Lec.

Pelin TOROS

pelin.toros@neu.edu.tr
100 million nerve cells (neurons),
assisted by many more glial cells

The shape of the neurone and its

processes
 Anatomically
Central nervous system
Brain (Cerebrum)
Spinal cord(Medulla spinalis)
Peripheral nervous system
Nerve fibers
Ganglion
• White (white matter)
• Gray (gray matter)

• The differential distribution of

myelin in the central nervous
system is responsible for these
differences.
• CNS does not contain connective tissue other
than that in the three meninges (dura mater,
arachnoid membrane and pia mater) and in
the walls of large blood vessels.
• Jelly-like structure
 Gray matter White matter

Outside in the brain and Inside the brain and

cerebellum and inside the cerebellum and outside in the
spinal cord spinal cord
It is gray in color. It is white in color

Unmyelinated fibers are Myelinated fibers are

abundant abundant
Neuron (+) Neuron (-)

Neuroglia (+) Neuroglia (+)

Capillary (+) Capillary (++)

Lymphatic capillary (-) Lymphatic capillary (-)

 MENİNGES (Membranes of the CNS)
• Organs are protected by surrounding
membranes and bones.
• Membranes consist of fibroblasts and collagen
fiber bundles.
Outside to the inside:
Duramater
Arachnoid
Piamater
 Duramater
• Histological structure:
White fibrous connective tissue.
• Multiple collagen fibrils parallel, few
elastic fibrils and fibroblasts.
• Small amount of blood vessels and
sensory nerves.
 Arachnoid
• a cobweb in appearance, is a thin layer
• Subarachnoidal space: between the pia and
the arachnoid surrounding the brain
• filled with cerebrospinal fluid and
contains blood vessels.
 Piamater
• In inside of piamater, glia limitans, a thin
barrier of astrocyte foot processes
associated with basal lamina surrounding
the brain and spinal cord.
• surrounds the vessels entering the brain
tissue
• abundant nerve fibers.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF)
• The brain ventricles and spinal cord are
filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Some of the
cavities filled with CSF enlarged and
became the ventricle.
• The choroid plexus located in the
ventricular wall and synthesizes the CSF.
• Mechanical and immunological protection pulsation of CSF
to the brain inside the skull.
• Clear, colorless
• About 150ml
• Less protein, potassium
• Na, Cl, Ca, glucose, oxygen
• Cell is very rare
 Lumbar puncture
intracranial pressure, diseases
including infections of the brain or its
surrounding meninges.
Blood - Brain Barrier

• Capillaries in the CNS

consist of endothelial
cells surrounded by a
basement membrane.
• z. okludens(tight
junctions)
• Any substance cannot
pass directly into the
brain tissue.
• Protoplasmic (much in
gray matter) and fibrous
(much in white matter)
astrocytes.
 Coroid Plexus

On the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

and in the lateral ventricles, -membrane
made by the piamater together with the
ependymal cell is called tela koroidea
In the tela koroidea, many finger-shaped
protrusions (vilus) form and expand the
surface, the choroid plexus.
Ependymal cell:simple cubic or pyrismatic
shape.
Microvilli has greatly expanded the
surface.
Betz's pyramidal cells
Capilleries

Nörons

Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte
Microglia
 Neurohistology Staining

White matter(myelinated fibers) White matter(myelinated fibers)

luxol - fast blue –Weigert(black)
 Glomerulus (Cerebellar Island)

• consists of post-synaptic granule cell

dendrites and pre-synaptic Golgi
cell axon terminals surrounding the
pre-synaptic terminals of mossy
fibers.

• 50 granule cell dendrites, 210 total

dendritic digits and 230 synaptic
junctions.
• "processing station" for afferent
nerve fibers entering the
cerebellum
WHİTE MATTER OF
a branched tree in sagittal (longitudinal)
CEREBELLUM section.