcation during 
embryology).  
67. Which part of mammalian female reproductive tract does fertilization take place 
a. Ampula of fellopian tube 
68. What is the role of actin cap 
a. It keeps the spindles at the very periphery of the egg 
69. What is genetic imprinting 
a. When genes work differently for males and females 
70. What is mesenchyme 
a. Loosely organised mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into 
connective and skeletal tissue including blood 
71. Which are the principal differences between fertilization in mammals and animals in 
water 
a. Mammals generally undergo internal fertilization while animals in water 
undergo external fertilization  
72. Size of mature follice 
a. 18­30mm 
73. Example of mammals that have mosaic development 
a. Amphibians  
b. Nematodes 
c. Animals that lay eggs externally 
74. What does MHC stand for  
a. Major histocompatibility Complex 
75. What is the principle difference between blastula and gastrula  
a. Blastula there is one uniform cell layer 
b. Gastrula there is more than one cell layer (NT add ­ 3?) 
76. What is a blastoderm  
 a. First epithelial cell layer in an embryo 
77. What is ooplasmic segregation 
a. Differnet distribution of molecules in egg cytoplasm 
78. Difference between the process of spermatozoa entering the egg in human and sea 
urchin 
a. The human egg has a cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy while the sea 
urchin egg has an immediate ‘depolarization’ of the membrane to prevent it. 
This is then followed by a slower cortical reaction like in a human egg.  
79. What are genes 
a. Regions of DNA that code for proteins 
80. What is a promoter gene 
a. A gene which promotes transcription due to high polymerase affinity 
81. What is gene expression 
a. Encoded RNA is used to synthesize a protein, gene expression is separated 
out into Transcription and translation (Original wording, NT Query) 
82. What are exons and introns 
a. mRNA regions of codes, Exons code for proteins, Introns do not 
83. What is a spliceosome  
a. Complex made of proteins and RNA that splice and remove introns and joint 
exons together to form mature mRNA 
84. What are codons 
a. Nitrogenous bases grouped into threes that code for amino acids 
85. What is a stop codon 
a. UGA, UAG (+ another, query NT) 
86. What is a start codon 
a. AUG 
87. Which type of mutation​  is duplication 
a. Structural chromosomal mutation? 
88. In what phase of the cell cycle do centromeres duplicate 
a. They duplicate with the DNA in S phase 
89. What is the only monosomy compatible in humans 
a. Monosomy 21 
90. DNA transfer of bacteria 
a. Via horizontal gene transfer, may be transformation, transduction or 
conjugation.   
91. Ribosomes and what they’re made  
a. Tiny particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in cytoplasm. 
They are coded for by RNA in the centrioles  
92. Cysticercosis 
a. Parasitic infection caused by larval cysts of Taenia solium, infecting brain, 
muscle or other tissue. Can cause seizures. 
93. Unpaired bone in fish 
a. Basiphenoideum, Praesphenoideum, Mesethmoideum, basiooccipitale, 
supraoccipitale, nasale 
94. Cytoplasmic bridges in sperm 
 a. Spermatogonium remain connected by cytoplasmic bridges (forming 
syncytium) up until the very end of differentiation when sperm are released 
into the lumen.  
95. What unicellular parasite can form a cyst 
a. Toxoplasma gondii 
96. Latin name for sleeping sickness and how are humans affected 
a. Trypanosomis, caused by Trypanosoma, can be chronic or acute 
97. What is a hydatid cyst 
a. A cyst formed by Echinococcus type tapeworm.  
98. Cortical reaction 
a. Upon sperm binding with the Zona Pellucida a cortical reaction is triggered 
where cortical granules bind to the zona preventing polyspermy.  
99. Acrosomal reaction 
a. The head of the spermatozoa includes and Acrosome which contains 
digestive enzymes. When receptors on the head of the spermatozoa come 
into contact with the zona pellucida the reaction is triggered and the zona is 
broken down.  
100. Latin name for arch in fish skull 
a. Arcus mandibularis, Hyoideus, branchialis 
101. Which point of mammalian female reproductive tract does fertilization take place 
a. Ampulla of fallopian tubes 
102. Why is DNA polymerase only able to synthesis on leading strand 
a. DNA can only be synthesised in a 3’ ­ 5’ direction as DNA polymerase needs 
to begin on the free 3’ hydroxyl group. DNA is antiparallel so the lagging 
strand is 5’­ 3’  
103. How is lagging strand synthesized 
a. Through the creation of Okazaki fragments, synthesized in a 3’ ­ 5’ direction 
104. Define TATA box 
a. A TATA box is a type of promoter sequence assisting in transcription.  
105. What is alternative splicing 
a. Process during gene expression and post transcriptional modification of 
mRNA that results in a single gene coding for multiple protons. Exons are cut 
out of the mRNA and can be translated separately.  
106. What are 1’ and 2’ bases 
107. In what scenario could foetus be effected with Rhesus system 
a. Rh­negative mother, Rh­positive child (gets Rh gene from father) 
108. Difference between Taenia solium and T. saginata 
a. Solium infects pigs, Saginata cattle  
109. Bones of middle ear in mammals 
a. Stapes, Incus, malleus  
110. Function of Zona pellucida 
a. This is the binding site for spermatozoa upon fertilization and the site of the 
cortical reaction to prevent polyspermy 
111. What is required for fertilization in Intracytoplasmic sperm injections 
a. Egg + Sperm 
 b. The spermatozoa is injected directly into the cytoplasm of the egg, often due 
to low sperm motility or issues with the acrosomal reaction  
112. What happens to male pronucleus during fertilization 
a. Pronuclei membrane dissolves leaving no barriers between genetic 
information. Chromosomes then combine and become part of single diploid 
nucleus 
113. How do male and female pronuclei meet 
a. Mitotic spindles form between the pronuclei, capturing the chromosomes 
before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm.  
114. How do you class chromosome according to the location of the centromere 
a. Metacentric (centromere in centre) 
b. Submetacentric (centromere slightly offset) 
c. Acrocentric (centromere severely offset) 
d. Telocentric (centromere at very end of chromosome) 
115. In which process is helicase used 
a. Transcription of DNA replication 
116. What is antigen presentation 
a. The presenting of elements of an antigen on an MHC molecule by a 
nucleated cell for recognition by a T­cell.  
117. What is alloantigen 
a. an antigen present only in some individuals of a species and capable of 
inducing the production of an alloantibody by individuals which lack it. 
118. Function of proteasome 
a. To degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis. 
119. How many dentitions are there in  mammals 
a. 32 dentitions 
120. Name 3 insect vectors that are infectious 
a. Tsetse fly 
b. Sandfly 
c. Anopheles Mosquito (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale) 
121. In which ​systematic group does circulatory system first appear 
a. Vertebrates? 
122. Examples of endocranial bones 
a. Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Occipital Bone 
123. Disease from tenia saginatta 
a. Taeniasis and cysticercosis in cattle 
124. What is the ​egrade protein 
125. What is the​ place that the antibody attaches to the antigen 
a. epitope 
126. What catalyzes peptide bonds in ribosomes 
a. peptidyl transferase 
127. Latin name of cranial bones in bony fish 
a. Os Sphenoideum, Os Ethmoideum and Os Occipitalis 
128. What functional class is mesoderm in  
129. What is topoisomerase 
 a. An enzyme which regulates the overwinding and underwinding​  of a DNA 
molecule. 
130. Name the parasite that has larvae in muscles 
a. Trichinella Spiralis  
131. Examples of different classes of antibodies and their functions 
a. IgM ­ Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) 
immunity. 
b. IgA ­ Prevents colonization by pathogens. 
c. IgE ­ Activates basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors. 
d. IgD ­ Triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils. 
132. What are the structural differences between different classes of antibody 
a. They are distinguished by the type of heavy chain they contain. E.g. IgM 
contains mu­chains, IgA contains alpha­chains and IgE contains 
epsilon­chains. 
133. 3 bones in bony fish that form cranial roof 
a. Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Occipital Bone 
134. What is a xenoantigen 
a. An antigen found in more than one species. 
135. Name of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease 
a. Echinococcus Granulosus 
136. Function of arcus mandibulae  
 
137. What is the difference between ​ linked and x­linked genes 
a. Linked genes are found on the same chromosome, while x­linked genes are 
simply genes found on the X (sex) chromosome  
138. Life stages of mosquito 
a. Egg ­ Lava ­ Pupa ­ Adult 
139. What is ICSI  
a. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ­ Injection of sperm into the egg. Fertilized 
egg is then transferred into the uterus. 
140. Embryonic structure​  called grey disc 
141. What is a proteasome 
a. A protein used to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis. 
142. Infective stage of schistosomae & explain 
a. No immediate symptoms, within 12 months develop fever, chills, cough and 
muscle ache 
143. Which nematodes release eggs in feces? Give examples and describe 
a. Ascaris lumbricoides, brown yellow surface. 
b. Trichiurs  barral shaped and brown 
144. What is a pseudocoelom 
a. Cavity between mesoderm and endoderm 
145. Latin name of fish Taenia and explain lifecycle 
a. Diphyllobothrium  
b. UNEMBRYONATED Egg LAID and passed through faeces ­ Becomes 
EMBRYONATED in water ­ CORACIDIA form and are EATEN by 
crustaceans ­ Develops into PROCERCOID LARVAE in the crustaceans body 
 ­ EATEN by small fish ­ Procercoid larva is RELEASED from the crustacean 
and develops into PLEROCERCOID LARVA. ­ EATEN by larger fish or 
UNDERCOOKED eaten by human ­ DEVELOPS into mature adult in small 
intestine. 
146. Part of cell cycle that has two chromatids 
a. S phase 
147. What is bivalent 
a. A pair of homologous chromosomes 
148. Form of plasmodium falciparum found in blood. 
a. Amastigote form 
149. Why is egg of trchina spiralis not found in feces 
a. Larvae develop in stomach, no eggs are produced  
150. What are the alleles of the ABO blood group and how do they relate 
a. Alleles are A, B and O.  
b. Found on the same locus on a chromosome  
151. Most trematodes are hermaphrodites, why are they not in schistosome 
 
152. Some nematodes can infect by mosquito, what are they 
a. Elephantiasis (Query) 
153. A parasite with an undulating membrane that infects liver 
a. Echinococcus granulosus 
154. What is a Strobila? ​Name its parts 
a. The body of a tapeworm 
155. How are humans infected by fiscal hepatica and schistosoma 
a. Eating of raw or undercooked food infected with parasite 
156. What are infective larva stages in of nematodes in the muscles and give latin 
name 
a. Trichinella spiralis 
157. What is the name of the longes parasite in the intestine 
a. Scardis lumbricodies 
158. What is the largest parasite in general 
a. Dracunculus madenesis 
159. Write some endocranial bones 
a. Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone and Occipital Bone 
160. Name the organelle in the plant which has its own DNA 
a. Chloroplasts 
161. What is apoptosis and Necrosis  
a. Apoptosis = planned cell death 
b. Necrosis = Unplanned cell death (leads to inflammation) 
162. How can trichomonas vaginalis infect humans 
a. During sex 
163. Sex linked  genes 
a. Genes that are found on the X or Y chromosomes 
164. What is Robertson translocation 
a. Rare chromosomal arrangements where chromosomes 13, 14 and 15 are 
rearranged. The foetus is viable 
165. Latin names of round worms 
a. Phylum Nematod: ascaris saginata, enchinococcus granulosus, taenia solium 
diphyllobothrium latum, hymenolepsis nana 
166. What is a polytene chromosome and wehre is it produced 
a. Oversized chromsomes in salivary glands of Drosophilia melanogaster 
167. Regions of the cranial skull in fish 
a. Occipitalis, Calvaria, Otica, Sphenoidalis, ehoidalis 
168. Parastici round worm in which autoinfection is typical 
a. STrongyloides stercoralis 
169. Differences between culex and anopheles 
a. Anopheles ­ rest with body at angle to surface, wing have dark spots, eggs 
laid singally and have air floats, head of larvae is longer and feeds on water 
surface 
b. Culex rest with body parallel to surface, wings unspotted, eggs laid in clusters 
with no air floats, head is rounded, feeds below water 
170. What is Opsonization 
a. Where cells prepare an antigen for phagocytosis 
171. Cell cycle of mosquito 
a. Egg ­ Lava ­ Pupa ­ Adult 
172. What happens to proteins after degradation 
173. Name of disease for Trichomonas tenax 
174. How can you detect plasmodium malariae and falciparum on blood sample 
175. Which organelles have their own DNA 
a. Mitochondria  
176. What is a kinetochore and what is its function 
a. Proteinon chromatids where spindle fibers attach. Forms in eukaryotes and 
assembles on the centromere linking the centromsome to microtubules 
177. What form of plasmodium falciparum is foud in the blood 
a. Trophozoites 
178. What part of mRNA is recognised in translation 
      A. The cap structure at the 5’ end of the mRNA during initiation 
179. Difference between T. Saginata and T. Solium 
a. Sagnina = pigs, Solium = cows 
180. Definition of dermal bones 
      A. ​
A type of bone that ossifies directly from membrane without a cartilaginous 
predecessor 
181. What is oncogenes 
a. Gene which has potential to cause cancer by transforming into a cancer cell 
182. DNA transfer in bacteria 
      A. Trasnduction ­ bacterial DNA is moved from one organism to another or   
      B. Bacterial conjugation ­ involves the transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell to 
recombinant receipient  
183. How can you limit spread of T.Saginata and T.Solium 
a. Collect feces 
b.