WORKSHEET: Chapter 2

Task 1 - Write 5 examples of each of the following:

Countable noun: car – egg – table – book – pen – bag – house – friend
Uncountable noun: music – advice - water – information –furniture – cheese - rice- etc.
Adjective: big – small - clean – dirty – modern – ancient - expensive – cheap –beautiful- etc.
Adverb: elegantly – happily – lazily –sharply – tediously – warmly – selfishly – slowly – etc.
Preposition: after – for – of – over – on – at – and – to – in - etc.
Verb: eat – swim – sleep – play – visit – sing – spend – stand – walk – write – fix - etc.
Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. I – you – she – he – it – we - they
Infinitive: to agree -to expect – to decide - to manage- to plan- to promise –to remind- to
seem-to want –to tend - etc.
Gerund: blaming –choosing– insisting – imagining –regretting – avoiding - cooking- etc.
Comparative adjective: taller– faster - shorter – bigger – older– younger - more popular - etc.
Superlative adjective: the tallest – the fastest – the shortest – the biggest – the oldest – the
youngest – the most expensive - etc.
Article (3 only): a – an - the
Conjunction: and – or – but – because –so-since - whether – whereas - etc.
Task 2: Identify the parts of speech in the following sentence:
I usually go swimming with my best friend and his rather unusual girlfriend.
a) I – Subject Pronoun
b) usually – adverb of frequency
c) go - action verb
d) swimming - gerund
e) with - preposition
f) my - possessive adjective
g) best - adjective
h) friend - noun
i) and - conjunction
j) his - possessive adjective
k) rather – adverb of degree
l) unusual - adjective
m) girlfriend - noun
Task 3: State the differences between the following, and give an example of each:
a) Adjectives and adverbs: Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns such as people and things,
or to say how a person or thing…is, seems, becomes, looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells like,
He looked angry to me. Adverbs are used to describe the manner in which the action was done
or adverbs describe the verb and the action like, He looked angrily at me.
b) Nouns and pronouns: A noun names people, places, things, qualities, states, like cat, mud,
rice, water
Pronouns are words that are used instead/in place of more precise nouns or noun phrases.
Like you, he, they
Task 4: Explain the following parts of speech as you would to a student. An example sentence
would help to clarify your explanation:
a) Conjunction: It's a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Words: silver and gold
Phrases: over the river and through the woods
Clauses: Sheida planted a flower, and she watched it grow.
In all of those examples, I used the conjunction and, one of the most common conjunctions.
But, of course, there are 3 types of conjunctions:
❶ Coordinating Conjunctions: There are only seven of these. (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Some people remember these with the acronym FANBOYS. They glue together sentence
elements that are the same
•Two words: pie or cake
•Two phrases: in the car or on the bike
•Two independent clauses: You must study, or you won't learn grammar
❷ Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions glue dependent adverb clauses to
independent clauses. (unless, whenever, since, because, if)
I will bring my cat unless you are allergic.
Whenever I see your cat, I sneeze.
Since you are coming, I won't bring my cat.
❸ Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs (either...or, both...and),
but they have the same function as coordinating conjunctions. That means that they join
things that are the same.
Both David and I are allergic to cats.
Either Mom or Dad will pick you up.
He is both intelligent and good- natured
b) Gerunds: Gerunds are words that are formed from verbs but act as nouns.
we'll be able to spot them because they will be a verb + ing acting as a noun.
Swimming is fun. Swimming is a verb with an - ing ending, acting as a noun and it is the subject
of this sentence. A gerund is used in the same way as a noun, as a subject or an object. E.g.:
She denies reading the book. Flying makes me nervous.
Verbs: A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being and can be considered as
one of the most important parts of a sentence and it is used with a subject to form the basis of
a sentence and there are several types of verbs:
• Action verb: The action verb tells us what the subject of our clause or sentence is doing-
physically or mentally. (catch, play, come, work, sing, dance, write, cook …) Marie walked to
school.
•State verb: Stative verbs are often verbs connected with thinking and opinions, believe, doubt,
guess, imagine, mean, remember, think, feelings, emotions, senses. E.g.: She doesn’t know
what to do. Do you recognize him?
•Modal verbs: There is a further set of auxiliary verbs known as modal verbs or modal auxiliary
verbs. These combine with other verbs to express necessity, possibility, intention, or ability. The
modal auxiliary verbs are must, shall, will, should, would, ought (to), can, could, may, and
might. For example: You must act promptly. Can you speak Spanish? I would go if I could afford
it.
• Auxiliary verb: An auxiliary verb is a verb that determines the mood, tense, voice, or aspect of
another verb in a verb phrase. There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have.
Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs. She is reading a magazine.
• Transitive verb: Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action
and this verb is followed directly by an object. E.g.: She played the piano. I admire your
courage.
• Intransitive verb: Some verbs never have an object. These are called intransitive verbs.
Example: We talked for hours. I want to leave early.
*To complicate matters further, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending
on how they ‘re used.
Transitive: England lost the game.
Intransitive: England lost...
d) Comparative adjectives: One way to describe nouns (people, objects, animals, etc.) is by
comparing them to something else. We often use comparisons because we want to talk about
the differences between people, places, and things. For basic, regular comparisons: Adjective +
‘ER’ THAN
*For 1-syllable adjectives, JUST add “er” to the end. E. g: His cat is larger than my dog.
*If the 1-syllable adjective ends with the letter “e,” JUST add “r” to the end. Examples: nicer
wiser
*For adjectives that end with the letter “y,”DROP the “y” and add “ier.”
fancy = fancier pretty = prettier
*For adjectives that are 2 or more syllables, use “more” + the adjective to make the
comparative
form.
Examples: elaborate =more elaborate comfortable=more comfortable
e.g.: This chair is more comfortable than that chair
*You MUST memorize these!
Examples:
good = better than far = farther (further) than bad = worse than
e) Prepositions: Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some
other word in the sentence. we can say that there are at least three categories place, time, and
movement.
■ Time/date: at, on, by, before, in, from, since, for, during, to, until, after, about
■ Movement: from, to, in, into, on, onto, by, off, out, over
■Place/position: in, at, on, by, above, over, under, below, beneath, beside, between, near, next
to, behind, in front of
*There are some common prepositions that do not neatly fit into any of the above categories
such as of and with.
f) Superlative adjectives: Superlative adjectives describe one person or thing as having more of
a quality than all other people or things in a group: for regular superlatives: THE adjective +
‘EST’ E.g.: My mother's cooking is the best in the family. The most frightening film I’ve ever
seen was Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho’.
■1 syllable adjectives. Add the /adj./ est. ...
■2+ syllable adjectives. Add the most to the adjective. ...
■Adjectives ending in –y. Remove –y and add the /adj./ iest. ...
■Adjectives ending in –e. Add the /adj./ st. ...
■Irregular adjectives. Eg: good = the best bad = worst
■Adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant.
Task 5 : What do articles do in a sentence? Give examples of your own.
There are only 3 articles (a, an, the) and we can classify as a definite (the)and indefinite (a,an)
The – refers to a particular or definite thing; it can be used with a singular or plural noun
■ “The blue pencil is my favorite.” (a particular pencil)
A/An – refers to non-particular or indefinite nouns. The first time a noun is introduced
use a/an, then when you refer to that same noun again use the.
■ “A pencil is a useful tool.” (any pencil, not a particular one)