NEUROLOGY 1

Mindanao State University

College of Medicine

ALLISTER VINCENT G. LAYOG, MD

FELLOW OF THE PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
FELLOW OF THE PHILIPPINE NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
SOURCE: SNELL’S CLINICAL NEUROANTOMY

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Today’s Topic
• Review of Neuroanatomy Gross
What we’ll learn: and Histology (CNS and PNS)
Some Generalities in Neuroanatomy
Some Generalities in Neuroanatomy
CORONAL PLANE
CORONAL PLANE

AXIAL PLANE

AXIAL PLANE

SAGITTAL PLANE

SAGITTAL PLANE

SAGITTAL PLANE
REVIEW:
Introduction and Organization of the Nervous
System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• the main centers where
correlation and integration of
nervous information occurs

• covered with a system of

membranes (meninges)

• suspended in cerebrospinal uid

(CSF)

• Meninges are further protected

by the bones of the skull and the
vertebral column
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Central Nervous System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• the main centers where correlation
and integration of nervous
information occurs

• covered with a system of

membranes (meninges)

• Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia

Mater

• suspended in cerebrospinal uid

(CSF)

• Meninges are further protected by

the bones of the skull and the
vertebral column
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Central Nervous
System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• CNS is composed of large
numbers of neurons, which are
excitable nerve cells, and their
processes known as axons or
nerve bers

• Neurons are supported by

specialized tissue called
neuroglia
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Central Nervous
System
Central Nervous
System
 Central Nervous
System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• CNS interior is organized into
gray and white matter

• Gray matter, which is gray in

color, consists of nerve cells
embedded in neuroglia

• White matter consists of nerve

bers embedded in neuroglia
and is white in color because of
the presence of lipid material in
nerve ber myelin sheaths
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 Central Nervous
System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• CNS interior is organized into
gray and white matter

• Gray matter, which is gray in

color, consists of nerve cells
embedded in neuroglia

• White matter consists of nerve

bers embedded in neuroglia
and is white in color because of
the presence of lipid material in
nerve ber myelin sheaths
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 Central Nervous
System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• CNS interior is organized into
gray and white matter

• Gray matter, which is gray in

color, consists of nerve cells
embedded in neuroglia

• White matter consists of nerve

bers embedded in neuroglia
and is white in color because of
the presence of lipid material in
nerve ber myelin sheaths
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 Peripheral Nervous
System
• Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
• consists of the cranial and spinal
nerves and their associated
ganglia

• consist of bundles of nerve

bers (or axons), conduct
information to and from the CNS
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 Peripheral Nervous
System
• Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
• consists of the cranial and spinal
nerves and their associated
ganglia

• consist of bundles of nerve

bers (or axons), conduct
information to and from the CNS
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 Peripheral Nervous
System
• Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
• consists of the cranial and spinal
nerves and their associated
ganglia

• consist of bundles of nerve

bers (or axons), conduct
information to and from the CNS
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Peripheral Nervous
System
• Brachial Plexus
Peripheral Nervous
System
• Brachial Plexus
Peripheral Nervous
System
• Lumbar Plexus
Peripheral Nervous
System
• Sacral Plexus
Autonomic Nervous
System
• part of the nervous system that
innervates the body's Involuntary
structures

• distributed throughout the CNS

and PNS

• SYMPATHETIC and the

PARASYMPATHETIC, both
containing a erent and e erent
nerve bers
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Autonomic Nervous
System
• SYMPATHETIC
• Fight or Flight response
• prepare the body for an
emergency

• PARASYMPATHETIC
• Rest and Digest
• conserving and restoring energy
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• situated within the vertebral
canal of the vertebral column

• surrounded by three meninges:

the dura mater, the arachnoid
mater, and the pia mater.

• Protection is also provided by

the CSF, which surrounds the
spinal cord in the subarachnoid
space
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• situated within the vertebral
canal of the vertebral column

• surrounded by three meninges:

the dura mater, the arachnoid
mater, and the pia mater.

• Protection is also provided by

the CSF, which surrounds the
spinal cord in the subarachnoid
space
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• roughly cylindrical and begins
superiorly at the foramen
magnum in the skull

• Continuous with the medulla

oblongata of the brain

• terminates inferiorly in the

lumbar region
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• roughly cylindrical and begins
superiorly at the foramen
magnum in the skull

• Continuous with the medulla

oblongata of the brain

• terminates inferiorly in the

lumbar region
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• terminates inferiorly in the
lumbar region

• tapers o Into the conus

medullaris

• from the apex of which the lum

terminale (a prolongation of the
pia mater) descends to attach to
the back of the coccyx
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• terminates inferiorly in the
lumbar region

• tapers o Into the conus

medullaris

• from the apex of which the lum

terminale (a prolongation of the
pia mater) descends to attach to
the back of the coccyx
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• attached by the anterior/ventral
or motor roots and the posterior/
dorsal or sensory roots

• posterior nerve root possesses a

posterior root ganglion of the
dorsal root ganglion
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• anterior/ventral or motor roots
• posterior/dorsal or sensory
roots

• posterior nerve root possesses a

posterior root ganglion of the
dorsal root ganglion
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE
• composed of an Inner core of
gray matter

• surrounded by an outer covering

of white matter

• Gray matter Is seen on the cross

section as an H-shaped pillar
with anterior and posterior gray
columns, or horns

• thin gray commissure containing

the small central canal
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE
• composed of an Inner core of
gray matter

• surrounded by an outer covering

of white matter

• Gray matter Is seen on the cross

section as an H-shaped pillar
with anterior and posterior gray
columns, or horns

• thin gray commissure containing

the small central canal
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE
• The white matter is divided into
anterior, lateral, and posterior
white column
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• Situated in the cranial cavity
• continuous with the spinal cord
through the foramen magnum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• Meninges:
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• Meninges:
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN
• Three Major Division
• The hindbrain
• The midbrain
• The forebrain
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BRAIN STEM
• MEDULLA
• PONS
• MIDBRAIN
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• HIND BRAIN
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• HIND BRAIN
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
• Location
• MIDBRAIN - CN 3, 4
• PONS - CN 5, 6, 7, 8
• MEDULLA - CN 9, 10, 11, 12
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLUM
• “Small brain”
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLUM
• Location
• posterior cranial fossa of the
skull
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLUM
• midbrain by the superior
cerebellar peduncles (Brachium
Conjunctivum)

• pons by the middle cerebellar

peduncles (Brachium points)

• medulla by the Inferior cerebellar

peduncles (Restiform body)
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLUM
• midbrain by the superior
cerebellar peduncles

• pons by the middle cerebellar

peduncles

• medulla by the Inferior cerebellar

peduncles
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLAR CORTEX
• surface layer of each cerebellar
hemisphere
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBELLAR CORTEX
• Interior anatomy of the
cerebellum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• MIDBRAIN
• narrow part of the brain
that connects the
forebraIn to the hindbrain
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• MIDBRAIN
• narrow part of the brain that
connects the forebraIn to the
hindbrain

• Nuclei of Cranial Nerve III

MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon
• consists of a thalamus
dorsally and a
hypothalamus ventrally
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• egg-shaped mass of gray
matter that lies on either
side of the third ventricle
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• anterior end of the
thalamus forms the
posterior boundary of the
lnterventrlcular foramen
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
• forms the lower part of
the lateral wall and oor
of the third ventricle
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• largest part of the brain
• two cerebral hemispheres
• connected by a mass of white
matter called the corpus
callosum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• largest part of the brain
• two cerebral hemispheres
• connected by a mass of white
matter called the corpus
callosum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• largest part of the brain
consists of

• two cerebral hemispheres

• connected by a mass of white
matter called the corpus
callosum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• largest part of the brain
consists of

• two cerebral hemispheres

• connected by a mass of white
matter called the corpus
callosum
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• from the frontal to the
occipital bones in the skull

• superior to the anterior and

middle cranial fossae

• posteriorly, the cerebrum lies

above the tentorium cerebeli
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CEREBRUM
• from the frontal to the
occipital bones in the skull

• superior to the anterior and

middle cranial fossae

• posteriorly, the cerebrum lies

above the tentorium cerebeli

• hemispheres are separated

by the longitudinal ssure
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CORTEX
• composed of gray matter
• The cerebral cortex is
thrown into folds (gyri)
separated by ssures, or
sulci.
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CORTEX
• composed of gray matter
• The cerebral cortex is
thrown into folds (gyri)
separated by ssures, or
sulci.
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• CORTEX
• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SUBCORTEX - CORONA RADIATA
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SUBCORTEX - BASAL
GANGLIA

• Caudate nuclei
• Globus Pallidus Interna
• Globus Pallidus Externa
• Internal capsule
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• BASAL GANGLIA
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Ventricles
• The cavity is called the
lateral ventricle

• Lateral ventricles
communicate with the
third ventricle through —>
lnterventricular foramina
(Foramen of monro)
Ventricles
• Fourth Ventricle
• CFS lled cavity
• Anterior Borders
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Posterior Borders
• Cerebellum
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Ventricles
• Fourth Ventricle
• Connected superiorly to the
third ventricle by the cerebral
aqueduct

• Inferiorly, lt Is continuous with

the central canal of the spinal
cord

• Foramen of Megendie - Medial

• Foramen of Luschka - Lateral
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Ventricles
• Lateral Ventricles
• Interventricular Foremen
• 3rd Ventricles
• Cerebral aqueduct
• 4th Ventricle
• Foramen of Luschka
• Foramen of Magendie
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• cranial and spinal nerves
and their associated ganglia
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• The 31 pairs of spinal nerves
leave the spinal cord and
pass through intervertebral
foramina In the vertebral
column

• 8 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• The spinal nerve Is
connected to the spinal
cord by two roots: the
ANTERIOR root and the
POSTERIOR root
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• The spinal nerve Is connected to
the spinal cord by two roots: the
ANTERIOR root and the
POSTERIOR root

• The anterior root consists of

bundles of nerve bers carrying
nerve Impulses away from the
CNS-e erent ber

• MOTOR FIBER - root going to

skeletal muscles and cause
them to contract

• Their cells of origin lie in the

anterior gray horn of the
spinal cord
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 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• posterior root consists of
bundles of a erent bers that
carry nervous impulses to the
CNS

• convey information about

sensations of touch, pain,
temperature, and vibration,
they are called sensory ber

• cell bodies of these nerve

bers are situated on a
swelling on the posterior root
called the posterior root
ganglion
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• spinal nerve roots pass
from the spinal cord to the
level of their respective
intervertebral foramina,
where they unite to form a
spinal nerve

• SPINAL NERVE - motor

and sensory bers mlx
together; thus, a spinal
nerve comprises both
motor and sensory bers
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• disproportionate growth in
length of the vertebral
column during
development > Spinal
cord

• Length of the roots

Increases progressively
from above downward
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• upper cervical region, the
spinal nerve roots are
short and run almost
horizontally

• roots of the lumbar and

sacral nerves form a
vertical leash of nerves
around the lum terminale

• these lower nerve roots

are called the cauda
equina.
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• upper cervical region, the
spinal nerve roots are
short and run almost
horizontally

• roots of the lumbar and

sacral nerves form a
vertical leash of nerves
around the lum terminale

• these lower nerve roots

are called the cauda
equina.
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• large anterior ramus -
continues anteriorly to
supply the muscles and
skin over the anterolateral
area

• smaller posterior ramus -

containing both motor and
sensory bers
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MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SPINAL NERVES
• anterior rami join one
another at the root of the
limbs to form complicated
nerve plexuses

• Cervical and Brachial

plexuses are found at the
root of the upper limbs

• Lumbar and Sacral

plexuses are found at the
root of the lower limbs
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• GANGLIA
• Ganglia can be divided
into sensory ganglia of
spinal nerves (posterior/
dorsal root ganglia) and
cranial nerves and
autonomic ganglia.
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• GANGLIA
• Sensory ganglia are
fusiform swellings on the
posterior root of each
spinal nerve just proximal
to the root's junction with
a corresponding anterior
root

• Cranial nerves V, VII, VIII,

IX, and X are the sensory
ganglia
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• AUTONIMIC GANGLIA
• Irregular in shape
• situated along the course
of e erent nerve bers of
the ANS

• They are found in the

paravertebral sympathetic
chains around the roots of
the great visceral arteries
in the abdomen and close
to, or embedded within,
the walls of various viscera
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VASCULAR SUPPLY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
VASCULAR SUPPLY
MENINGES
MENINGES
MENINGES
MENINGES
MENINGES
Topic2:
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEURONS - nerve cell and
all its processes

• excitable cells that are

specialized for the reception
of stimuli and the
conduction of the nerve
impulse

• possesses a cell body from

which one or more
processes called neurites

• Dendrites and Axon

NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Dendrites - responsible for
receiving information and
conducting it toward the cell
body

• Axons - single long tubular

neurite that conducts
impulses away from the cell
body
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Cell body - small as 5 µm or
as large as 135 µm in
diameter

• processes or neurites may

extend over a distance of
more than 1 m

• Neurons can be classi ed

morphologically based on
the number, length, and
mode of branching of their
neurites
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neurons may also be classi ed
according to size

• Golgi type I - neurons have a

long axon that can stretch 1 m
or more in length in extreme
cases

• The axons of these neurons

form the long ber tracts of the
brain and spinal cord and the
nerve bers of peripheral
nerves.

• The pyramidal cells of the

cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells of
the cerebellar cortex and the
motor cells of the spinal cord
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neurons may also be classi ed
according to size

• Golgi type II - neurons have

a short axon that terminates
in the neighborhood of the
cell body or is entirely absent

• The short dendrites that

arise from these neurons
give them a star-shaped
appearance

• Cerebral and cerebellar

cortex and are often
Inhibitory in function
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neuronal Structure
• Nerve Cell Body (SOMA)
• Size: about 5 µm in
diameter, large anterior
horn cells may measure as
much as 135 µm In
diameter
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neuronal Structure
• NUCLEUS
• Genes storage
• Centrally located
• Large and round
• chromosomes are not
arranged, exist in an
uncoiled state

• nucleus is pale, and the ne

chromatin granules are
widely dispersed
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neuronal Structure
• single prominent nucleolus
• high rate of protein
synthesis
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• Neuronal Structure
• nuclear envelope is
continuous with the
cytoplasmic rough, or
granular, endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• rich in rough (granular)
and smooth (agranular)
endoplasmic reticulum

• Organelles and inclusions:

(a) Nissl substance, the
Golgi complex;
mitochondria;
micro laments;
microtubules; lysosomes;
centrioles; and lipofuscin,
melanin, glycogen, and
lipid.
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• Nissl Substance
• granules that are
distributed throughout
the cytoplasm

• except for the region

close to the axon hillock

• also extends Into the

proximal parts of the
dendrites but is not
present in the axon
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• Nissl Substance
• responsible for synthesizing
protein

• Fatigue or neuronal damage

causes the Nissl substance
to move and become
concentrated at the
periphery of the cytoplasm
—> chromatolysis
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• Golgi complex
• Irregular wavy threads
around the nucleus

• made up of smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
(SER)
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• Golgi complex
• trans side of the complex, the
macromolecules are
packaged in vesicles for
transport to the nerve
terminals

• lysosome production and in

the synthesis of cell
membranes which is
important in the formation of
synaptic vesicles at the axon
terminal
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM
• Mitochondria
• scattered throughout the
cell body, dendrites, and
axons

• take part In the tricarboxylic

acid cycle

• production of energy
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• CYTOPLASM • CYTOPLASM
• Neuro brils • Micro lament
• bundles of neuro laments • measure about 3 to 5 nm In
diameter and are formed of
• measuring about 10 nm in actin
diameter
• periphery of the cytoplasm
• main component of the
cytoskeleton • key role In the formation of
new cell processes and the
• belong to the cytokeratin retraction of old ones and
family assist the microtubules in
axon transport
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• 4 TYPES
• astrocytes
• oligodendrocytes
• microglia
• ependyma
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• ASTROCYTES
• two types of astrocytes include brous
and protoplasmic

• Fibrous astrocytes are found mainly In

the white matter

• Protoplasmic astrocytes are found

mainly in the gray matter
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 NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• ASTROCYTE FUNCTION
• supporting framework for the nerve cells and nerve
bers

• serve as a sca olding for the migration of immature

neurons

• serve as electrical insulators preventing axon

terminals from in uencing neighboring and unrelated
neurons

• barriers for the spread of neurotransmitter substances

released at synapses

• able to take up excess K+ ions from the extracellular

space

• serve as phagocytes by taking up degenerating

synaptic axon terminals
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 NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• OLIGODENDROCYTES
• small cell bodies and a few delicate
processes

• their cytoplasm does not contain

laments

• found in rows along myelinated nerve

bers and surround nerve cell bodies
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 NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• OLIGODENDROCYTES FUNCTION
• formation of the myelin sheath of nerve
bers in the CNS

• formation and maintenance of myelin

around many CNS axons

• Myelination begins at about the 16th

week of Intrauterine life
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• Microglia
• derived from macrophages outside
the nervous system

• smallest of the neuroglial cells and

are found scattered throughout the
CNS

• increase In number in the presence

of damaged nervous tissue
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• MICROGLIA FUNCTION
• appear to be inactive and are
sometimes called resting microglial
cells

• they become the immune e ector

cells. They retract their processes
and migrate to the site of the lesion.

• proliferate and become antigen-

presenting cells, which, together with
the invading T lymphocytes
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• EPENDYMA
• line the cavities of the brain and the
central canal of the spinal cord

• single layer of cells that are cuboidal

or columnar

• possess microvilli and cilia

• cilia are often motile, and their
movements contribute to the ow of
the cerebrospinal uid (CSF)
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• EPENDYMA
• 3 groups
• Ependymocyte - lateral ventricles of
the brain and the central canal of the
spinal cord

• Tanycytes - oor of the third ventricle

• Choroidal epithelial cells - cover the
surfaces of the choroid plexuses
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NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• NEUROGLIA
• EPENDYMAL CELL FUNCTION
• Ependymocytes assist in CSF circulation
within the cavities of the brain and the
central canal of the spinal cord by the
movements of the cilia

• Tanycytes are thought to transport

chemical substances from the CSF to
the hypophyseal portal system

• Choroidal epithelial cells are involved in

the production and secretion of CSF
from the choroid plexuses
NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA
• EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
• extracellular space Is in almost direct continuity with the CSF In the
subarachnoid space externally and with the CSF in the ventricles of the
brain and the central canal of the spinal cord internally

• also surrounds the blood capillaries in the brain and spinal cord
• provides a pathway for the exchange of ions and molecules between
the blood and the neurons and gllal cells
GOOD DAY!