Training Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted to

Lovely Professional University, Punjab

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For

BSc in Medical Laboratory Technology

Submitted by:
Sheetal Ravinder mane
12017870

SCHOOL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND PARAMEDICAL SCIENCES

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, PUNJAB, INDIA , 2021
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work embodied in this training report was carried out by

me under the supervision of supervisor Dr. Louis Cojandaraj (internal

supervisor ), Lovely Professional University and This work has not been submitted

in part or in full in any other university for any degree or diploma.

Name:-Sheetal Ravinder mane

Date: 30/1/2021to 15/5/2021

Place:-Visapur ,sangli,

Maharashtra
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms Sheetal Ravinder mane bearing Registration Number-

12017870 has completed her Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory

Technology training under our guidance and supervision. This report is record of

the candidate own work carried out by her under my supervision. I certify that the

matter embodied in this report is original and has been not submitted anywhere for

the reward of any other degree.

Internal Supervisor
Dr. Louis Cojandaraj
Date:-31/1/2021 to 15/5/2021
LPU Punjab

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………

1.2 HISTORY ……………….............................................

1.3CLASSFICATION……………………………………..
  Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Gestational diabetes
1.4 Diateryaspect…………………………………………….
1.5 Pathophysiology…………………………………………..
1.6 7 Key points ………………………………………………..
1.7 Medication of diabetes…………………………………
1.8 Sign and symptoms of diabetes…………………….
1.9 Material and method …………………………………….
1.10 Questionnaire …………………………………………………
1.11 Result…………………………………………………………
1.12 Conclusion………………………………………………………

DIABETES

1.1 Introduction :
 Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood
glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the
pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy
Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough or any insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays
in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.

Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause health problems. Although diabetes has no
cure, you can take steps to manage your diabetes and stay healthy.

Sometimes people call diabetes “a touch of sugar” or “borderline diabetes.” These terms suggest that
someone doesn’t really have diabetes or has a less serious case, but every case of diabetes is serious.

Diabetes affects just about everyone, from the over 110 million Americans with
or at risk for the disease to the many more people who care for them.

1.2 HISTORY

The term diabetes is the shortened version of the full name diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is derived
from the Greek word diabetes meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word Mettles meaning
 honeyed or sweet. This is because in diabetes excess sugar is found in blood as well as the urine. It was
known in the 17th century as the “pissing evil”.

The term diabetes was probably coined by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 BC. Diabetes is first
recorded in English, in the form diabetes in a medical text written around 1425. It was in 1675 that
Thomas Willis added the word “'mellitus'” to the word diabetes. This was because of the sweet taste of the
urine. This sweet taste had been noticed in urine by the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and
Persians as is evident from their literature.

Wearable devices offer new insights into the progression of Type 2 diabetes in Latino adults

Integrating social determinants of health in blood pressure management can improve patient outcomes

Study links muscle gene to type 2 diabetes

1.3CLASSIFICATION

The most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes

If you have type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. Your immune system attacks and destroys the
cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults,
although it can appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to stay alive.

Type 2 diabetes

If you have type 2 diabetes, your body does not make or use insulin well. You can develop type 2 diabetes at
any age, even during childhood. However, this type of diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older
people. Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes.
Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes develops in some women when they are pregnant. Most of the time, this type of diabetes
goes away after the baby is born. However, if you’ve had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of
developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is actually type 2
diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (Causes)

Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system, the body’s system for fighting infection, attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Scientists think type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and
environmental factors, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease. Studies such as Trial Net External link are
working to pinpoint causes of type 1 diabetes and possible ways to prevent or slow the disease.

Symptoms

Increased thirst.

Frequent urination.

Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night.

Extreme hunger.

Unintended weight loss.

Irritability and other mood changes.

Fatigue and weakness.

Blurred vision.

Diagnosis

 Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by
repeat testing. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter
(mmol/L). Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or
higher suggests diabetes, especially when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as
frequent urination and extreme thirst.

 Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar
level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL
 (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it's 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate
tests, you have diabetes.

Treatment

Taking insulin.

Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting.

Frequent blood sugar monitoring.

Eating healthy foods.

Exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight.

Type 2 diabetes (Causes)

Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors
and genes

Symptoms

Increased thirst.

Frequent urination.

Increased hunger.

Unintended weight loss.

Fatigue.

Blurred vision.

low-healing sores.

Frequent infections.

Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes is usually diagnosed using the glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your
average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Results are interpreted as follows:

 Below 5.7% is normal.

 5.7% to 6.4% is diagnosed as prediabetes.

  6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.

If the A1C test isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that interfere with an A1C test, your doctor may
use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:

Random blood sugar test. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams of sugar per deciliter (mg/dL) or
millimoles of sugar per liter (mmol/L) of blood. Regardless of when you last ate, a level of 200 mg/dL (11.1
mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes, especially if you also have signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as
frequent urination and extreme thirst.

Symptoms

Increased thirst.

Frequent urination.

Increased hunger.

Unintended weight loss.

Fatigue.

Blurred vision.

Slow-healing sores.

Frequent infection

Gestational diabetes

Causes

Pregnant women who can't make enough insulin during late pregnancy develop gestational diabetes. Being
overweight or obese is linked to gestational diabetes. Women who are overweight or obese may already have
insulin resistance when they become pregnant. Gaining too much weight during pregnancy may also be a factor

Symptome

Unusual thirst.
Frequent urination in large amounts (distinguished from the also frequent but usually light urination of
early pregnancy)
Fatigue (which may be difficult to differentiate from normal pregnancy fatigue)
Diagnosis

Doctors use blood tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. You may have the glucose challenge test, the oral
glucose tolerance test, or both. These tests show how well your body uses glucose. Glucose Challenge Test

You may have the glucose challenge test first. Another name for this blood test is the glucose screening test. In
this test, a health care professional will draw your blood 1 hour after you drink a sweet liquid containing
glucose. You do not need to fast for this test. Fasting means having nothing to eat or drink except water. If your
blood glucose is too high—140 or more—you may need to return for an oral glucose tolerance test while
fasting. If your blood glucose is 200 or more

Treatment

Treatment for gestational diabetes includes:

 Lifestyle changes

 Blood sugar monitoring

 Medication, if necessary

Managing your blood sugar levels helps keep you and your baby healthy. Close management can also help you
avoid complications during pregnancy and delivery.

1.4 Diateryaspect
Instead it carbohydrate from fruits vegetables whole grains Beans and low fat or nonfat milk choice healthy
carbohydrate such as fruit vegetable whole grain bins and low-fat milk as a part of your diabetes meal plan

1.5 Pathophysiology

Types 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is the the culmination of lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of insulin secreting Beta cells
of the islet  of langerhans in the pancreas. As Beta cells mass decline insulin secretion decrease until the
available insulation no longer is adequate to maintain normal blood glucose level

Type 2 diabetes
The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, impaired
regulation of hepatic glucose production, and declining β-cell function, eventually leading toβ -cell failure

Gestational diabetes

GDM is usually the result of β-cell dysfunction on a background of chronic insulin resistance
during pregnancy and thus both β-cell impairment and tissue insulin resistance represent critical components of
the pathophysiology of GDM.

1.6 7 keys steps to diabetes prevention

 1.7 Medication for Diabetes

Sitting relaxed on the floor, patients were asked to focus attention on their body. Asked to put their attention at
the area of forehead, and just sweep the body, feeling every part of body sensations and tensions. If they felt any
tensions in their body, they were asked to just be aware of those tensions; Concentration on body

do not try to resist or control those tensions and continue sweeping the body.

Concentration on breathing

Patients were taught to allow their body to breathe naturally and focus their attention wherever they feel the
sensation of the breath in the body. While inhaling, be aware, be conscious of inhaling; when exhaling, be
aware, and be conscious of exhaling. Be with this movement of the breath; just come back to it as an anchor.

Distress to destress

Patients were taught that whenever they experience tension, stress, or anxiety, try to focus their attention on
other things – Perhaps the sounds they hear, the sensations in their body, the touch of their clothing, movements
in their body, their heart beating, or the rise and fall of the abdomen during breathing. They were made to learn
to be aware of other things that are happening while they are experiencing stress. Patients practicing meditation

 
 1.8 Sign and symptoms of diabetes

Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those
with pre diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may sometimes not experience symptoms. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms
tend to come on quickly and be more severe.

Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:

 Increased thirst

 Frequent urination

 Extreme hunger

 Unexplained weight loss

 Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens
when there's not enough available insulin)

 Fatigue

 Irritability

 Blurred vision

 Slow-healing sores

 Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections

 MATERIAL AND METHODES

I have studied diabetes and I have been working on my project for the last two month .My survey mainly
has emphasis about diabetes among the students in LPU campus . this survey has been a means to awareness
about the common diseases of the people with their Causes ,symptoms ,prevention and overall information
about it the questionnaires for health survey are given below

DIABETES QUESTIONNARE

CHART :1

CHART :2
AGE

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 Result

This survey was conducted on students  of Lovely Professional University I conducted the information from
many respondent regarding the diabetes disclosure and over health status and the main aim of surveys to
describe the diabetes pattern of respondent

Conclusion

This research was conferred with in the LPU student the research was aiming a looking for a person who a
where's the diabetes by talking them and cause science symptoms of the disease and also it affect so that they
can we prevent the public from that the research was mainly done in females where it is observed that peoples
are not aware and they get highly infected with the diabetes it because of they mainly diet so it is is advised that
knowledge should be transmitted to the People's either through social media as well as seen the globalisation
can be assessed almost everywhere and people using it so that's why the learning through that Door by creating
camping to fight against the creation different videos that aim to teach people's on effect of preventions of
diabetes