UNIVERSITY OF SIALKOT (USKT)

NAME’S: 1. Usman Hassan 6. Aqsa Ameer

2. Amina Riaz 7. Muhammad Aftab

3. Umair Ali 8. Ayesha Zafar

4. Aimon Joseph 9. Urooj Iqbal

5. Hasan Ali 10. Muhammad Usama

ROLL NO’S: 1. 20104009-001 6. 201040009-007

2. 20104009-002 7. 20104009-008

3. 20104009-003 8. 20104009-009

4. 20104009-005 9. 20104009-010

5.20104009-006 10.20104009-021

COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH-1

COURSE CODE: ENG-1001

DEPARTMENT: BS-MATHEMATICS

SUBMITTED TO: ANIB SHABBIR

DATE: 6 JAN 2021

 NAME: USMAN HASSAN

ROLL NO: 20104009-001

TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT: SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

SUBJECT -VERB AGREEMENT

Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means
that subjects and verbs must agree with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if
a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be
plural.

Example

 She writes every day. In this the subject “she” and the verb “writes” both are singular.
 They write every day. In this the subject “they” and the verb “write” both are plural.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

There are several types of subject-verb agreement that are as follows

 Compound subjects using "and"

 Singular nouns using "or" or "nor"
 Singular and plural nouns using "or" or "nor"
 Singular subjects that sound plural
 Singular subjects that end in "s"
 Collective nouns
 Accompanying expressions

 Compound Subjects Using "And":

When a subject's sentence is made up of two or more nouns or pronouns combined by the
conjunction "and" writers should use a plural verb. The sentence "Matt and Ryan were at the
park". uses proper subject-verb agreement because Matt and Ryan are two people, and "were"
is a plural verb.

 Singular Nouns Using "Or" or "Nor":

When a subject's sentence is made up of two or more singular nouns or pronouns combined by
the conjunction "or" or the conjunction "nor" the writer should use a singular verb. The subject
and verb of the sentence "The red pen or the blue pen is on my desk" are in agreement
because only one of the two pens is on the desk, and the verb "is" is a singular verb.
  Singular and Plural Nouns Using "Or" or "Nor":
When a subject's sentence is comprised of one or more singular nouns or pronouns and one or
more plural nouns or pronouns combined with "or" or "nor", the writer should use the form of
the verb that agrees with whichever noun is closest to the verb. For example, the sentence "My
brother or my sisters get the mail every day." uses the plural verb "get" since the plural noun
"sisters" is nearest to the verb.

 Singular Subjects that Sound Plural:

Writers must be careful when using the singular nouns "either," "neither," everyone,"
"everybody," anyone," "nobody" and "no one." Although these nouns sound as though they
may refer to more than one person or thing, they are all singular and should therefore be paired
with singular verbs. The sentence "Everybody likes my mom's cooking." Use the singular verb
"likes" because "everybody" refers to each individual "body," or person.

 Singular Subjects that End in "S":

Nouns such as "mathematics" ,"news" and "social studies" are singular even though they end
in "s" and should be followed by singular verbs. The sentence "Mathematics is my least
favorite subject." uses the singular verb "is" because mathematics is one discipline.

 Collective Nouns:
Some nouns such as "team", "group", "band", "family" and "class" imply the involvement
of several people, but are, nonetheless, singular nouns because they refer to collective entities.
The sentence "The band sings my favorite song." uses the singular verb "sings." Although the
band is comprised of more than one member, the subject "band" refers to the group as a whole
unit.
 Accompanying Expressions:
A singular subject remains singular when followed by expressions such as "with",
"accompanied by", "including" and "as well" and should still be followed by a singular verb.
The sentence "My wife, accompanied by her friend, volunteers at the preschool every
Thursday." uses the singular verb "volunteers" because the addition of the phrase
"accompanied by her friend" does not affect the singularity of the sentence's subject.

RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

The rules of subject-verb agreement are as follows

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the
background of the concept.
Examples:
 The dog growls when he is angry.
 The dogs growl when they are angry.
2.  Subordinate clauses that come between the subject and verb don't affect their agreement.
Example:
 The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
3.  Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement.
Example:
 The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.

4. When sentences start with "there" or "here," the subject will always be placed after the verb.
Some care needs to be taken to identify each part correctly.

Examples:

 There is a problem with the balance sheet.

 Here are the papers you requested.
5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify the
subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use.
Example:
 Where are the pieces of this puzzle?

6. If two subjects are joined by "and," they typically require a plural verb form.

Example:

 The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.

7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by "and" refer to the same person or thing as
a whole.

Example:

 Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.

8. If one of the words "each," "every," or "no" comes before the subject, the verb is singular.

Example:

 No smoking or drinking is allowed.
 Every man and woman is required to check in.

9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor,"
"either/or," or "not only/but also," the verb is singular.

Example:

 Either Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.

10. The only time the object of the preposition decides plural or singular verb forms is when
noun and pronoun subjects like "some," "half," "none," "more," or "all" are followed by a
prepositional phrase. Then the object of the preposition determines the form of the verb.
Example:
 All of the chicken is gone.
 All of the chickens are gone.

11. The singular verb form is usually reserved for units of measurement or time.

Example:

 Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.

12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor,"
"either/or," or "not only/but also," the verb is plural.

Example:

 Not only dogs but also cats are available at the animal shelter.

13. If one subject is singular and the other is plural, and the words are connected by the words
"or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," or "not only/but also," use the verb form of the subject that
is nearest the verb.

Example:

 Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo.

 Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped from the zoo.
14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular verbs (with some exceptions).
Example:
 Everybody wants to be loved.

15. The exceptions to the above rule include the pronouns "few," "many," "several," "both,"
"all," and "some." These always take the plural form.
Example:
 Few were left alive after the flood.
16. If two infinitives are separated by "and," they take the plural form of the verb.
Example:
 To walk and to chew gum requires great skill.
17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the verb.
However, when they are linked by "and," they take the plural form.
Example:
 Standing in the water was a bad idea.
 Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.
18. A collective noun, such as "team" or "staff," can be either singular or plural depending upon
the rest of the sentence. Typically, they take the singular form, as the collective noun is treated as
a cohesive single unit.
Example:
 The herd is stampeding.

19. Titles of books, movies, novels, and other similar works are treated as singular and take a
singular verb.

Example:

 The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.

20. Final rule: Remember, only the subject affects the verb! Nothing else matters.

Example:

 Jacob, who owns sixteen houses, is on his way to becoming a billionaire.

Assignment # 03

University Of Sialkot

LOGO OF UNIVERSITY

Topic: 1 what is subject verb agreement.

2 what are prefixes and suffixes.

Name:Amina Riaz

Roll No:02

Department:Bs Maths

Semester:1st

Subject: English 1

Course Code:1001

Course Title:ENG 1001

Submitted To:Anab Shabbir

 Date:6 Jan 2021

Question # 1

What is subject verb agreement?

Definition:

Subject verb agreement is a grammaticalrule which states that:-

“ Subject and verb in a sentence must agree in a number”

Explanation:

Agreement or concord happens when a word changes form depending on other words to
which it relates.it is an instance of inflection and usually involves making the value of some
grammatical category “agree”between varried words or parts of sentence.

In other words they both must be singular or they both must be plural.We can't have a singular
subject with a plural verb or vice versa.

Agreement:-

The “subject” of a sentence is who or what a sentence is about.

The verb is the action in the sentence.

The subject and verb must work together to a agree .This makes the sentence sound good.

Common rules:

#1: If the noun is singular,then U will add a” S” to the verb.

Example: The girl jumps rope at recess.

#2: If the noun is plural, than verb has no” S” at the end.

Example:The girls jump rope at recess.

Exceptions:

“ I “ and “you” or exceptions.I and you are both singular subjects.When we use them we don’t
add an Sat the end of verb.

Examples:

1. I jump rope at recess.

2. You jump rope at recess.
Conclusion:

A singular subject takes singular verb and verb ends at S. The plural verb takes plural verb
and does not end at S, exceptions are there.

Rules for subject verb agreement:

Rules for subject verb agreement are stated as below:

Rule 1.

“A verb agrees with it’s subject in number”.

• The car stays in garage.

• The flower smells good.

The rule for singular and plural verbs is just opposite of the rule for singular and plural
nouns.When we match subjects and verbs,we might guess that stays and smellsor plural verbs
because they end in S. They are not both stays and smells are singular verbs.

Rule 2.

“The no of subject (singular or plural) is not changed by words that come between the subject
and verb.”

• One of the egg’s is broken.

Of the eggs is a prepositional phrase.The subject one and the verb is are both singular. Mentally,
omit the prepositional phrase to make subject verb agreement easir to make.

Rule 3.

“Some subject always take a singular verb even though the meaning may seem plural.”

The subjects always take singular verbs:

Each, either, neither, one, no one, everyone, someone, anyone, nobody, somebody, anybody,
everybody.

• Someone in the game was hurt.

• Neither of men is working.

Rule 4.

“The following words may be singular or plural, depending upon their use in a sentence: Some,
any, all, most”.
•Most of the news is good. (singular)

•Most of the flowers were yellow. (plural)

•All of the pizza was gone.(singular)

•All of the children were late.(plural)

Rule 5:

“ Subjects joined by “and” are plural. Subjects joined by “or” or “nor” take a verb that agrees
with last subject.”

• Bob and George are living.

•Neither Bob nor George is living.

Rule 6:

“ There and here are never objects.In sentences that begins with these words,the subject is
usually found later on in the sentence.”

• There were five book’s on shelf.(“were” agrees with subject “ books”)

• Here is the report you wanted.(“is” agrees with subject “report”).

Rule 7:

“ Collective nouns may be singular or plural, depending on their use in sentence.”

A collective noun is a noun used to name a whole group. Follow are some common examples:

“ Army, crowd, orchestra, audience, flock, public, class, group, swarm, club, herd, team,
committee, jury, troop, United States.”

• The orchestra is playing a hit song.( Orchestra is considered as one unit).

• The orchestra were asked to give there musical backgrounds.( Orchestra is considered as
separate individuals-plural).

Rule 8:

“ Expressions of time, money measurement and Wight are usually singular when the
amount is considered one unit.”

For Example:

• Five dollars is too much to ask.

• Ten day’s is not nearly enough time.

One occasion, however these terms are used in plural sense.

• There were thirty minutes to countdown.

Rule 9:

“ Some nouns, while plural in form,are actually singular in meaning.”

Mumps, home economics, social studies, measles, calisthenics, statistics, civics, physics,
gymnastics, phonics, news, acrobatics, mathematics.”

• Mathematics is an easy subject for some people.

• Physics is tough by prof. Baldwin.

•____________________•

Question# 02:

What are the prefixes and suffixes?

Prefixes:

Prefix is a set of letters which is usually used in front of a word.However, it changes the
entire meaning of the word.

Easy examples of Prefixes:

micro scope

tri pod

de value

re – establish

Real Life Examples:

The four most common Prefixes are did-, in -, re-, un-, .Here are they in some short quotations.

• To make people dis appear, ask them to keep their promises.

•It is in considerate to expect some one who is not your boss are your sister in law to know who
you are.

Some common Prefixes:

Prefix Meaning Example

a, an- without atypical

ante- before antenatal

anti- against anti-

Establishment

auto-self autopilot

circum- around circumvent

co- with copilot

com- with companion

com- with contact

Suffix:

Suffix is a set of letters that comes at the end of a word.

The use of these two affixes change the meaning of root wordor base word. The Prefixes and
suffixes are termed as “affixes”.

Easy Examples of suffixes:

Often, a suffix that alters a word's meaning changes it from one part of speech to another. ( e.g
from a noun to adjective).

Joy ous

Tender ness

Real life Examples:

The four most common suffixes are - ed, - ing,- ly,and – s.

Here are they in some short quotations.

If God want ed us to bend over, he' d Put diamonds to floor.

A wise person decides slow ly but abides by these decisions.

Some common suffixes:

SuffixMeaning Example

- able, - ible can bed one passable

- al heaving the personal
- ial characteristics of
- ed past, tense,verbs danced
- en made of wooden
- er comparative nicer

• _________________•

NAME: UMAIR ALI

ROLL NO: 20104009-003

TOPIC OF ASSINGMENT: RELATIVE CLAUSE

RELATIVE CLAUSE
 A relative clause is a subordinate clause that contains the element whose interpretation is
provided by an expression on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent.
The expression on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent is called the
antecedent, and there is an anaphoric relation between the relative elements in the
relative clause and antecedent on which it depends.
 A relative clause is also known as an Adjective clause.
 A relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to
indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same referent as that
noun or noun phrase.
For example
 In the sentence “I met a man who wasn't there”, the subordinate clause “who
wasn't there” is a relative clause, since it modifies the noun man, and uses the
pronoun who to indicate that the same "man" is referred to within the subordinate
clause (in this case, as its subject).
  A relative clause connects the ideas by using pronouns that relate to something
previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one
sentence.

TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSE

 Bound relative clause
 Free relative clause
 Restrictive relative clause
 Non-restrictive relative clause

 BOUND RELATIVE CLAUSE

A bound relative clause, the type most often considered, qualifies an explicit element (usually
a noun or noun phrase) appearing in the main clause, and refers back to that element by means of
some explicit or implicit device within the relative clause.

The relative clause may also function as an embedded clause within a main (or higher-level)
clause, thereby forming a matrix sentence. The noun in the main clause that the relative clause
modifies is called the head noun or (particularly when referred back to by a relative pronoun)
the antecedent.

For Example

 “The man whom I saw yesterday went home”, the relative clause “whom I saw
yesterday” modifies head noun man, and the relative pronoun “whom” refers back to the
referent of that noun.

 FREE RELATIVE CLAUSE

A free relative clause does not have an explicit antecedent external to itself. Instead, the relative
clause itself takes the place of an argument in the matrix clause.

For Example
  "I like what I see", the clause “what I see” is a free relative clause, because it has no
antecedent, but itself serves as the object of the verb like in the main clause. (An
alternative analysis is that the free relative clause has zero as its antecedent).

TYPES OF FREE RELATIVE CLAUSE

 DEFINITE FREE RELATIVE CLAUSE

 INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE

 DEFINITE FREE RELATIVE CLAUSE

Definite free relative clause is full, indicative clauses. They allow an independent disjoint subject
and allow all tense/aspect specifications.

For Example

“Maria wants to see what I am doing”.

(A free relative clause in the progressive, which has been argued to be syntactically larger than
other aspects)

Definite free relative clause may occupy any argument position. A post verbal object and subject,
respectively, which are disambiguated by agreement on the verb.

Example

I hit “the person who came” .Definite free relative clause in object and subject positions.

 INDEFINITE FREE RELATIVE CLAUSE

Indefinite free relative clause in many languages have been described as interpreted with an
existential modal and analyzed as structurally smaller than definite free relative clause.

Example
Indefinite free relative clause with prospective and progressive aspect

“We will eat something.” literally “There exists [what we will eat]”.

Unlike definite FRs, indefinite FRs have a limited distribution. An indefinite FR must be the
complement of one of a small set of predicates with existential force.

 RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE

A restrictive clause restricts or defines the meaning of a noun or noun phrase and provides
necessary information about the noun in the sentence. It is not separated from the rest of the
sentence by commas. Restrictive clauses are more common in writing than nonrestrictive
clauses. A restrictive clause is also sometimes referred to as an essential clause or phrase. It is
also known as essential clause or phrase.

Here are a few examples:

 The student who sits in the back of the room asks a lot of questions, the clause “who
sits in the back of the room” is the restrictive relative clause, because it provides
necessary information about the noun in the sentence.
 The results that I obtained may invoke positive social change, the clause “that I
obtained” is the restrictive relative clause, because it provides necessary information
about the noun in the sentence.
 The journalist whose story I read yesterday has won prizes for her work, the clause
“whose story I read yesterday” is the restrictive relative clause, because it provides
necessary information about the noun in the sentence.

When the relative pronoun functions as the object of the sentence, it can (and usually is)
omitted from the relative clause.
Here are a few examples:

 The results that I obtained may invoke positive social change, the clause “that I
obtained” is the restrictive relative clause, because it provides necessary information
about the noun in the sentence.
 The article that I requested did not arrive on time, the clause “that I requested” is the
restrictive relative clause, because it provides necessary information about the noun in the
sentence.
  The participants who I interviewed met me at the local library, the clause “who I
interviewed” is the restrictive relative clause, because it provides necessary information
about the noun in the sentence.

 NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE

A non-restrictive clause adds additional information to a sentence. It is usually a proper noun or

a common noun that refers to a unique person, thing, or event. It uses commas to show that the
information is additional. The commas almost act like parentheses within the sentence. If the
information between the commas is omitted, readers will still understand the overall meaning of
the sentence. A nonrestrictive clause is also known as a nonessential clause or phrase.

Here are a few examples:

 “I want to thank my father, Muhammad Ali, for all of his love and support”, the clause
“Muhammad Ali” is the non-restrictive relative clause, because it provides additional
information.
 With the nonrestrictive clause omitted: “I want to thank my father for all of his
love and support”.
 “The hypothesis, which I tested throughout the research, was rejected”, the clause
“which I tested throughout the research” is the non-restrictive relative clause, because
it provides additional information.
 With the nonrestrictive clause omitted: “The hypothesis was rejected”.
 “I have found the article, which I have been looking for”, the clause “which I have
been looking for” is the non-restrictive relative clause, because it provides additional
information.
 With the nonrestrictive clause omitted: “I have found the article”.

In colloquial speech, a non-restrictive relative clause may have a whole sentence as its
antecedent rather than a specific noun phrase.

For Example
  “The cat was allowed on the bed, which annoyed the dog”, the clause “which annoyed
the dog” is the non-restrictive relative clause, because it provides additional information.

The context of the sentence (presumably) indicates that which refers not to the bed or the cat but
to the entire proposition expressed in the main clause, namely the circumstance that the cat was
allowed on the bed. Such constructions are discouraged in formal usage and in texts written for
nonnative speakers because of the potential for ambiguity in parsing; a construction more
accepted in formal usage would be The cat's being [or having been] allowed on the bed annoyed
the dog.

CHOOSING A RELATIVE PRONOUN

The three most common relative pronouns are who, which, and that, but the choice of pronoun
depends upon the noun or pronoun modified by the clause.

 The relative pronoun “who”:

 Refers to a person or people.

 May be used with a clause that makes a noun specific (a restrictive clause).
 May be used with a clause that adds information (a nonrestrictive clause).

For Example
People who live in New York lead very busy lives.
My sister, who works for the YMCA, leads a very active life.

In academic or formal writing, the relative pronoun “who” is preferred when referring to a
person or people:

“The girl who lives next door was accepted into the nursing program.”
  The relative pronoun “which”:

 Refers to a thing or concept.

 Is most often used in clauses that add information.
 Is sometimes used in a clause that makes a noun specific (usually when a speaker or
writer wants to sound more formal).

For Example
The Empire State Building, which used to be the tallest building in the world, is still a
popular tourist attraction.

 The relative pronoun “that”:

 Most often refers to a thing or concept.

 Is used only in clauses that make a noun more specific.
 Is sometimes used to refer to a person or people (usually only in informal writing or in
speaking).

For Example
The lessons that we have learned are no more important than the lessons that we have
yet to learn.

Some writers as well as speakers will interchange “who” with “that.” It is best to use “that”
when referring to things or concepts with the exception of a group or class of people.

 The favorite to win the tournament was the team that was disqualified.
 Selection of the jury that would hear the case was time consuming.

 The relative pronouns “where” and “when”:

 Are used for a clause that refers to a place or time.

 May be used for clauses that make a noun more specific.
 May be used for clauses that add information.

For Example
New York is a place where people of many different cultures live and work together.
The 1960s was a time when many Americans began to question the actions of their
government.
Name: Aimon Joseph

Roll no: 20104009-005

Submitted to: Anib Shabbir

Date: 6 JAN 2021

Skimming & Scanning

 Skimming:
Skimming is a way to read quickly in order to discover the general idea of a text. When you skim
you do not read every word. The main purpose of skimming is to get the general idea of what the
text is about.

Skimming:
1) Don’t read everything but try to skip the text.
2) Read the first and last sentences of paragraphs.
3) Read the introduction and summary.
4) Read a few examples until you understand the concepts they are meant to illustrate.

Getting the Gist:

1) Not stopping.
2) First and last paragraph.
3) Topic Sentences.
4) Read fast.

How to Skim:
1) Read the title
2) Read the subtitle or introduction
3) Read the first sentences of each paragraph
4) Notice any picture, chart or graphics
5) Read the summary or last paragraph if there is one
6) Read vertically as well as horizontally
7) Know what you want
8) Try to detect the main idea in the introductory paragraphs

Scanning:
Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information e.g. figures and names.
Scanning uses keywords and organizational cues, the goal of scanning is to locate and swoop
down on particular facts. Facts may be buried in long text passages that have little else to do with
your topic.

Scanning requires a higher understanding of word recognition compared to Skimming.

Search for specific information or keywords like

 1) Particular name
2) Telephone numbers
3) Number

4) Program
5) Date
6) Tables pf contents
7) Summaries
8) Index
9) Heading
10) Typographical cues

Steps for Scanning:

1) Search for keywords
2) Move quickly over the page
3) Less reading and more searching

Objectives for Scanning and Skimming:

1) Identify topics for reading

2) To know the opinions of people
3) To determine the organization of writing
4) To get the important part that we need a whole and no reading
5) To relish what we’ve read
6) Scan text to locate information
7) Obtain specific information through detail reading
8) To identify gist of the text
9) To summarize

Benefits for scanning and skimming

1) You Can search for a specific information needed from a text reading or books
quickly and effectively.
2) You can explore many pages of the book in a short period of time
3) You can save time by focusing on precisely required information

Conclusion:
1) Skimming and scanning is used when reading all types of document
2) We skim to get the idea of what a document is about and typically skim all
documents before we actually begin to read
3) As we skim we think about the topic
4) We think about what we already know about the topic
5) We can scan for specific information
 Assignment : 03

Submitted By :
Name : Hasan Ali

Roll No. 20104009-006

Bs Math : Blue

Submitted to :
Ma’am :Anib Shabir

University of Sialkot
 Topic : What are Subject and Object ?

Subject:-
A subject is a part of a sentence that contains the person or thing performing the action (or verb)
in a sentence. For Example:

Types of Subjects :
1. Simple subjects 2. Compound subjects 3. Noun Phrases

Simple Subjects:
The single word that is the subject of a verb.

Example:
1.The hungry fox darted across the yard.

2.The small carton of nails was found under the seat.

Compound subject:
A compound subject is a subject with two or more subjects .

Example :
1. A fool and his money are easily parted.
2. Time nor tidewaits for no man.

Noun phrases:
A group of a words headed by a noun that include modifiers.
 Example :
The man, a girl, the doggy in the window.

Object:
An object is a Noun (or pronoun) that is governed by a verb or a preposition. 
For example:The boys played cricket.

Types of object:

Direct Object:
The direct object of a verb is the thing being acted upon (i.e., the receiver of the action).

Examples:
 The crowd will cheer the President.
 We can climb the hill and fly the kite.

Indirect Object:
The indirect object of a sentence is the recipient of the Direct object. The
direct object is the thing being acted on by the verb.

Example:
 awais passed the parcel.
(The direct object is "the parcel." There is no recipient of "the parcel" in this
sentence. Therefore, there is no indirect object.)


Sagheer passed her father the parcel.
(The indirect object "her father.")

Object of a Preposition:
The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun governed by a preposition. The
object of a preposition is usually (but not always) the noun or pronoun to the right of
the preposition.

Examples
 The ants get in your ears when you are sleeping.
(The word “your “is a modifier.)
  Inside everycynical person, there is a disappointed idealist.
(The words “every” and “cynical “are modifiers.

NAME: AQSA AMEER

ROLL NO: 20104009-007

VERB
Verbs are the words that show action, motion, doing or state of being. They can also demonstrate
how a person feels.

Verbs are an absolutely necessary point of sentences. A sentence can’t work without an action
verb.

ACTION VERB
Action verbs are words that express action (give, eat, walk and want etc). Action verbs can either
be transitive verb.

VERB
Verb are conjugated according to person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood or voice.

COMMON VERB

Tell, swear, think, wake, sweep, try, go, draw, play, forget, lend, freeze.

There are many verbs use in English.

EXAMPLES

1. It snows a lot in RUSSIA.

2. We watch TV last night.
3. Water freezes at 0 C.
4. I like to draw pictures.
5. Please lend me your spoon.
6. She had been walking since she got up.
7. Had she come late to the school?
8. They had been serving him the whole day.
 9. She always forget her purse.

TYPES OF VERB

 Action verb
 Linking verb
 Helping verb

ACTION VERB
Action verb can either be transitive or intransitive

 TRANSITIVE VERB

A transitive verb exerts its action on a direct object to express a complete thought

 TRANSITIVE SENTENCE

A transitive verb is the one which needs to take object in a sentence to complete it’s meaning.
Other sentences containing transitive verbs are as follows.

1. I love ice-cream.
2. He study French.

The above sentences has subject (I /He) and transitive verb (love /study) and object
(ice-cream/French).

TYPES OF TRANSITIVE VERBS

 Mono-transitive verbs
 Di-transitive verbs
 Tri-transitive verbs

MONO-TRANSITIVE VERBS
Mono-transitive verb is a type of verb that only comes up with two arguments, a subject and a
direct object.

EXAMPLE
 1. He accomplished his mission in life
2. They finished cleaning their room

DI-TRANSITIVE VERB
Verb that comes with two arguments, or two objects, one direct and other indirect is known as
Di-transitive verb.

EXAMPLE

1. He told me his darkest secret.

2. Mark pass Joseph his cigarette.

TRI-TRANSITIVE VERB
Verb that has three objects, one direct, second indirect and last one prepositional phrase to form
this type of structure is known as tri-transitive verb.

EXAMPLE

1. I will trade you my share in the company for your share in the hotel business out west.
 NAME: MUHAMMAD AFTAB

ROLL NO: 20104009-008

VERB:

 A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action or state of being or

condition. A verb is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject performs.Verbs
are the heart of English sentences.

EXAMPLES:
1) Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
2) Mike is going to school. (A condition of action)
3) Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)
Verbs are related to a lot of other factors like the subject,person,numbe,tense,mood,voice,
etc

Basic Forms of Verbs:

There are six basic forms of verbs. These forms are as follows:

Base form: Children play in the field.

Infinitive: Tell them not a play.

Past tense: They played football yesterday.

Present Participle: I saw them playing with him today.

Gerund:Swimming is the best exercise.

Different Types of Verbs:

 Finite Verbs
 Non-finite Verbs
 Action Verbs
 Linking Verbs
 Auxiliary Verbs
 Modal Verbs
Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs are the actual verbs which are called the roots of sentences. It is a form of a verb that
is performed by or refers to a subject and uses one of the twelve form of tense and changes
according to the number of the subject. For example
Roberts plays hockey.
He is playing for Australia.

Non-finite Verbs:
Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as verbs in the sentence rather they
work as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not change according to the number
of the subject because these verbs, also called verbal, do not have any direct relation to the
subject. Sometimes they become the subject themselves. For example Alex went abroad to play.

Action Verbs:
Action verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence performs. Action verbs can make the listener
feel emotions, see scenes more vividly and accurately. Action verbs can be transitive and
intransitive.

Transitive verbs must have a direct object. A transitive verb demands something to be acted
upon. For example I painted a car. (The verb ‘paint’ demands an object to be painted)

Intransitive verbs do not act upon anything. They may be followed by an adjective , adverb,
preposition, or another part of speech. For example she smiled.(The verb ‘smile’ cannot have any
object since the action of ‘smiling’ does not fall upon anything)

Linking Verb:
A linking verb adds details about the subject of a sentence. In its simplest form, it connects the
subject and the complement that is, the words that follow the linking verb. It creates a link
between them instead of showing action. For example she appears ready for the game.(she is
ready for the game)

Auxiliary Verbs:
Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. An auxiliary verb extends the main verb by helping
to show time, tense, and possibility. The auxiliary verbs are-be verbs, have, and, do. They are
used in continuous and perfect tenses. Linking verbs work as main verbs in the sentence, but
auxiliary verbs help main verbs. For example Alex is going to school. They are walking in the
park.

Modal Verbs:
A modal verb is a kind of an auxiliary verb. It assists the main verb to indicate verb. It assists the
main verb to indicate possibility, potentiality, ability, permission, expectation, and obligation.
The modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might, ought go, shall, should, will, would. For
example I may want to talk to you again. They must play their best game to win.

Intransitive Verb
An intransitive verb is one that does not take a direct object. In other words, it is not done to
someone or something. It only involves the subject. The opposite of an intransitive verb is
transitive verb. A transitive verb can have a direct object. An intransitive verb does not take a
direct object. Here is a bit more on what that means:

He laughed.(laughed is intransitive verb. It has no direct object. You cannot laugh something)

He told a joke. (Told is a transitive verb. The direct object is a joke. You can tell something.
For example, you can tell a story, a lie, a joke, etc.)

Remember that you can find the direct object of a verb by reading the verb and then asking
“what? . If this question is not appropriate, then you are probably dealing with an intransitive
verb. For example he caught the bus after the party. (Q: Caught what? A: the bus. The is
transitive verb. It has a direct object.)

He disappeared after the party. (Q: Disappeared what? That does not make sense. You can not
disappear something. It can’t take a direct object,)

Examples of Intransitive Verbs

Here are some examples of intransitive verb. With each example, if you read the
verb aloud and ask “what”, there will be no answer. There is no answer because
there is no direct object. These verbs are all intransitive.

Every single person voted.

The jackdaws roots in these trees.

The crowd demonstrated outside the theatre.

 Assignment:English

Name:Ayesha Zafar

Roll no:20104009-009

Linking Verbs:
Are verbs that serve as a connection between a subject and further information about that subject.
They do not show any action; rather they “link” the subject with the rest of the sentence.

Examples:
1.The tomato smells rotten.

In the above example, “The tomato” is the subject, “smells” is a linking verb and “rotten” is
subject compliment of the sentence.

2. The professor is absolutely sure.

In the above example, “The professor” is the subject, “is” is a linking verb and “absolutely sure”
is subject compliment of the sentence.

3. Jenny looks tired.

In the above example, “Jenny” is the subject, “looks” is a linking verb and “tired” is subject
compliment of the sentence.

4. Roshni seems happy.

In the above example, “Roshni” is the subject, “seems” is a linking verb and “happy” is subject
compliment of the sentence.

5. I am a teacher.

In the above example, “I” is the subject, “am” is a linking verb and “a teacher” is subject
compliment of the sentence.

Common Linking Verbs:

Am Has been May be
Is Have been Might be
Are Will be Sound
Was Shall be Can be
Were Grow Should be
Appear Look Would have been
Become remain Seem
Feel Had been smell

Auxiliary verbs:

An Auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning in which it

appears, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis etc.Auxiliary verbs usually accompany
a main verb. The main verb provides the main sematic content of the clause.

Auxiliary verbs are of two kinds:

1. Non-Model Verbs.

2. Model Verbs.

Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs, helper verbs or verbal auxiliaries.

Examples of Non-Model Verbs:

Do Be Have
Do Am Has
Does Is Have
Did Are Had
Was
Were
Be
Been
Being

Examples of Model Verbs:

Can Could May Might

Will Would Shall Should
Must Ought To
 NAME: UROOOJ IQBAL

ROLL NO: 20104009-010

CONJUCTIO
N

DEFINATION:
A Conjunction is the glue that holds
words, phrases and clauses (both dependentandindependent) together.
There are three different kinds of conjunctionscoordinating,
subordinating, and correlative each serving its own, distinct purpose,
but all working to bring words together.
TYPES:
1: COORDINATING CONJUCTION
2: SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION
3: CO RRELATIVE CONJUCTION

 COORDINATING CONJUCTION :
The English language has seven coordinating conjunctions, and they’re
easy to remember if you can just remember FANBOYS:
For
Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”)

 I go to the park every Sunday, for I love to watch the ducks on the
lake.
And
Adds one thing to another

 She sat next him and listened quietly.

Nor
Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative
idea

 Tom neither confirmed nor denied the rumors.

But
Shows contrast

 She wants to buy a car, but she can’t afford to.

Or
Presents an alternative or a choice

 Which do you like better, apples or bananas?

Yet  
Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically

 I always take a book to read, yet I never to turn a single page.

So
Indicates effect, result or consequence

 I’m hungry, so I’m going to get something to eat.

 SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION:
Subordinating conjunction joins elements of an unparalleled sentence
structure. These elements are usually a dependent clause and an
independent clause.
In order to understand sub ordinating conjunction it is necessary to know
about the types of clauses.
CLAUSE:
A clause “a group of words containing a subject and predicate and
functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence.

TYPES OF CLAUSE:
 DEPENDENT
 INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT CLAUSE :
An Independent clause functions on its own to make a
meaningful sentence and looks much like a regular sentence.
Example:
o He is a wise man.
o I like him.
o Can you do it?

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE:
A dependent clause cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea
or thought unfinished. It is also called subordinate clause. Dependent
clauses help the independent clauses complete the sentence. A
dependent clause alone cannot form a complete sentence.
Example:
o When I was dating Daina, I had an accident.
o I know the man who stole the watch.
o He bought a car which was too expensive .

Most commonly used subordinating conjunctions are:

After, how, then, when, although, if, that, where, as, in order that,
though, which, as much as, inasmuch as, unless, while, because,
provided, until, who/whom, before, since, what, whoever/whomever.
Example:
o Before we left home, I had had my breakfast.
o Provided they come, we can start class Tuesday.
o When he was washing my car, I went to the store.
o Even though the weather was horrible, they still went outside.
  CO RRELATIVE CONJUCTION:
Correlative conjunctions Join similar words, but are always used in pairs

Both…and
 She played both hockey and basketball when she was a student.
Either…or
 I will eat either carrots or peas for dinner.
Neither…nor
 Natalie, likes neither milk nor cream cake.
Whether…or
 Do you care whether we have noodles or rice for dinner?
Not only…but also
 Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside.
Such…that
 He is such a bad-tempered person that no one can work with him for
long.
Scarcely…when
 Scarcely had she finished reading when she fell asleep.
No sooner…than
 No sooner did he enter the room than he saw a snake.
 NAME: MUHAMMAD USAMA

ROLL NO: 20104009-021

VERB
DEFINITION AND ITS
TYPES
What is verb?
• A verb is a doing word that shows an action,
an event or a state. A sentence may either
have a main verb, a helping verb or both. In
other words, a verb is a word that informs
about an action, an existence of something
or an occurrence. The verb is the main word
in a sentence. No sentence can be completed
without a verb.

Examples of verb.
• Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
• Mike is going to school. (A condition of
action)
• Albert does not like to walk. (A negative
action)
• Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)
Basic form of verb.
• There are six basic forms of verbs. These
forms are as follows:
• Base form: Children play in the field.
• Infinitive: Tell them not to play
• Past tense: They played football yesterday.
• Past participle: I have eaten a burger.
• Present participle: I saw them playing with
him today.
Gerund: Swimming is the best exercise
 Role of verb
• The way English works is that every word
sits in a specific place and plays a specific
role in a sentence. And even though a word
might not really even be a real word, if it's
playing the role of the verb, then it's a verb.
Look at these examples:
• Anthony is throwing the football.
• She accepted the job offer.
• He thought about his stupid mistake in the
test.
If you speak English fairly well, you can
identify the verbs in those sentences even
though they aren't real words, because they are
doing verb-y things. They have -ing, -ed, and -s
endings depending on when they happen and
who is doing them. They also follow
the subjects of the sentence and appear next to
adverbs. Even though we
 • don't know what they mean, they somehow
convey action. They behave like verbs.

Types of verb.

• There are many types of verb some are listed

below
• Main Verbs (or Action Verbs)
• Helping Verbs
• Linking Verbs
• Transitive Verbs
• Intransitive Verbs

Recognition of verb.
As you can see from the examples above, one
clue to help you recognize a verb is its location
compared to the subject. Verbs almost always
come after a noun or
• pronoun. These nouns and pronouns are
referred to as the subject.  The
verb thought comes after the noun Jack, so
the action Jack (subject) was taking
was thinking (verb)
• John visited his friend for a while and then
went home.
• The dog ran across the yard.
• She left in a hurry.
• She yelled when she hit her toe.
• The cat sat by the window.
• Here are some other ways to recognize verbs
in a sentence:
• If you’re not sure if a word is a verb, ask
yourself, “Can I do ______?”
• Can I think, wonder, walk, yawn? Yes, so
these are verbs.
• You can also ask,” What is happening?”
 • In the sentence Mark eats his dinner
quickly, what is happening? Eating is
happening, so eating is the verb.
• In the sentence They thought about all the
prizes what is happening? Thought
(thinking) is happening, so thought is the
verb.
Transitive verb.
A transitive verb is a verb that can take
a direct object. In other words, the action of a
transitive verb is done to someone or
something. Most verbs are transitive.

A transitive verb contrasts with

an intransitive verb, which is a verb that does
not take a direct object. In other words, it is
not done to someone or something. It only
involves the subject.
Examples.
 • In the examples below, the transitive verb is
highlighted and the direct object (i.e., the
thing being acted upon) is in
bold.Lee eats pies.
• (Eats is transitive because you can eat
something.)Lee loves mince pies.
• (Loves is transitive because you can love
something. Note that direct objects aren't
usually single words. They're usually noun
phrases, i.e., more than one
word.)Lee bought dozens of cakes.
• (Bought is transitive because you can buy
something.)

Direct and Indirect Objects.

• A transitive verb can take more than
one object.
Donovan gave his sister a laptop
 • In this sentence, there is an indirect object,
"his sister," and a direct object, "a
laptop." However, there is another way to
say this same idea using a prepositional
phrase.
• Donovan gave a laptop to his sister.
• In English, an indirect object may come
between a transitive verb and the direct
object, like the first example sentence about
Donovan, or the indirect object could be in
the form of a prepositional phrase, like the
second example sentence about Donovan.
• An indirect object is only needed if the
action is being done to or for somebody;
when using a transitive verb, you need to
include a direct object, but you may not
need to include an indirect object.
Finding of objects.
 • You can figure out the direct object by
using this question format: “The subject
did what?” or “The subject [verb] what?”
• The instructor addressed what?
the student’s question
• Miriam borrowed what?
the methodology book
• Can you bring what?
your copy of the text book
• The speaker discussed what?
different marketing strategies
• The committee members will raise what?
money
• You can find the indirect object by asking
the question “To whom?” or “For
whom?”
Donovan gave a laptop to whom?
his sister.