Learning on Vibration

Useful for turbomachinery

maintenance
By Ankit Shakyawar
Introduction
 Amplitude:
 Displacement: Micron Pk-Pk, Mils – Pk-Pk
 Velocity: mm/sec Pk or RMS
 Acceleration: g Pk or RMS
 Frequency
 Cycles per second or Cycle per minute
Machine Properties
 Properties of machine system are
 Mass
 Stiffness
 Damping
 Stiffness is rigidity of a system which resist deformation

(in N/m)
Machine Properties

Rotor Excitation and Vibration Response

Machine

Input force Vibration

(output)

 Vibration forces either internally or externally cause

vibration called excitation
 Forces can’t be measured directly of its origin and
magnitudes. So, forces are inferred from vibration.
 Magnitude of vibration depends on machine design and
system properties
Rotor Excitation and Vibration Response
 Transfer function is used to find magnitude of force from
vibration
 Trial weight are used in the balancing to get the transfer
function of phase lag and balance sensitivity. Applied force
is known trial weight. This help in sorting out unbalance
vibration.
 The excitation in machinery causes vibration that result
bearing wearing, structural damage, misalignment.
Fault Induced
SOURCE-Excitation Frequency (Multiple of RPM)
Mass Unbalance 1x
Misalignment 1x, 2x
Bent Shaft 1x
Mechanical looseness Odd order of x
Casing & foundation 1x
Anti-frictional bearing Bearing frequencies (non integers)
Design Induced
Source Frequency
Asymmetric shaft 2x
Gear Mesh (N-teeth) Nx
Coupling (m-Jaws) mx
Fluid film bearing 0.43 to 0.47x
Blades & Vanes mx
Vibration Response
 Rotating machine is made up of many components-shaft,
disks, bearing and structure. This system absorb and
dissipate energy during internal disturbances. It produce
unique pattern of motion called vibration response.
 Vibration response depends upon Machinery Design.
Free Vibration
 Vibration that occur naturally and no energy is being
added to machine system
 The machine shall vibrate with some inputs of energy and
dies away with time as energy dissipated
 Free vibration often called self excited vibration
 The machine system if does not have enough damping
and not dies its own, the system will go violent and
destroy the machine.
Forced Vibration
 Forced vibration is one where vibration occur when a time
varying external force act on system.
 Periodic input can be harmonic or a non-harmonic
disturbance.
 Forced vibration has two part – transient and steady state
vibration
 Forcing function such as mass unbalance initiate combination
of transient and steady state vibrations in the system for short
time.
 The transient vibration dies out due to damping after system
reach steady state condition and governed by vibratory force,
damping and natural frequency.
 Vibratory motion of system shall follow x=Xsin(ωt- ɸ)
Time Domain Interpretation
 Time domain is plot constructed by amplitude in Y-axis and
time in X-axis.
 Construction of time domain is first process in A/D
conversion of raw signal
 Used for identification of overall true amplitude and vibration
severity
 Optimum display of time waveform is necessary to get
maximum amount of physical information
 The fundamental time T of once per revolution frequency
yields the best phase angle resolution to display for basic
balancing
 Atleast six to ten repetitions of event should be displayed for
detailed examination
Time Domain Interpretation
 Set Fmax on FFT to have high enough so that principle
frequency is at least 25% lower of spectrum or set data
acquisition to display six to eight cycles of vibration at
fundamental frequency
 Configure time for display T = N/Fmax
 Determine fundamental frequency and compare to rpm.
 Check waveform shape – truncation, modulation, beats,
pulses, glitch and order.
 Relate shape to physics or fault of machine
 Check waveform for synchronous or non-synchronous
harmonics and order
Time Domain Shape Interpretation
 Harmonic- mass unbalance, eccentricity, misalignment and
bent shaft.
 Truncation 1x: Excessive unbalance, thermal growth,
bearing clearance issue, rubs and pedestal non-linearity
 Truncated harmonics – Gear mesh, blade pass natural
frequency and non-linear behaviour
 Orders- Misalignment and looseness
 Multiple harmonics- Motor & generators slot passing,
gears, vane pass and bearing fault
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Examples of Time Domain Interpretation
Frequency Domain Interpretation
 Plot constructed by amplitude in Y-axis and frequency in
X-axis
 Primary plot to evaluate machinery plot
 Direct frequency analysis techniques
 Side band, beats sum and difference can be easily
identified
 Identify severity of fault by evaluating side bands
Frequency span setup
 Select the highest frequency span for setup

Component Frequency Span

Shaft vibration 10 x rpm
Gearbox 3 x GMF
Rolling Element bearing 10 x BPFI
Pumps 3 x VPF
Motors/Generators 3 x 2 LF
Fan/Blowers 3 x BPF
Sleeve/Journal/Tilting Pad 10 x rpm
bearing
Frequency Domain Interpretation
 First task of analysis is to identify the dominant
fundamental frequency in the spectrum
 Identify operating speed, vane pass, gear mesh or multiple
or submultiple of operating speed
 Identify peak components amplitude in the spectrum and
evaluate severity
 Look for the presence of sidebands, beats, spectral noise,
data clipping and ghost frequency
Examples of Frequency Domain Interpretation
Examples of Frequency Domain
Interpretation
Examples of Frequency Domain
Interpretation
Examples of Frequency Domain
Interpretation
Examples of Frequency Domain
Interpretation
Vibration Control
 Some of the vibration problem are unbalance, resonance
and critical speed issue, misalignment, defective gear and
bearings etc.
 Vibration problem of machinery controlled by following
method
 Force Reduction
 Mass Addition
 Tuning
 Isolation
 Damping
Force reduction and mass addition
 The machinery under motion exhibit vibration. The acceptance
and unacceptance depend on magnitude of the force acting on
it
 The higher force contribute higher vibration in the rotating
machines such as excessive mass unbalance, severe
misalignment, defective bearings or worn out gears
 Controlling or reducing such forces directly is known as force
reduction techniques
 In some cases, the forces may not be reduced further such as
impacting forces (e.g. reciprocating forces). The mass addition
is best solution for such kind of problem
 Keeping force constant and simply adding mass, acceleration of
machine will be reduced.
 Force = Mass x Accelration
Tuning

Tuning
 Changing natural frequency involves stiffness and mass change
– machine design needs to be altered – shaft bearing impeller
mass and structure
 Before attempting tuning or design change evaluation of
natural frequency is must whether it is below or above
operating speed.
 It is often difficult to change natural frequency so tuning the
natural frequency away from forcing frequency is best option
 If the natural frequency is lower than forcing frequency then
natural frequency should be lowered or vice versa.
 To lower the natural frequency mass of machine system must
be increased or stiffness should be decreased. Both actions
may compromise the structure strength so natural frequency
is preferred if it can be accomplished
Damping
 Damping is system property to control vibration by dissipating energy in the form
of heat and sound
 Determining the cause of damping is difficult in practical systems, hence damping is
modeled as following types:
 Viscous damping: the mechanical system vibrate in fluid medium such as air, gas, water or
oil ; the resistance offered by fluid to moving body cause energy to be dissipated
 Amount of dissipating energy depends on
 Size and shape of vibrating body
 Viscosity of fluid
 Frequency of vibration
 Velocity of vibrating body
 Damping force is proportional to velocity of vibrating body
 Force = -CV (C-Damping factor)
 Typical example
 Fluid film between sliding surface
 Fluid between rotor and casing
 Fluid in journal bearing
Coulomb or dry friction damping
 Coulomb damping caused by friction between rubbing
surfaces are either dry or have insufficient lubrication
 The coulomb dmaping force is constant in magnitude and
opposite in direction of motion of vibrating body.
 It depends upon nature of sliding surfaces and normal
pressure between them
Force = -µN
Material Damping
 Termed as structural damping caused by internal frication
within a material
 When a material is deformed, energy is absorbed and
dissipated by material. The effect is due to friction between
internal planes, which slip or slides as deformation take place.
 Structural damping has various effects in structural and
mechanical system:
 Reduce amplitude at resonance
 Cause more rapid decay of free vibration
 Less noise is radiated to adjacent areas
 Damping is effective in controlling vibration at or close to
resonance.
Isolation
 Isolation is a process of controlling vibration in which vibratory
force is phased against vibrating mass of the machine.
 Basically it is insertion of isolator (resilient member) between
vibrating mass and base so that a reduction of dynamic response of
system is achieved under specific condition of vibration excitation.
 Used in following situation
 Protecting machinery foundation or base against vibratory forces
 Protecting the machine against vibration of its foundation or base
(Transmission of vibration)
 Example
 Large reciprocating machiner
 Large forging or pressing machines