LESSON 4: SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN COUNSELING

- tends to be highly focused on

teaching clients new behaviors to
Settings in counseling:
minimize or eliminate the issue.
1. Government
2. Private Sector
3. Civil Society
B.F. SKINNER
4. Schools
- investigated operant conditioning of
5. Community
voluntary and involuntary behavior and
concluded that some behavior could be
3 schools of thought in Psychology
explained by the person’s motive.
that became very dominant:
1.Psychoanalysis
3 main behavior compelling techniques
2.Behaviorism
are : positive reinforcement, negative
3.Humanistic Perspective
reinforcement, and punishment.
SIGMUND FREUD
Psychoanalysis
Operant conditioning
- draws attention to the darker forces
- involves learning by reinforcement
of the unconscious and the influence
(e.g., rewards and punishment ).
that it has on how we feel about
ourselves.
IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)
- the proponent of Classical
Psychoanalytic therapy
conditioning which involves learning
-tends to be highly focused on
by association.
unearthing the underlying issues to
- studied natural reflexes and neutral
undress the symptoms, which will lead
stimuli and managed to condition dogs
to minimize or eliminate the
to salivate to the sound of a bell
symptoms.
through repeated association with the
sound of the bell and food.
Behaviorism
- focuses on the effects of
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
reinforcement on observable behavior.
- Represented by Carl Rogers (1902-
-proposes two main environmentally
1987), Abraham Maslow (1908-1970),
determined processes : classical
and George Kelly (1905-1966)
conditioning and operant conditioning
- Attempts to understand the conscious
Behavioral therapy
mind, free will, human dignity, and the
capacity of self-reflection and growth.
Humanistic therapeutic models
-are rooted in insight and focus on self- Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), and
development, growth, and
responsibilities.
-seek to help individuals gain self-
empowerment by recognizing their
strengths, creativity, and choice in
their given circumstances.
BASIC APPROACHES IN
COUNSELING
Psychoanalytic therapy
-Psychoanalysis based on Freud’s
explanation that human beings are
basically determined by psychic energy
and early experiences.
-These unconscious energy and
experiences drive people’s behavior in
the form of unconscious motives and
conflicts.
-The goal of a therapist is to help a
client become conscious of this energy
and early experiences and thereby
become empowered and harness
positively.
Adlerian therapy
-Developed by Alfred Adler (1870-
1937) who believed that the first six
years of life influence an individual. But
ensuing behavior depended on how
one interprets his/her past and its
continuing influence on him/her.
-For Adler, humans are motivated
primarily by social urges including by
power.
Existential therapy
-Key figures: Viktor Frankl (1905-1997),
Rollo May (1909-1994)
-Focuses on the human capacity to
define and shape his/her own life ,
give meaning to personal
circumstances through reflection,
decision-making, and self-awareness.
-It draws heavily on existentialist
philosophy that emphasizes human
freedom to define oneself, and that
our lives are not predetermined; we
have a responsibility to live and to see
in life what we chose.
Logotheraphy
- a psychotherapeutic approach based
on the idea that human beings are
most motivated by a search for
meaning or “will to meaning” which is
the minds’ and psyches’ biggest
stressor.
-Goal is to try to help people find
meaning through ‘creative values’,
experiential values’, and ‘attitudinal
values’.
Person-centered therapy
- Originated from Carl Rogers (1902-
1987).
-For Rogers, people get, share, or
surrender power and control over
themselves and others, and so
empowerment depended on the self
and such required non-directive
process.
-The process includes the counselor
to use of active listening , reflection of
feelings, clarification, and just “being
there” for the counselee in a non-
interventionist way.
Gestalt therapy
-Developed and introduced by
Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970).
-Commonly translated as “pattern”
or “form”
-It is an existential approach,
stressing that people must find their
own way in life and accept personal
responsibility for maturity. They
must develop an awareness of their
unfinished business from the past,
traumatic experiences in life, and
what they are doing in order for
them to bring about change in their
lives.
Gestalt therapy techniques
- include confrontation, dialog with
parties, role playing, reliving, and re-
experiencing unfinished business in
the form of resentment and guilt.
-Counselors push for doing and
experiencing rather than just talk
about one’s feelings as client. It
involves recognizing and letting go,
accompanied by actions like
breaking a glass or hitting something
hard.
Transactional analysis
-Developed by Eric Berne (1910-
1970)
-Its main uniqueness is its emphasis
on decisions and contracts that must
be made by the client.
-This approach believes that the
client has the potential for choice
and so, the contract made by the
client clearly states the directions
and goals of the therapeutic process.
Behavior therapy
-Also referred to as behavior
modification, is associated with
many theorist and among them are
Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, B.F.
Skinner, M.J. Mahoney, David L.
Watson, and A.E. Kazdin.
-Uses many action-oriented
methods to help people take steps
to change what they are doing and
thinking.
-This focuses on overt behavior,
precision in specifying the goals of
treatment, and the development of
specific treatment plan.
-In this approach the counselor is
active and directive, and functions as
a teacher in helping clients work on
improving behavior.
Rational-emotive therapy
-Developed by Albert Ellis (1913-
2007)
-A form of cognitively-oriented
behavioral therapy and is based on
the assumption that human beings
are born with a potential for both
rational or straight thinking, and
irrational or crooked thinking.
-This approach focuses on helping
clients accept themselves as people
who would continue to make
mistakes, yet at the same time learn
to live with themselves and be at
peace with themselves.
-Ellis stressed that through thinking ,
judging, deciding ,and doing, people
can change their cognitive, emotive,
and behavioral processes and react
different from their usual pattern.
Reality therapy
- Founded and promoted by William
Glasser (1925-2013)
-This is a short term approach that
focuses on the present and
highlights a client’s strength.
-Based on the principle that humans
choose to behave in certain ways
and that these choices can help or
hamper your success.
-It stresses that a client can learn
more realistic behavior and are
responsible for what they do and
how they think and feel.
-What client needs from counselor is
encouragement to asses the current
style of living then leave them to
employ a process of honest self-
examination, leading and resulting
to improvement of one’s quality of
life.
PROCESSES OF COUNSELING
STAGE 1: Relationship Building
- This is the heart of counseling
process because it provides the
force and foundation for the
counseling to succeed.
STAGE 2: Assessment And Diagnosis
-This serves as the window for the
counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s
condition.
STAGE 3: Formulation Of Counseling
Goals
- Goals are important as it sets the
direction of the counseling process.
STAGE 4: Intervention And Problem
Solving
-Interventions comprise of
individual, group, couples, and
family counseling
STAGE 5: Termination And Follow-
Up
-The essential goal of counseling is
to witness progress on his/her own
without the assistance of the
counselor
STAGE 6: Research And Evaluation
-This stage can be undertaken at any point
in the counseling stage