SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY – MAIN CAMPUS

SOGOD, SOUTHERN LEYTE

INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

MA. RHADEL ANN LUZON – TALAGUIT

INSTRUCTOR
 • LEARNING PLAN

Make proposal on how the manual machines turns into automatic using the new
technology today.

• INTRODUCTION

The basic part of the computer are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard or
other input device, and a screen or other output device. How does a computer add or subtract, and how can its
memory remember the answer it computes? A computer does not have a human brain inside but acts in many
ways as though it does have a real one.
Notice how computer used different ways to connect to certain device. The computer monitor
uses a wire to connect to the computer unit while the mouse wirelessly connects to the laptop, etc. depending
on the situation, computers use different connection methods to do their tasks.
He advent of technologies specifically the development of information and communication
technology has changed the lives of people. Computers, for example, permeate everyday life as they are used in
various fields – in schools, malls and hospitals, among others.

• OPENNING ACTIVITY

Think and find a machines found in your house which IT is implemented. Examples are
machines that you found in your kitchen. Then, prepare a report guided by the following
questions:

1. How was IT implemented in the given machine?

2. If IT were removed in the observed setup, what possible manual processes would have
taken place instead?
3. What advantages have you observed? How about disadvantages?

ANSWER: OPENING ACTIVITY

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UNIT 5
IT, CULTURE, AND THE SOCIETY

• LESSONPROPER

LESSON 1 – Impacts of Information Technology

on Society in the new Century
Introduction
In the past few decades there has been a revolution in computing and communications, and all indications
are that technological progress and use of information technology will continue at a rapid pace.
Accompanying and supporting the dramatic increases in the power and use of new information
technologies has been the declining cost of communications as a result of both technological improvements
and increased competition. According to Moore’s law the processing power of microchips is doubling every
18 months. These advances present many significant opportunities but also pose major challenges. Today,
innovations in information technology are having wide-ranging effects across numerous domains of
society, and policy makers are acting on issues involving economic productivity, intellectual property
rights, privacy protection, and affordability of and access to information. Choices made now will have long
lasting consequences, and attention must be paid to their social and economic impacts.

One of the most significant outcomes of the progress of information technology is probably electronic
commerce over the Internet, a new way of conducting business. Though only a few years old, it may
radically alter economic activities and the social environment. Already, it affects such large sectors as
communications, finance and retail trade and might expand to areas such as education and health services.
It implies the seamless application of information and communication technology along the entire value
chain of a business that is conducted electronically.

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The following sections will focus on the impacts of information technology and electronic commerce on
business models, commerce, market structure, workplace, labour market, education, private life and society
as a whole.

Business Models, Commerce and Market Structure

One important way in which information technology is affecting work is by reducing the importance of distance.
In many industries, the geographic distribution of work is changing significantly. For instance, some software
firms have found that they can overcome the tight local market for software engineers by sending projects to
India or other nations where the wages are much lower. Furthermore, such arrangements can take advantage
of the time differences so that critical projects can be worked on nearly around the clock. Firms can outsource
their manufacturing to other nations and rely on telecommunications to keep marketing, R&D, and distribution
teams in close contact with the manufacturing groups. Thus the technology can enable a finer division of labour
among countries, which in turn affects the relative demand for various skills in each nation. The technology
enables various types of work and employment to be decoupled from one another. Firms have greater freedom
to locate their economic activities, creating greater competition among regions in infrastructure, labour, capital,
and other resource markets. It also opens the door for regulatory arbitrage: firms can increasingly choose which
tax authority and other regulations apply.
Computers and communication technologies also promote more market-like forms of production and
distribution. An infrastructure of computing and communication technology, providing 24-hour access at low
cost to almost any kind of price and product information desired by buyers, will reduce the informational
barriers to efficient market operation. This infrastructure might also provide the means for effecting real-time
transactions and make intermediaries such as sales clerks, stock brokers and travel agents, whose function is
to provide an essential information link between buyers and sellers, redundant. Removal of intermediaries
would reduce the costs in the production and distribution value chain. The information technologies have
facilitated the evolution of enhanced mail order retailing, in which goods can be ordered quickly by using
telephones or computer networks and then dispatched by suppliers through integrated transport companies
that rely extensively on computers and Communication technologies to control their operations. Nonphysical
goods, such as software, can be shipped electronically, eliminating the entire transport channel. Payments can
be done in new ways. The result is disintermediation throughout the distribution channel, with cost reduction,
lower end-consumer prices, and higher profit margins.
The impact of information technology on the firms’ cost structure can be best illustrated on the electronic
commerce example. The key areas of cost reduction when carrying out a sale via electronic commerce rather
than in a traditional store involve physical establishment, order placement and execution, customer support,
staffing, inventory carrying, and distribution. Although setting up and maintaining an e-commerce web site
might be expensive, it is certainly less expensive to maintain such a storefront than a physical one because it is
always open, can be accessed by millions around the globe, and has few variable costs, so that it can scale up to
meet the demand. By maintaining one ’store’ instead of several, duplicate inventory costs are eliminated. In
addition, e-commerce is very effective at reducing the costs of attracting new customers, because advertising
is typically cheaper than for other media and more targeted.
Moreover, the electronic interface allows e-commerce merchants to check that an order is internally consistent
and that the order, receipt, and invoice match. Through e-commerce, firms are able to move much of their
customer support on line so that customers can access databases or manuals directly. This significantly cuts
costs while generally improving the quality of service.
E-commerce shops require far fewer, but high-skilled, employees. E-commerce also permits savings in
inventory carrying costs. The faster the input can be ordered and delivered, the less the need for a large
inventory. The impact on costs associated with decreased inventories is most pronounced in industries where
the product has a limited shelf life (e.g. bananas), is subject to fast technological obsolescence or price declines
(e.g. computers), or where there is a rapid flow of new products (e.g. books, music). Although shipping costs
can increase the cost of many products purchased via electronic commerce and add substantially to the final
price, distribution costs are significantly reduced for digital products such as financial services, software, and
travel, which are important e-commerce segments.
Although electronic commerce causes the disintermediation of some intermediaries, it creates greater
dependency on others and also some entirely new intermediary functions. Among the intermediary services
that could add costs to e-commerce transactions are advertising, secure online payment, and delivery. The

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relative ease of becoming an e-commerce merchant and setting up stores results in such a huge number of
offerings that consumers can easily be overwhelmed. This increases the importance of using advertising to
establish a brand name and thus generate consumer familiarity and trust. For new e-commerce start-ups, this
process can be expensive and represents a significant transaction cost. The openness, global reach, and lack of
physical clues that are inherent characteristics of e-commerce also make it vulnerable to fraud and thus
increase certain costs for e-commerce merchants as compared to traditional stores. New techniques are being
developed to protect the use of credit cards in e-commerce transactions, but the need for greater security and
user verification leads to increased costs. A key feature of e-commerce is the convenience of having purchases
delivered directly. In the case of tangibles, such as books, this incurs delivery costs, which cause prices to rise
in most cases, thereby negating many of the savings associated with e-commerce and substantially adding to
transaction costs.
With the Internet, e-commerce is rapidly expanding into a fast-moving, open global market with an ever-
increasing number of participants. The open and global nature of e-commerce is likely to increase market size
and change market structure, both in terms of the number and size of players and the way in which players
compete on international markets. Digitized products can cross the border in real time, consumers can shop 24
hours a day, seven days a week, and firms are increasingly faced with international online competition. The
Internet is helping to enlarge existing markets by cutting through many of the distribution and marketing
barriers that can prevent firms from gaining access to foreign markets. E-commerce lowers information and
transaction costs for operating on overseas markets and provides a cheap and efficient way to strengthen
customer-supplier relations. It also encourages companies to develop innovative ways of advertising,
delivering and supporting their product and services. While e-commerce on the Internet offers the potential for
global markets, certain factors, such as language, transport costs, local reputation, as well as differences in the
cost and ease of access to networks, attenuate this potential to a greater or lesser extent.

Workplace and Labour Market

Computers and communication technologies allow individuals to communicate with one another in ways
complementary to traditional face-to-face, telephonic, and written modes. They enable collaborative work
involving distributed communities of actors who seldom, if ever, meet physically. These technologies utilize
communication infrastructures that are both global and always up, thus enabling 24-hour activity and
asynchronous as well as synchronous interactions among individuals, groups, and organizations. Social
interaction in organizations will be affected by use of computers and communication technologies. Peer-to-peer
relations across department lines will be enhanced through sharing of information and coordination of
activities. Interaction between superiors and subordinates will become more-tense because of social control
issues raised by the use of computerized monitoring systems, but on the other hand, the use of e-mail will lower
the barriers to communications across different status levels, resulting in more uninhibited communications
between supervisor and subordinates.
That the importance of distance will be reduced by computers and communication technology also favours
telecommuting, and thus, has implications for the residence patterns of the citizens. As workers find that they
can do most of their work at home rather than in a centralized workplace, the demand for homes in climatically
and physically attractive regions would increase. The consequences of such a shift in employment from the
suburbs to more remote areas would be profound. Property values would rise in the favoured destinations and
fall in the suburbs. Rural, historical, or charming aspects of life and the environment in the newly attractive
areas would be threatened. Since most telecommuters would be among the better educated and higher paid,
the demand in these areas for high-income and high-status services like gourmet restaurants and clothing
boutiques would increase. Also would there be an expansion of services of all types, creating and expanding job
opportunities for the local population.

By reducing the fixed cost of employment, widespread telecommuting should make it easier for individuals to
work on flexible schedules, to work part time, to share jobs, or to hold two or more jobs simultaneously. Since
changing employers would not necessarily require changing one’s place of residence, telecommuting should
increase job mobility and speed career advancement. This increased flexibility might also reduce job stress and
increase job satisfaction. Since job stress is a major factor governing health there may be additional benefits in
the form of reduced health costs and mortality rates. On the other hand one might also argue that technologies,

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by expanding the number of different tasks that are expected of workers and the array of skills needed to
perform these tasks, might speed up work and increase the level of stress and time pressure on workers.
A question that is more difficult to be answered is about the impacts that computers and communications might
have on employment. The ability of computers and communications to perform routine tasks such as
bookkeeping more rapidly than humans leads to concern that people will be replaced by computers and
communications. The response to this argument is that even if computers and communications lead to the
elimination of some workers, other jobs will be created, particularly for computer professionals, and that
growth in output will increase overall employment. It is more likely that computers and communications will
lead to changes in the types of workers needed for different occupations rather than to changes in total
employment.
A number of industries are affected by electronic commerce. The distribution sector is directly affected, as e-
commerce is a way of supplying and delivering goods and services. Other industries, indirectly affected, are
those related to information and communication technology (the infrastructure that enables e-commerce),
content-related industries (entertainment, software), transactions-related industries (financial sector,
advertising, travel, transport). Ecommerce might also create new markets or extend market reach beyond
traditional borders.
Enlarging the market will have a positive effect on jobs. Another important issue relates to
Inter linkages among activities affected by e-commerce. Expenditure for e-commerce-related intermediate
goods and services will create jobs indirectly, on the basis of the volume of electronic transactions and their
effect on prices, costs and productivity. The convergence of media, telecommunication and computing
technologies is creating a new integrated supply chain for the production and delivery of multimedia and
information content. Most of the employment related to e-commerce involves around the content industries
and communication infrastructure such as the Internet.
Jobs are both created and destroyed by technology, trade, and organizational change. These processes also
underlie changes in the skill composition of employment. Beyond the net employment gains or losses brought
about by these factors, it is apparent that workers with different skill levels will be affected differently. E-
commerce is certainly driving the demand for IT professionals but it also requires IT expertise to be coupled
with strong business application skills, thereby generating demand for a flexible, multi-skilled work force.
There is a growing need for increased integration of Internet front-end applications with enterprise operations,
applications and back-end databases. Many of the IT skill requirements needed for Internet support can be met
by low-paid IT workers who can deal with the organizational services needed for basic web page programming.
However, wide area networks, competitive web sites, and complex network applications require much more
skill than a platform-specific IT job. Since the skills required for e-commerce are rare and in high demand, e-
commerce might accelerate the up skilling trend in many countries by requiring high-skilled computer
scientists to replace low-skilled information clerks, cashiers and market salespersons.

Education

Advances in information technology will affect the craft of teaching by complementing rather than eliminating
traditional classroom instruction. Indeed the effective instructor acts in a mixture of roles. In one role the
instructor is a supplier of services to the students, who might be regarded as its customers. But the effective
instructor occupies another role as well, as a supervisor of students, and plays a role in motivating, encouraging,
evaluating, and developing students. For any topic there will always be a small percentage of students with the
necessary background, motivation, and self-discipline to learn from self-paced workbooks or computer assisted
instruction. For the majority of students, however, the presence of a live instructor will continue to be far more
effective than a computer assisted counterpart in facilitating positive educational outcomes. The greatest
potential for new information technology lies in improving the productivity of time spent outside the classroom.
Making solutions to problem sets and assigned reading materials available on the Internet offers a lot of
convenience. E-mail vastly simplifies communication between students and faculty and among students who
may be engaged in group projects.
Although distance learning has existed for some time, the Internet makes possible a large expansion in coverage
and better delivery of instruction. Text can be combined with audio/video, and students can interact in real
time via e-mail and discussion groups. Such technical improvements coincide with a general demand for
retraining and up skilling by those who, due to work and family demands, cannot attend traditional courses.
Distance learning via the Internet is likely to complement existing schools for children and university students,

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but it could have more of a substitution effect for continuing education programmes. For some degree
programmes, high-prestige institutions could use their reputation to attract students who would otherwise
attend a local facility. Owing to the Internet’s ease of access and convenience for distance learning, overall
demand for such programmes will probably expand, leading to growth in this segment of e-commerce.
As shown in the previous section, high level skills are vital in a technology-based and knowledge-intensive
economy. Changes associated with rapid technological advances in industry have made continual upgrading of
professional skills an economic necessity. The goal of lifelong learning can only be accomplished by reinforcing
and adapting existing systems of learning, both in public and private sectors. The demand for education and
training concerns the full range of modern technology. Information technologies are uniquely capable of
providing ways to meet this demand. Online training via the Internet ranges from accessing self-study courses
to complete electronic classrooms. These computer-based training programmes provide flexibility in skills
acquisition and are more affordable and relevant than more traditional seminars and courses.

Private Life and Society

Increasing representation of a wide variety of content in digital form results in easier and cheaper duplication
and distribution of information. This has a mixed effect on the provision of content. On the one hand, content
can be distributed at a lower unit cost. On the other hand, distribution of content outside of channels that
respect intellectual property rights can reduce the incentives of creators and distributors to produce and make
content available in the first place. Information technology raises a host of questions about intellectual property
protection and new tools and regulations have to be developed in order to solve this problem. Many issues also
surround free speech and regulation of content on the Internet, and there continue to be calls for mechanisms
to control objectionable content. However it is very difficult to find a sensible solution. Dealing with indecent
material involves understanding not only the views on such topics but also their evolution over time.
Furthermore, the same technology that allows for content filtering with respect to decency can be used to filter
political speech and to restrict access to political material. Thus, if censorship does not appear to be an option,
a possible solution might be labelling. The idea is that consumers will be better informed in their decisions to
avoid objectionable content.
The rapid increase in computing and communications power has raised considerable concern about privacy
both in the public and private sector. Decreases in the cost of data storage and information processing make it
likely that it will become practicable for both government and private data-mining enterprises to collect
detailed dossiers on all citizens. Nobody knows who currently collects data about individuals, how this data is
used and shared or how this data might be misused. These concerns lower the consumers’ trust in online
institutions and communication and, thus, inhibit the development of electronic commerce. A technological
approach to protecting privacy might by cryptography although it might be claimed that cryptography presents
a serious barrier to criminal investigations. It is popular wisdom that people today suffer information overload.
A lot of the information available on the Internet is incomplete and even incorrect. People spend more and
more of their time absorbing irrelevant information just because it is available and they think they should know
about it. Therefore, it must be studied how people assign credibility to the information they collect in order to
invent and develop new credibility systems to help consumers to manage the information overload.
Technological progress inevitably creates dependence on technology. Indeed the creation of vital
infrastructure ensures dependence on that infrastructure. As surely as the world is now dependent on its
transport, telephone, and other infrastructures, it will be dependent on the emerging information
infrastructure. Dependence on technology can bring risks. Failures in the technological infrastructure can cause
the collapse of economic and social functionality. Blackouts of long-distance telephone service, credit data
systems, and electronic funds transfer systems, and other such vital communications and information
processing services would undoubtedly cause widespread economic disruption. However, it is probably
impossible to avoid technological dependence. Therefore, what must be considered is the exposure brought
from dependence on technologies with a recognizable probability of failure, no workable substitute at hand,
and high costs as a result of failure.

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Conclusion

The ongoing computing and communications revolution has numerous economic and social impacts on modern
society and requires serious social science investigation in order to manage its risks and dangers. Such work
would be valuable for both social policy and technology design. Decisions have to be taken carefully. Many
choices being made now will be costly or difficult to modify in the future.

Internet of things
The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the Internet.
The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-
time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.[1] Traditional fields
of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building
automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT
technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices
and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home
appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with
that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers.
There are a number of serious concerns about dangers in the growth of IoT, especially in the areas
of privacy and security, and consequently industry and governmental moves to address these concerns have
begun including the development of international standards.

History
The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coca-
Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet-connected appliance, able to
report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold or not. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper
on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp
and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of the IoT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE
Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything
from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions
like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-
device communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos
in 1999.
The term "Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in
1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency
identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all
individual things.
Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected to the
Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with the
things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.
The key driving force behind the Internet of things is the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistor, or MOS transistor), which was originally invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell
Labs in 1959. The MOSFET is the basic building block of most modern electronics,
including computers, smartphones, tablets and Internet services. MOSFET scaling miniaturisation at a pace
predicted by Dennard scaling and Moore's law has been the driving force behind technological advances in
the electronics industry since the late 20th century. MOSFET scaling has been extended into the early 21st
century with advances such as reducing power consumption, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor device
fabrication, and multi-core processor technology, leading up to the Internet of things, which is being driven
by MOSFETs scaling down to nano-electronic levels with reducing energy consumption.

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Applications
The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and
infrastructure spaces.

Consumer applications
A growing portion of IoT devices are created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home
automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote monitoring capabilities.
Smart home
IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include lighting, heating and air
conditioning, media and security systems and camera systems. Long-term benefits could include energy
savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off.
A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and
appliances. For instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can have their home products and accessories
controlled by an application in iOS devices such as the iPhone and the Apple Watch. This could be a dedicated
app or iOS native applications such as Siri. This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home
Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without
the need for a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms
to connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Google Home, Apple's HomePod,
and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. In addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open
source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.
Elder care
One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities and elderly individuals.
These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. Voice
control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly
to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. They can also be equipped with additional safety
features. These features can include sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or
seizures. Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality
of life.
The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is estimated
that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.

Organizational applications
Medical and healthcare
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is an application of the IoT for medical and health related purposes,
data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. The IoMT has been referenced as "Smart
Healthcare", as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system, connecting available medical
resources and healthcare services.
IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. These health
monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of
monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing
aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when
a patient is attempting to get up. It can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support is applied
to the patient without the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare
IoT devices "can save the United States more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by increasing
revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical follow-up led to the
creation of 'm-health', used analyzed health statistics."
Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of
senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain

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lost mobility via therapy as well. These sensors create a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect,
process, transfer, and analyze valuable information in different environments, such as connecting in-home
monitoring devices to hospital-based systems. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as
connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. End-to-end health monitoring
IoT platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and
recurring medication requirements.
Advances in plastic and fabric electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost, use-and-
throw IoMT sensors. These sensors, along with the required RFID electronics, can be fabricated on paper or e-
textiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices. Applications have been established for point-of-care
medical diagnostics, where portability and low system-complexity is essential.
As of 2018 IoMT was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also in the healthcare and
health insurance industries. IoMT in the healthcare industry is now permitting doctors, patients, and others,
such as guardians of patients, nurses, families, and similar, to be part of a system, where patient records are
saved in a database, allowing doctors and the rest of the medical staff to have access to patient
information. Moreover, IoT-based systems are patient-centered, which involves being flexible to the patient's
medical conditions. IoMT in the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic
information. This includes sensor-based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices, and
mobile apps to track customer behaviour. This can lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models.
The application of the IoT in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic diseases and in disease
prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through the connection of powerful wireless
solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners to capture patient's data and applying complex
algorithms in health data analysis.
Transportation

Digital variable speed-limit sign

The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and
information processing across various transportation systems.
Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems
(i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables
inter- and intra-vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart
parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistics and fleet
management, vehicle control, safety, and road assistance. In Logistics
and Fleet Management, for example, an IoT platform can continuously
monitor the location and conditions of cargo and assets via wireless
sensors and send specific alerts when management exceptions occur
(delays, damages, thefts, etc.). This can only be possible with IoT
technology and its seamless connectivity among devices. Sensors such as
GPS, Humidity, and Temperature send data to the IoT platform and then
the data is analyzed and then sent to the users. This way, users can track the real-time status of vehicles and
can make appropriate decisions. If combined with Machine Learning, then it also helps in reducing traffic
accidents by introducing drowsiness alerts to drivers and providing self-driven cars too.

V2X communications
In vehicular communication systems, vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X), consists of three main
components: vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure communication (V2I) and
vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P). V2X is the first step to autonomous driving and connected road
infrastructure.

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Building and home automation
IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various
types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in home automation and building
automation systems. In this context, three main areas are being covered in literature.

 The integration of the Internet with building energy management systems in order to create energy
efficient and IOT-driven "smart buildings".
 The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption and monitoring occupant
behaviors.
 The integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might to know how to be used in
future applications.

Industrial applications
Also known as IIoT, industrial IoT devices acquire and analyze data from connected equipment, operational
technology (OT), locations and people. Combined with operational technology (OT) monitoring devices, IIoT
helps regulate and monitor industrial systems. Also, the same implementation can be carried out for automated
record updates of asset placement in industrial storage units as the size of the assets can vary from a small
screw till the whole motor spare part and misplacement of such assets can cause a percentile loss of manpower
time and money.

Manufacturing
The IoT can realize the seamless integration of various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing,
identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. Based on such a highly
integrated smart cyber-physical space, it opens the door to create whole new business and market
opportunities for manufacturing. Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and
situation management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial
applications and smart manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new
products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time optimisation of manufacturing production
and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to
optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IIoT. But it also extends itself to asset
management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize
reliability. Industrial management systems can also be integrated with smart grids, enabling real-time energy
optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other
functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.
Industrial IoT (IIoT) in manufacturing could generate so much business value that it will eventually lead to
the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also referred to as Industry 4.0. The potential for growth from implementing
IIoT may generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.
Industrial big data analytics will play a vital role in manufacturing asset predictive maintenance, although that
is not the only capability of industrial big data. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is the core technology of industrial
big data and it will be an interface between human and the cyber world.

Agriculture
There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind
speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to automate farming techniques, take informed
decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimise risk and waste, and reduce effort required to manage
crops. For example, farmers can now monitor soil temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-
acquired data to precision fertilisation programs.
In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using
the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management. Developed in part by
researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the
number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from

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the data the fish provide. The specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine
Learning and the Azure IoT Hub platforms.

Infrastructure applications
Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway
tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for
monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. The
IoT can benefit the construction industry by cost saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless
workflow and increase in productivity. It can help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-Time
Data Analytics. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by
coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used
to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and
operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination,
and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. Even areas
such as waste management can benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

Trends and characteristics

The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices connected and controlled
by the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean that the specifics can be very different
from one device to the next but there are basic characteristics shared by most.
The IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems,
resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human exertions.
The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4 billion in the year 2017 and it is estimated that
there will be 30 billion devices by 2020. The global market value of IoT is projected to reach $7.1 trillion by
2020.

Intelligence
Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet of things.
Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet structures, either. However,
there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to integrate the concepts of the IoT and autonomous
control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects as the driving force for autonomous
IoT. A promising approach in this context is deep reinforcement learning where most of IoT systems provide a
dynamic and interactive environment. Training an agent (i.e., IoT device) to behave smartly in such an
environment cannot be addressed by conventional machine learning algorithms such as supervised learning.
By reinforcement learning approach, a learning agent can sense the environment's state (e.g., sensing home
temperature), perform actions (e.g., turn HVAC on or off) and learn through the maximizing accumulated
rewards it receives in long term.
IoT intelligence can be offered at three levels: IoT devices, Edge/Fog nodes, and Cloud computing. The need for
intelligent control and decision at each level depends on the time sensitiveness of the IoT application. For
example, an autonomous vehicle's camera needs to make real-time obstacle detection to avoid an accident. This
fast decision making would not be possible through transferring data from the vehicle to cloud instances and
return the predictions back to the vehicle. Instead, all the operation should be performed locally in the vehicle.
Integrating advanced machine learning algorithms including deep learning into IoT devices is an active
research area to make smart objects closer to reality. Moreover, it is possible to get the most value out of IoT
deployments through analyzing IoT data, extracting hidden information, and predicting control decisions. A
wide variety of machine learning techniques have been used in IoT domain ranging from traditional methods
such as regression, support vector machine, and random forest to advanced ones such as convolutional neural
networks, LSTM, and variational autoencoder. In the future, the Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic
and open network in which auto-organized or intelligent entities (web services, SOA components) and virtual
objects (avatars) will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or shared
ones) depending on the context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior through the collection
and reasoning of context information as well as the object's ability to detect changes in the environment (faults

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affecting sensors) and introduce suitable mitigation measures constitutes a major research trend, clearly
needed to provide credibility to the IoT technology. Modern IoT products and solutions in the marketplace use
a variety of different technologies to support such context-aware automation, but more sophisticated forms of
intelligence are requested to permit sensor units and intelligent cyber-physical systems to be deployed in real
environments.

Architecture
IoT system architecture, in its simplistic view, consists of three tiers: Tier 1: Devices, Tier 2: the Edge Gateway,
and Tier 3: the Cloud. Devices include networked things, such as the sensors and actuators found in IIoT
equipment, particularly those that use protocols such as Modbus, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or proprietary protocols,
to connect to an Edge Gateway. The Edge Gateway consists of sensor data aggregation systems called Edge
Gateways that provide functionality, such as pre-processing of the data, securing connectivity to cloud, using
systems such as WebSockets, the event hub, and, even in some cases, edge analytics or fog computing. Edge
Gateway layer is also required to give a common view of the devices to the upper layers to facilitate in easier
management. The final tier includes the cloud application built for IIoT using the micro-services architecture,
which are usually polyglot and inherently secure in nature using HTTPS/OAuth. It includes
various database systems that store sensor data, such as time series databases or asset stores using backend
data storage systems (e.g. Cassandra, PostgreSQL). The cloud tier in most cloud-based IoT system features
event queuing and messaging system that handles communication that transpires in all tiers. Some experts
classified the three-tiers in the IIoT system as edge, platform, and enterprise and these are connected by
proximity network, access network, and service network, respectively.
Building on the Internet of things, the web of things is an architecture for the application layer of the Internet
of things looking at the convergence of data from IoT devices into Web applications to create innovative use-
cases. In order to program and control the flow of information in the Internet of things, a predicted architectural
direction is being called BPM Everywhere which is a blending of traditional process management with process
mining and special capabilities to automate the control of large numbers of coordinated devices.

Enabling technologies for IoT

There are many technologies that enable the IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to communicate
between devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may fulfill:

Addressability
The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and distinct identification through the Electronic
Product Code. This has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI. An alternative view, from the world
of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled)
addressable by the existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they
may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralised servers acting for their human
owners. Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a distinct identifier. Due to
the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion different addresses), objects in the IoT will have
to use the next generation of the Internet protocol (IPv6) to scale to the extremely large address space
required. Internet-of-things devices additionally will benefit from the stateless address auto-configuration
present in IPv6, as it reduces the configuration overhead on the hosts, and the IETF 6LoWPAN header
compression. To a large extent, the future of the Internet of things will not be possible without the support of
IPv6; and consequently, the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful
development of the IoT in the future.

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Application Layer
 ADRC defines an application layer protocol and supporting framework for implementing IoT applications.

Short-range wireless
 Bluetooth mesh networking – Specification providing a mesh networking variant to Bluetooth low
energy (BLE) with increased number of nodes and standardized application layer (Models).
 Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) – Wireless communication technology similar to the Wi-Fi standard, but
using visible light communication for increased bandwidth.
 Near-field communication (NFC) – Communication protocols enabling two electronic devices to
communicate within a 4 cm range.
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Technology using electromagnetic fields to read data stored in
tags embedded in other items.
 Wi-Fi – Technology for local area networking based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, where devices may
communicate through a shared access point or directly between individual devices.
 ZigBee – Communication protocols for personal area networking based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard,
providing low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high throughput.
 Z-Wave – Wireless communications protocol used primarily for home automation and security
applications

Medium-range wireless
 LTE-Advanced – High-speed communication specification for mobile networks. Provides enhancements to
the LTE standard with extended coverage, higher throughput, and lower latency.
 5G - 5G wireless networks can be used to achieve the high communication requirements of the IoT and
connect a large number of IoT devices, even when they are on the move.

Long-range wireless
Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) – Wireless networks designed to allow long-range
communication at a low data rate, reducing power and cost for transmission. Available LPWAN
technologies and protocols: LoRaWan, Sigfox, NB-IoT, Weightless, RPMA.

 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) – Satellite communication technology using small dish
antennas for narrowband and broadband data.

AUTOMATION
Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human
assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating
equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on
telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles
with minimal or reduced human intervention.
Automation covers applications ranging from a household thermostat controlling a boiler, to a large
industrial control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals.
In control complexity, it can range from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level algorithms.
In the simplest type of an automatic control loop, a controller compares a measured value of a
process with a desired set value, and processes the resulting error signal to change some input to the
process, in such a way that the process stays at its set point despite disturbances. This closed-loop

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control is an application of negative feedback to a system. The mathematical basis of control
theory was begun in the 18th century and advanced rapidly in the 20th.
Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic,
electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination. Complicated systems, such as
modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit of
automation includes labor savings, savings in electricity costs, savings in material costs, and
improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision.
The World Bank's World Development Report 2019 shows evidence that the new industries and jobs
in the technology sector outweigh the economic
effects of workers being displaced by automation.
Job losses and downward mobility blamed on
Automation has been cited as one of many factors in
the resurgence
of nationalist, protectionist and populist politics in
the US, UK and France, among other countries since
the 2010s. The term automation, inspired by the
earlier word automatic (coming from automaton),
was not widely used before 1947, when Ford
established an automation department. It was
during this time that industry was rapidly
adopting feedback controllers, which were
introduced in the 1930s.

Automation tools
Engineers can now have numerical control over automated devices. The result has been a rapidly expanding
range of applications and human activities. Computer-aided technologies (or CAx) now serve as the basis for
mathematical and organizational tools used to create complex systems. Notable examples of CAx
include Computer-aided design (CAD software) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM software). The
improved design, analysis, and manufacture of products enabled by CAx has been beneficial for industry.
Information technology, together with industrial
machinery and processes, can assist in the design, implementation, and
monitoring of control systems. One example of an industrial control
system is a programmable logic controller (PLC). PLCs are specialized
hardened computers which are frequently used to synchronize the flow
of inputs from (physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs
to actuators and events.
An automated online assistant on a website, with an avatar for
enhanced human–computer interaction.

Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human

interfaces (CHI), formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are
usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers.
Service personnel who monitor and control through HMIs can be called
by different names. In industrial process and manufacturing
environments, they are called operators or something similar. In boiler
houses and central utilities departments they are called stationary
engineers.
Different types of automation tools exist:

 ANN – Artificial Neural Network

 DCS – Distributed Control System
 HMI – Human Machine Interface

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 SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
 PLC – Programmable Logic Controller
 Instrumentation
 Motion control
 Robotics
Host simulation software (HSS) is a commonly used testing tool that is used to test the equipment software.
HSS is used to test equipment performance with respect to factory automation standards (timeouts, response
time, and processing time).

• CHAPTER KEY POINT

The internet of Things (IoT) poses both advantages and disadvantages. Other than connectivity, IoT
is capable of integrating technology and business, providing analytics, and securing network
connections. On the other hand, IoT faces many challenges in system requirements, connectivity,
power requirements, security, development and services.

• ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTION!! READ AND UNDERSTAND!!

Make a proposal of a manual machine or a tools that will be converted into automatic machine or can
be converted trough the new technology today base on your field of specialization (your major).
Given the following outline, upload your output on our Google Classroom, be sure that your proposal
is unique because if ever I found out that you have the same output with the other student I will send
it back to you and make a new one.
 Title
 Introduction
 History of the tool or machine
 Features of the innovated machine or tools
 Comparison of the manual and automatic proposed tools
 Benefits of the proposed tools or machine
 Differentiate your proposed tools or machine to the existing tools that are out in the
market today.

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