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Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied
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DISCUSSION
 Lesson 3

Counseling and Its Clientele,

Audience, Settings, Processes,
Methods and Tools
 COUNSELING AND ITS
CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCE
The clientele and audiences of the
counseling profession come from different
settings. Counselors deal with a mixture of
people with different concerns and issues.
People who People who
abuse drugs use Tobacco
People who abuse Women
Alcohol
Older Adults
People with Aids
 Gay Men and
Victims of Abuse
Lesbian Women
The Individual as Client of Counseling
⮚The individual who needs to be helped to
manage well a life-changing situation or
personal problem or crisis and other support
needs may undergo counseling as an
individual.
⮚The individual needs capacitation to be able to
manage well their unique circumstances, which
may be very difficult to endure alone.
The Group and Organization as Client of
Counseling
⮚Group exist in communities, organizations,
students in schools, teachers in school, and
departments in workplaces, and such an entity
can undergo group counselling to meet
counselling needs on that level.
⮚The needs can range from desire to reduce
conflicts or manage it, become more productive
as a team or work better together.
The Community as Client of Counseling
⮚When people experience something
collectively, which may be socially
troubling and constitute the danger of
blocking their collective capacity to
move on, counseling is necessary to be
undertaken on a community level.
 THE PROCESSES IN COUNSELING
The counseling process is considered as an
art and a science. The art, which is the
subjective part, requires counseling to be
sensitive to the world of the client. The
science which represents the objective part
of the process requires the use of scientific
tools to obtain comprehension on what is
happening during the different stages of the
counseling process.
 Counseling Hour
(The 50 Minute Hour)
THE COUNSELING PROCESS
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
These involve the theoretical orientations of
counselors and their corresponding
approaches. The theories and method will be
divided into three parts namely:
⮚ Classical Theories
⮚ Experiential Theories
⮚ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
 CLASSICAL
THEORIES
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud an
Austrian neurologist and
the founder of
psychoanalysis, a clinical
method for treating
psychopathology through
dialogue between a patient
and a psychoanalyst.
 Psychoanalytic Theory
⮚Popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an
analysis of the mind.
⮚Its objective is to restructure the personality by
resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses
in the internal forces such as unconscious
processes.
⮚It focuses on personal adjustment through
reorganization of internal forces within the person
to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
The following techniques may be used:
✔Free association - a method to encourage the patient to
discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release
suppressed emotions.
✔Dream analysis - a method to explore unconscious process
using dreams.
✔Confrontation and clarification - a form of feedback
procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to
him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
✔Interpretation - a process of giving insights to patients
about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler an Austrian
medical doctor, psychotherapist,
and founder of the school of
individual psychology. His
emphasis on the importance of
feelings of inferiority, the inferiority
complex, is recognized as an
isolating element which plays a key
role in personality development.
 Individual Psychology
The approach of Adler in
counseling and psychotherapy
focuses on the role of cognition in
psychological functioning. Its
objective is to gain an
understanding of the clients and
assess why clients behave and
think in certain ways.
 Adlerian techniques can be explained in
four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy
FIRST PHASE: Establishing the Relationship
✔Use of listening skills – promotes mutual trust and
respect
✔Winning respect and offering hope – increase the
client’s motivation
✔Encouragement – gives the feeling of support to the
clients
SECOND PHASE: Performing Analysis and
Assessment
✔Lifestyle Analysis – identify the client’s
strength
✔Dream analysis may be used to conduct
lifestyle analysis – an attempt to deal with
difficulties and challenges of life
THIRD PHASE: Promoting Insight
✔Insight Process – allows clients to
understand the dynamics of self-
defeating patterns and utilize the
insight.
FOURTH PHASE: Reorientation
✔Spitting in the Client’s Soup – determining the pay-off
the game and interpreting it to the client.
✔The push-button techniques – symbolizes the amount of
control client’s can exert when they push the button and
put the stop to self-defeating process.
✔Catching oneself – used to avoid self-defeating patterns
✔Acting as-if – “can do”, acting as if client can di whatever
he/she wants.
✔Task setting and commitment – provides a structure as
homework assignment, “effort to change”.
Analytical Psychology
Carl Gustav Jung was a
Swiss psychiatrist and
psychoanalyst who founded
analytical psychology. Jung's
work was influential in the
fields of psychiatry,
anthropology, archaeology,
literature, philosophy, and
religious studies.
 Analytical Psychology
The counseling and psychology approach
of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of
the unconscious processes in
“psychological functioning.” The
approach applies dreams and other
procedures to determine the unconscious
processes to utilize the result to boost
the functioning of personality and to
enhance mental health and wellness.
 EXPERIENTIAL
THEORIES
Person-Centered Counseling
Carl Ransom Rogers
an American
psychologist and among
the founders of the
humanistic approach to
psychology.
 Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
✔Counselor Congruence – counselors must be
congruent with what they experience and what they
communicate.
✔Empathic Understanding – counselors must
attempt to understand the client from the client’s
perspective or frame of reference.
✔Unconditional Positive Regard – implies that it is
vital for the counselors to have sense of acceptance and
respect to the client.
Manifestation that the client is ready to move
toward self actualization
✔ Openness to experience
✔ Self trust
✔ Possesses internal source of evaluation
✔ Willingness to grow
Gestalt Therapy Friedrich Salomon Perls
better known as Fritz Perls,
was a German-born
psychiatrist, psychoanalyst
and psychotherapist. Perls
coined the term 'Gestalt
therapy' to identify the form
of psychotherapy that he
developed with his wife,
Laura Perls, in the 1940s
and 1950s.
 Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now. It refers
to the dialogue between the therapist
and the client wherein the client
experiences from the inside what the
therapist observes from the outside. The
goal of the approach is awareness on
the environment, of responsibility for
choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
Gestalt’s technique include the following:
✔Assuming responsibility - rephrase the
statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
✔Using personal pronouns - take personal
responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
✔Now i am aware - assists the clients to get in touch
with himself/herself.
✔The empty chair technique - helps client work
through conflicting parts of personality.
 THEORIES: RATIONAL EMOTIVE
BEHAVIOR AND TRANSACTION
ANALYSIS
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis an American
psychologist who in 1955
developed Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy. He held
MA and PhD degrees in
clinical psychology from
Columbia University and the
American Board of
Professional Psychology.
 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

✔REBT highlights the role of cognitions

on emotions with assertion that
persons can be best appreciated in
terms of internal cognitive dialogue or
self-talk.
✔REBT views the emotional disorder is
associated with cognitive processes
that are not rational.
Rebt techniques:
✔Cognitive - reforming ideas that are reasonable and
irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
✔Emotive techniques - focus on the client’s
“affective or emotional domain”
✔Behavioral techniques - Focus on the full array of
behavioural methods such as assertiveness training,
relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring,
and homework assignments.
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Temkin Beck an
American psychiatrist who is
professor emeritus in the
department of psychiatry at
the University of
Pennsylvania. He is regarded
as the father of both
cognitive therapy and
cognitive behavioral therapy.
 Cognitive Therapy

Highlights the vitality of cognitive

thinking particularly
dysfunctional thoughts. This
counseling approach is
appropriate for people suffering
from depression and anxieties.
Techniques:
✔Decatastrophizing - referred to as “what if”.
✔Redefining - rearticulating an obstacle to something
that may be useful.
✔Decentering - This will help the client apprehend that
they are not the “center of attention”.
✔Behavioral techniques – this method applies a
broad selection of methods to assist clients obtaining
‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult
situations, and exposing them to feared, preparing for
difficult situations, and exposing them to feared
situations”.
Transactional Analysis
Eric Berne a Canadian-born
psychiatrist who created the
theory of transactional
analysis as a way of explaining
human behavior. Berne's
theory of transactional
analysis was based on the
ideas of Freud but was
distinctly different.
 Transactional Analysis
It refers to examining and dissecting
transactions between people. It
includes evaluating the “three ego
state of parent, adult, and child of
each person”. The fundamental goal
is for the client to be “autonomous,
self-aware, spontaneous and have
the capacity for intimacy.”
Techniques:
✔Structural analysis - assists clients to be conscious
of their “three ego”.
✔Transactional analysis - assists clients to “learn to
communicate with complementary transactions.”
✔Script analysis - looks into the “type of life script the
client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
✔Analysis of games - comprise of determining “what
games the clients play and how the games interfere with
interpersonal functioning.”
ANY QUESTIONS
OR
CLARIFICATION?
Thank you for
listening