Supporting informations

Using Ionic Liquid Additive to Enhance Lubricating Performance for

Low-Viscosity Engine Oil

Chanaka Kumara,1* Lake Speed2, #, Michael B. Viola3, Huimin Luo4, Jun Qu1*
1Materials
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United
States
2COMP Performance Group, Driven Racing Oil, Memphis, TN, 38118, United States
3Research & Development Center, General Motors, 30470 Harley Earl Boulevard, Warren, MI, 48092,

United States
4 Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States

Number of pages:12
Number of figures:6
Number of tables:4

* Corresponding authors, chanakakapila@gmail.com; qujn@ornl.gov

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 a b
a a
a a

c
a
a

Figure S1. Friction traces of the cast iron flats-AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by (a)
EF(ZDDP), (b) EF(IL), and (c) EF(ZDDP+IL) at 100 oC.

Lubricant Cast iron flat (X2.5) AISI 52100 ball(X5)

EF(IL) 0W-12-T1

EF(IL) 0W-12-T2

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 EF(ZDDP) 0W-12-T1

EF(ZDDP) 0W-12-T2

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T1

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T2

Figure S2. Wear scar images of the cast iron flats-AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by
EF(ZDDP), EF(IL), and EF(ZDDP+IL) at 100 oC.

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 a b
a a
a a

c d
a a
a a

Figure S3. Friction traces of the cast iron flats- AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by (a) Mobil
1 0W-20 at 100 oC. (b) EF (ZDDP+IL) at 100 oC (c) Mobil 1 0W-20 at 150 oC.(d) EF (ZDDP+IL) at 150 oC.

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Lubricant T/oC Cast iron flat (X2.5) AISI 52100 ball(X5)
Mobil 1 0W-20-T1 100

Mobil 1 0W-20-T2 100

Mobil 1 0W-20-T3 100

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T1 100

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T2 100

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 Mobil 1 0W-20-T1 150

Mobil 1 0W-20-T2 150

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T1 150

Figure S4. Wear scar images of the cast iron flats-AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by Mobil 1
0W-20 and EF (ZDDP+IL) at 100 and 150 oC

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 a b
a a
a a

Figure S5. Friction traces of self-mate AISI 52100 tribo-system lubricated with (a) EF(ZDDP+IL) and (b)
Mobil 1 0W-20 oils at 100 oC for 20 km

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 Lubricant AISI52100 flat (X2.5) AISI 52100 ball(X5)
Mobil 1 0W-20-T1

Mobil 1 0W-20-T2

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T1

EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12-T2

Figure S6. Wear scar images of self-mate AISI 52100 flat and ball tribo-system lubricated with
EF(ZDDP+IL) and Mobil 1 0W-20 oils at 100 oC for 20 km.

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Table S1. Viscosities of selected EF oils and a commercial baseline.

Lubricant Viscosity (cP)

Temperature (oC)
23 40 100 150*
EF(ZDDP+IL) 0W-12 58.5 28.8 5.6 2.6
EF(ZDDP) 0W-12 59.6 29.2 5.6 2.6
EF(IL) 0W-12 57.0 28.1 5.5 2.5
Mobil 1 0W-20 73.8 35.7 6.9 3.1
*Viscosity at 150 oC was calculated by extrapolation in an approach similar to ASTM D341

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Table S2. Wear volumes of the cast iron flats-AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by EF(ZDDP),
EF(IL), and EF(ZDDP+IL) at 100 oC.

Lubricant Wear Volume (×107µm3)

Flat ball Total
EF(ZDDP)-T1 8.16 0.18 8.34
EF(ZDDP)-T2 16.70 0.71 17.41
EF(ZDDP)-avg 12.43±4.27 0.45±0.26 12.88±4.28
EF(IL)-T1 7.44 0.36 7.80
EF(IL)-T2 7.74 0.42 8.16
EF(IL)-avg 7.59±0.15 0.39±0.03 7.98±0.15
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T1 4.24 0.20 4.44
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T2 4.00 0.10 4.10
EF(ZDDP+IL)-avg 4.12±0.12 0.15±0.05 4.27±0.13

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Table S3. Wear volumes of the cast iron flats-AISI 52100 steel ball tribo-system lubricated by Mobil 1
0W-20 and EF (ZDDP+IL) at 100 and 150 oC

Lubricant Temperature/ oC Wear Volume (×107µm3)

Flat ball Total
Mobil 1-T1 100 9.86 0.173 10.03
Mobil 1-T2 100 3.81 0.104 3.91
Mobil 1-T3 100 5.27 0.186 5.45
Mobil 1-average 100 6.13±2.58 0.15±0.04 6.48±2.58
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T1 100 4.24 0.20 4.44
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T2 100 4.00 0.10 4.10
EF(ZDDP+IL)-avg 100 4.12±0.12 0.15±0.05 4.27±0.13
Mobil 1-T1 150 11.5 0.16 11.66
Mobil 1-T2 150 20.2 0.36 20.56
Mobil 1-avg 150 15.85±4.35 0.26±0.10 16.11±4.35
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T1 150 10.4 0.8 11.2

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Table S4. Wear volumes of self-mate AISI 52100 flat and ball tribo-system lubricated with EF(ZDDP+IL)
and Mobil 1 0W-20 oils at 100 oC for 20 km.

Lubricant Wear Volume (×106µm3)

Flat ball Total
Mobil 1 -T1 2.11 1.01 3.12
Mobil 1 -T2 2.31 1.28 3.59
Mobil 1 - avg 2.21±0.10 1.14±0.14 3.35±0.17
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T1 1.98 0.45 2.43
EF(ZDDP+IL)-T2 1.12 0.57 1.69
EF(ZDDP+IL)-avg 1.55±0.43 0.51±0.06 2.06±0.43

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