L1 - 2: Modulation and Communication Theories ‘Types of Electronic Communication: Simplex - one-way communication. It can send information in one direction only. * Examples: radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, computerto printer ‘communication, and keyboard-to-computer connections. * Full Duplex - a two-way communication system where both parties can talk and listen simultaneously, Examples: telephone calls, live chats, video calls/conferencing * Half Duplex is also a two-way communication system, but applies alternating directions, * Example: walkie-talkie-type, push-to-talk radio connection, browsing the internet (request and response) SIGNALS Asignalis an electronic wave that carries information from one point to another. Itcan travel through different mediums such asair, vacuum, water, and solid, In electronics, the signal is defined as a current, voltage, or wave carrying information and traveling long distances. ‘The speed of a signal wave is equalto the speed of light. Types of Signals: * Analog -refersto the data transmission in analog or continuous form © Digital - refers to the data transmission in the form of bits. ANALOG SIGNAL: => it isa continuous signal whose characteristics (amplitude, voltage, or frequency) changes continuously overa period of time. Example: * Inan analog audio signal, the voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.© Some examples: are light signals, electrical signals, human speech signals, and ‘mechanical signals. * Inanelectrical signal, the current, voltage, or frequency of the signalmay be varied to represent the information. ‘Analog signals are used to send information from one place to another place. Analog signals use some medium to transfer information from one place to another place. = Example: © Electrical signal uses copper cables; © Human speech usesair; ‘Analog signal are generally denoted by sine waves. In practice, the analog signal experiences noise and distortion in the process of, sending information from transmitter to receiver. DIGITALSIGNAL: => it is anon-continuous electrical signal, which is used to convey (send, receive, and process) information between the sender and receiver. => In digital signal, the original information (analog information) is converted into string of bits (digital information) before being transmitted. wy "ie => Digital Communication System is a collection of elements which works together to convey information between the senderand receiverin digital form. Example: Computers are digital in nature, they convey including store information in binary form. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS: => PERIODIC => APERIODICPERIODICSIGNAL: => Ananalog or digital signal which repeats itself aftera specific interval of => periodic signals are deterministicsignals.. Examples: sine wave, square wave, sawtooth wave, etc. APERIODICSIGNAL: => Ananalog or digital signal which does notrepeatitself aftera specific interval of time. => Aperiodic signals are random signals. Examples: sound signals from radio, and all types of noise signals. ANALOG COMMUNICATION Analog - refers to the continuous time-varying signal. => communication with the help of analog signals. It is communication from the sendertothe receiver in the form of an analog signal. => it isa collection of elements that works together to establish an analog communication bridge between the sender (transmitter) and receiver. Components of Analog Communication Block Diagram: + Information Source is the information or intelligence to be sent * Message Signalis information or intelligence in electrical form. * Modulator transforms the message signalinto a transmitted signal * Signals that are suitable for transmission are called Transmitted Signals. + Channel/Mediumisthe pathway of signals. * Demodulator converts the signal back to a form understandable by a human. + Information Consumer is the recipient of information or intelligenceDIGITALCOMMUNICATION Components of Digital Communication Block Diagram: Information Source is the information or intelligence to be sent. Source Encoder converts the message signalinto a sequence of bits. Information Bit is a basic unit of data/message used in digital communications, Modulator maps the coded bits to be sent to the channel. Channel/Medium isthe pathway of signals. Demodulator performs signal processing; produces bit estimates tobe fedtothe channeldecoder. Channel Decoder processes the imperfect bit estimates from the demodulator. * Source Decoder processes the estimated information bitsto obtain an estimates of the message. + Information Consumer is the recipient of information or intelligence. MODULATION => Modulation is an electronic method for transmitting information from one place to another. => Its the process by which a piece of information or intelligence is modified by the Carrier. => Carrier is a high-frequency signal, usually a sine-wave generated by an oscillator. => Original information or intelligence are called Baseband Signals. => Based Transmission is the process of putting the baseband signal directly into a medium. => Information or intelligenceis sent upon the carrier. => Carrier is fed to the modulator along with the baseband signal. => The intelligence signalwill be converted asa modulated carrier througha high-frequency carrier oscillator and modulator. => The modulated carrier is amplified and sentto the antenna (orany other channel/medium) for transmission FREQUENCY ( f) => The numberof cycles of a repetitive wave => Measured in cycles persecond (cps) or in Hertz (Hz) =>Givenas: peurNote: 1cps = 1Hz, where f= frequency (Hz); T= Period (seconds) Example: => What is the frequency of a signal with a period of 65ns? T= Period= 65ns Note: 1 second = 104-9, 1Hz = 10-6 MHz, 1Hz =.001KHz, 1Hz = 10*- 9GHz KHz = .001 MHz, 1KHz = 10"-6GHe, IMHe = .001GHz = 65ns =(65 x 104-9) s A/T = 1/(65x 10-9) f= 15.4 Miz 1: Using the frequency formula, find the frequency of awave where one cycle is completed in O.5s. Given:0.5s Formula: 1/T f=1/05 f=2Hz 2: The time fora certain wave to complete a single oscillation is 0.32 seconds. What is the frequency of this wave? Given: 0.325, Formula: 1/T ¥=1/0.32s 23.125 He 3: In 0.57 seconds, a certain wave can complete 15 oscillations. What is the frequency of thisGiven: cycle of repetitive wave = 15; T= 0.57 Formula: 15/0.57 f=15/0.57 ¥=26.316H2 WAVELENGTH (A) => The distance of a wave occupied by one cycle => Usually expressed in meters or miles => Given: Asef Where, ¢= speed of light;f= frequency (Hz) | v= wave speed Note: Speed of light is given as 3x10%8 m/s or 186,000 mi/s or 299,792,458 m/s Example: Find the wavelength of a 333 - MHz signal. Given: f= frequency = 333 MHz = (333 x 106) He Solution: A= ¢/f= (3x 108) m/s/ (333 x 10°6)Hz = 0.901 m Activity 1: Find the wavelength of awave travelingat 20 m/sat a frequency of SHz. Given: v= 20 m/s; f=5 Hz =W/f Solution:A= 20m/s / SHz Azam