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Modelling the enablers of industry Industry 4.0 in

Indian
4.0 in the Indian Manufacturing
Industry
manufacturing industry
Vineet Jain 1233
Department of Mechanical, Mewat Engineering College, Nuh, India, and
Received 2 July 2019
Puneeta Ajmera Revised 4 April 2020
Department of Public Health, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Accepted 2 June 2020

New Delhi, India

Abstract
Purpose – The vision of Industry 4.0 concept is to create smart factories that will change the current processes
of production and manufacturing system using smart machines to produce smart and intelligent products. The
main aim of this research is to explore the enablers with regard to Industry 4.0 application in manufacturing
industry in India as the available literature shows that manufacturing sector is still doubtful about the
implementation of Industry 4.0.
Design/methodology/approach – Seventeen enablers that can affect the adoption of Industry 4.0 in the
manufacturing industry in India have been explored through an extensive review of available literature and
viewpoints of industry and academic experts. Total Interpretive Structural Modelling methodology (TISM) has
been used to evaluate the interrelationships among these factors. A TISM model has been developed to extract
the key enablers influencing Industry 4.0 adoption.
Findings – The result shows that Internet facility from government at reduced price, financial support and
continued specialized skills training are the major enablers as they have strong driving power.
Practical implications – Proper understanding of these enablers will help the managers and policymakers
to explore the impact of each enabler on other enablers as well as the degree of relationships among them and to
take concrete steps so that Industry 4.0 can be implemented successfully in the manufacturing sector in India.
Originality/value – This study is pioneer in exploring the enablers Industry 4.0 which is the most advanced
concept that has the capability to change the future of Indian manufacturing sector if implemented judiciously
and cautiously.
Keywords Industry 4.0, Industry 4.0 enablers, Manufacturing industry, Total interpretive structural
modeling, MICMAC analysis, Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification, Fuzzy MICMAC
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Manufacturing industry has witnessed extensive differences and modifications from the first
industrial revolution to the today’s era of globalization, liberalization and competitiveness.
This industry has been continuously expanding in all its dimensions, attaining technological
advancements over the years (Sanders et al., 2016). The First Industrial revolution (referred as
Industry 1.0) occurred in Britain in the late 18th century with the invention of steam engine by
Thomas Newcomen where manual labour was transformed to machine labour leading to the
development of textile, coal and iron industry. The Second Industrial Revolution (Industry
2.0) was related to electrification with the extensive use of electrical energy, petroleum and
steel for creating mass production. The Third Industrial Revolution (Industry 3.0) marked the
conversion to renewable energy sources and use of computers in the production processes.
There was growth in the labour efficacy and the conventional centralized business models
were replaced by decentralized models. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (identified as International Journal of
Productivity and Performance
Management
Vol. 70 No. 6, 2021
The authors would like to thank everyone that participated in this research work and all the anonymous pp. 1233-1262
reviewers of this paper and specially Editor chief of the Journal for his or her valuable suggestions, © Emerald Publishing Limited
1741-0401
which have helped to improve the quality of this paper. DOI 10.1108/IJPPM-07-2019-0317
IJPPM Industry 4.0) is characterized by amalgamation of technologies from physics, biology and
70,6 information technology (Acemoglu, 2002; Von Tunzelmann, 2003). It is a German strategy
with an objective to create smart industries with the use of new advanced technological
techniques like big data analytics, cloud computing, virtual reality, Internet of things,
additive manufacturing and robotics etc. to create cyber-physical systems (CPS) in the
logistics and manufacturing sector.
1234 1.1 Trends towards industry 4.0
There are several trends that lead towards Industry 4.0. Figure 1 shows the trends towards
Industry 4.0. These trends primarily arrive from the consumer’s side. Choice is the first
important trend. Nowadays customers do not desire for the mass products anymore. They
want personalized and hyper customized products. The second trend is consumption where
software is converting products into service. For example, if we take an example of a car, it is
a product, but the trend is that what the car company in reality is selling the mobility service
and what the customer buy is an experience of moving and driving from one point to the
other. Therefore experience is the third trend. This change in attitude and mentality promotes
innovation and creativity thereby serving the customers in a better way. Experience is related
to ownership. Instead of getting attached to the products, customers are now more attached to
the ecosystem and the environment around them. This shows the change in the mindset of the
customers.
The cyber-physical system technology combines the tangible world with the digital world
for the sustainable development of the industries. Digital technologies of Industry 4.0
assimilate all the processes of supply chains enabling data integration at all the stages of the
product life cycle. Industry 4.0 is aimed to convert conventional methods of production into
an immensely flexible manufacturing framework of digitized products with real-time
intercommunication between humans, products and devices. The vision of Industry 4.0
concept is to create smart factories that will change the current processes of production and
manufacturing systems using smart machines to produce smart and intelligent products.
Digitization of technology will make the manufacturing system more intelligent and
knowledge-based providing a competitive advantage to the factories. The manufacturing
sector in India contributes significantly (15–16%) to GDP of the country and provides
employment to around 12% people. It is assumed that this contribution of the manufacturing
industry to GDP is estimated to increase to 25% and generate 100 million new jobs by 2022
(Mehta and Rajan, 2017). The Indian Government started the “Make in India” campaign on
25th September 2014 to encourage the domestic as well as multinational companies to invest
and produce their products within India. The primary objective of this campaign is to
strengthen the manufacturing sector by encouraging investments from all over the world and
to create employment. Industry 4.0 can strongly support this initiative as it is aimed to

Ownership
Experience

Consumption

Figure 1.
Choice
Trends towards
industry 4.0
increase the productivity and flexibility of the industries. Other initiatives by the Indian Industry 4.0 in
Government like Digital India and smart cities are utilizing the Industry 4.0 concept. Indian
1.2 The nine drivers of Industry 4.0 Manufacturing
In this concept, the internet of Things and CPS are interconnected with each other along with Industry
the amalgamation of various software, sensors and processors (Qin et al., 2016; R€ ußmann
et al., 2015). A brief description of these technologies are given below and shown in Figure 2:
1235
(1) Horizontal and vertical system integration.
Even today we have not achieved full integration in the information technology systems in
the organizations between the suppliers and the consumers and also among different
departments. Industry 4.0 concept creates maximum integration leading to more
cohesiveness among the departments which will enhance their functionality and capability.
(2) The Internet of Things.
It is a system of interlinked electronic and computing devices and is characterized by the
amalgamation of digital and physical elements to produce innovative and creative business
models where data can be transferred within a network without the involvement of human
beings so that better decisions can be taken.
(3) Cybersecurity.
Many organizations still trust closed manufacturing and management systems because with
the technologies of Industry 4.0 there is an apprehension to protect critical data from
cybersecurity threats. Therefore, for Industry 4.0 concept to be successful, reliable, authentic
and secure communication and access to the machines is required. Vigilant strategies are also
required to deal with cybersecurity issues.

Autonom
ous
robots
Augmented Simulation
reality

Horizontal
Internet and vertical
of Things system
Industry integration
4.0

Big data
Additive
analytics

The Cybersec Figure 2.

cloud urity The nine drivers of
industry 4.0
IJPPM (4) The Cloud.
70,6 Though industries are already employing cloud-based data-driven software and services for
manufacturing systems, but with improved cloud computing technologies of Industry 4.0
more data sharing across the industries is required as all the production processes will
become cloud-driven. This will improve the functionality of the machines and minimize the
response time resulting in the best service delivery.
1236 (5) Big Data Analytics.
Because of digitization and modern technologies, data sets have become so diverse that it is
difficult for the conventional databases and tools to manage them. In Industry 4.0, with more
number of sensors and processors integrated into the manufacturing system, it will be easier
to improve the quality as well as quantity of data. Big data analytics help in achieving
comprehensive information from huge data sets.
(6) Simulation.
Some industries are already using 3-D simulations (also referred to as “Digital Twin”) of
products and materials. But in Industry 4.0 these simulations will be employed for
manufacturing plant operations also. This will simulate real-time performance of a system
and helps to check the settings of machines for the next product virtually before switching
over physically so that the quality of the product may be improved and the best results can be
achieved.
(7) Additive manufacturing.
Industries have started adopting 3D printing for producing customized products in small
batches which have many advantages like lightweight products that are easier to be
transported. Additive manufacturing will increase performance and decrease transport and
inventory costs.
(8) Augmented reality.
Augmented reality-based systems assist in various services like the selection of parts in the
warehouses and providing instructions regarding repair over mobile phones. Though still in
the infancy phase, augmented reality will have a significant role in Industry 4.0 as it helps in
providing real and accurate information to the right people at the right time and place. This
will make systems more flexible and adaptive leading to fewer defects during operation
facilitating better decision making.
(9) Autonomous robots.
Manufacturing industries have been using robots for a long time to carry out complicated
assignments, but robots today have become more autonomous and cooperative. After a
period of time robots will interact with each other and with humans and learn from them.
They can be programmed to operate in remote areas in a similar environment as humans.
Industry 4.0 is the most advanced concept that has the capability to change the future of
the Indian manufacturing sector if implemented judiciously and cautiously (Kamble et al.,
2018). But the manufacturing sector is still doubtful about the implementation of Industry
4.0 because of excess investment in terms of infrastructure, training and policies. Therefore,
it is very important to explore the enablers of Industry 4.0 implementation in the
manufacturing industry in India so that it can be implemented successfully and industries
can avail maximum benefit of this emerging phenomenon. The objectives of this paper are
as under:
 (1) To explore the enablers of Industry 4.0 application in the manufacturing sector in Industry 4.0 in
India and to identify the mutual relationship among these enablers. Indian
(2) To develop a comprehensive structured model using Fuzzy TISM (Total Interpretive Manufacturing
Structural Modelling) methodology to strengthen these enablers. Industry
(3) To calculate the drive and dependence power of these enablers using MICMAC
analysis (Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification) in order to
rank them in order of priority so that they can be handled successfully. 1237

2. Review of literature
2.1 Technologies of industry 4.0
Pacchini et al. proposed a model for measuring the degree of readiness of a manufacturing
industry with reference to the adoption of Industry 4.0.(Pacchini et al., 2019). Lucato et al.
proposed a model to measure if industries are ready for the implementation of I4.0 paradigms
(Lucato et al., 2019). Santos and Martinho described a tool to evaluate the maturity level in
implementing Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing organizations to plan and monitor
the transformation actions (Santos and Martinho, 2019). Basl and Doucek also analysed the
readiness indexes and maturity models regarding Industry 4.0 concepts primarily within the
European countries (Basl and Doucek, 2019). In 2018 Asdecker and Felch developed an
Industry 4.0 maturity model to prove guidance for the digitization of any significant value-
adding activity in supply chain management (Asdecker and Felch, 2018). Manufacturing
industries are presently confronting various challenges regarding Industry 4.0
implementation. Mueller et al. discussed the requirement and challenges of implementation
of Industry 4.0 with special emphasis on cyber physical systems. The paper helps in
understanding the theoretical concepts of Industry 4.0. The results of the study show that the
frameworks based on CPS help the industries to attain proper control over smart machineries.
On the other hand, there are some challenges like data security and maintenance issues which
need to be overcome (Mueller et al., 2017). Though technically the internet of things is a
fundamental part of the fourth industrial revolution, but I4.0 also involves other elements
(Gierej, 2017). Schumacher et al. proposed an innovative maturity model to implement
Industry 4.0 in the current uncertain environment in the manufacturing industries. The model
was further converted into a practicable tool and applied in various industries (Schumacher
et al., 2016). Sanders et al. analysed the links between the technologies of Industry 4.0 and lean
manufacturing systems and investigated if Industry 4.0 has the capability of adopting lean.
Industry 4.0 requires extensive investment and therefore may get hesitation from various
manufacturers. The research also evaluates the predicament of the manufacturers whether to
adopt Industry 4.0 or not, considering the huge investment and undermarked benefits
(Sanders et al., 2016). Harrison et al. reviewed certain engineering techniques adopted for
Industry 4.0. Authors conducted a case study on the applications of cyber-physical system
toolkit innovated at a university in the United Kingdom that how it can support automation
systems (Harrison et al., 2016). Also, Bahrin et al. reviewed the role of robotic and automation
technologies in attaining Industry 4.0 (Bahrin et al., 2016). Qin et al. focussed on the basic
fundamental concepts of Industry 4.0 and the conditions of present manufacturing and
production systems. They also identified the major gaps between the present manufacturing
systems and the requirements of Industry 4.0. A multi-dimensional framework is also
presented in their research to help the industries to understand and achieve the requisites of
Industry 4.0 (Qin et al., 2016). In 2015, Shafiq et al. defined cyber physical systems as “the
conjunction of the physical and digital worlds by creating global networks for businesses
that integrate their technology, warehousing systems, and production facilities”. Digitization
of physical systems is done to manage their operations (Shafiq et al., 2015). Bagheri et al. in
IJPPM their study constructed a model where CPS can be integrated in the manufacturing sector. It
70,6 was stated that CPS are aimed to detect the information and explained “adaptive cluster” in
detail for data analysis (Bagheri et al., 2015). Zhou et al. in their research introduced important
technologies and several opportunities and challenges of Industry 4.0 in China. The study
shows that for Industry 4.0 to be successful, China requires innovations in technology,
knowledge and management with regard to the manufacturing sector (Zhou et al., 2015). CPS
includes computers and integrated networks that detect and manage physical processes
1238 using computations and communication loops for improving the quality of the production
activities. CPS are used in various areas from healthcare to the energy grids but their major
impact is seen on industrial processes (Wang et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2015). In 2014 Lasi et al.
discussed different key technologies and explored various driving forces for the Industry 4.0
concept (Lasi et al., 2014). CPS have significantly changed our everyday life through by
enabling several innovative operations through their vast communication network. Any type
of information and service can be accessed anytime with the help of smartphones (Jazdi,
2014). Kagermann et al. (2011) firstly explained the fundamental concepts of Industry 4.0 and
laid the basis of this emerging phenomenon. Authors identified Germany as a leading country
in manufacturing sector where Industry 4.0 can be best implemented and physical world is
blended with virtual world creating smart factories.

2.2 TISM methodology

TISM methodology was specified by Sushil(Sushil, 2012a) and is built on the concept of ISM
methodology which was proposed by Warfield in 1973 (Warfield, 1973). Researchers like
(Harary et al., 1965; Malone, 1975; Hawthorne and Sage, 1975; Warfield, 1999; Jedlicka and
Meyer, 1980; Mohammed et al., 2008; Mangla et al., 2014; Kumar Srivastava and Sushil, 2014)
have thoroughly used ISM methodology in their researches. In TISM, graphical
representation along with the interpretations of complex systems is done (Sushil, 2012b).
ISM establishes interrelationships among different factors which is further presented in a
diagraph. Some studies have been conducted using an advanced form of ISM known as TISM
(Nasim, 2011; Dubey and Ali, 2014). TISM expresses direct and transitive relationships
among different elements so that the structured model can be interpreted also. TISM has been
used in e-governance (Nasim, 2011), higher private technical education (Prasad and Suri,
2011) and to analyse the relationships among different strategic performance management
factors for exploring the best strategy (Kumar Srivastava and Sushil, 2014). Fuzzy TISM has
been used to identify various enablers in order to enhance sustainability of integrated
logistics in an environment having uncertainty (Mohanty and Shankar, 2017). Khatwani et al.
also suggested fuzzy-TISM methodology for group decision making process (Khatwani et al.,
2015). Analysis of flexible manufacturing system performance variables was conducted by
fuzzy TISM (Jain and Soni, 2019). Modelling of quality of life in diabetic patients was done by
using TISM (Ajmera and Jain, 2019a). The barriers of Health 4.0 were evaluated using TISM
(Ajmera and Jain, 2019b)

2.3 Enablers of Industry 4.0

In the present work, 17 enablers of Industry 4.0 in the Indian manufacturing sector have been
identified through extensive literature review and opinions of industry and academic experts.
Initially, articles published on Industry 4.0 in peer-reviewed journals, reports from the
industry, newspaper and magazine articles were explored and 23 enablers were identified.
After a team of 15 experts (10 from the manufacturing industry and 5 from academia) was
consulted for the validation process. Nominal group technique was used to aggregate scores
of experts and finally, 17 enablers appropriate for the Indian manufacturing sector were
selected. A brief description of these enablers is given below:
 (1) Information security. Industry 4.0 in
In Industry 4.0, huge data is available online causing information security issues as cyber Indian
physical systems are more prone to cyber-attacks (Alaba et al., 2017). This poses data security Manufacturing
issues as important private data may be accessed by other parties causing loss of critical Industry
information which is a very sensitive issue and may damage the reputation of the
organization (Kamble et al., 2018). Good information security measures facilitates Industry
4.0 implementation. 1239
(2) Technological infrastructure.
Advanced IT infrastructure is necessary to use Internet of Things for reinforcing Industry 4.0
implementation. Cyber physical systems integrate with ultra-advanced sensors and are
connected to production systems to control and manage the production processes by
perceiving the quality and condition of the manufactured products. This requires sufficient
IT infrastructure as absence of efficacious communication network and weak signal strength
may hamper the entire process affecting the quality of the products (Lee et al., 2015).
(3) Financial support.
Implementation of Industry 4.0 requires excessive initial investment to develop appropriate
infrastructure in the organizations (Kamble et al., 2018). It is especially difficult to be
implemented in smaller industries due to insufficient funds for arranging advanced
automated technologies. Technologies like IoT require huge investment and there is always a
fear of economic loss. Therefore, financial support from top management acts as a major
driver for Industry 4.0 implementation (Kamigaki, 2017).
(4) Continued specialized skills training.
For successful implementation of Industry 4.0, a skilled workforce is required as employees
have to handle automated smart machines, link smart factories and analyse digital data.
Therefore, industries have to lay emphasis on the provision of special training sessions on
digitization and secure use of Internet of Things. Sometimes retraining sessions are required
for the employees to fully understand and operate the applications of Industry 4.0 (Koch
et al., 2014).
(5) Enhanced corporate control.
Ideally, cooperation from all the departments is required to apply Industry 4.0 to improve the
productivity and profit. But for this to work practically, the top management and senior-most
executives must understand how digitization will affect each component of the business so
that they may solve all the problems diligently and motivate the employees to deliver the best
performance to achieve the best outcomes for their organizations. Also, initially, huge
investment is required to develop and maintain appropriate infrastructure in the
organizations.. Therefore, enhanced corporate control and support is required to
successfully implement the Industry 4.0 concept in the organizations (Gilchrist, 2016).
(6) Balanced and empowered team.
A well-balanced and empowered team consisting of members with diverse technical and
behavioral skills is essential for the successful implementation of Industry 4.0 in the Indian
manufacturing industry. The members of the team should be well-versed with the latest
technologies of Industry 4.0 and actively participate in all the activities regarding its application
(Willcocks and Sykes, 2000; Parr et al., 1999). Chen states that the right people should be
identified and empowered with the responsibilities and the feeling of self-management as this
enhances user involvement which is important for Industry 4.0 success (Chen, 2001).
IJPPM (7) Uniformity of standards.
70,6 Uniformity of standards for information exchange among the industries is very important for
Industry 4.0 as norms and standards are different for different industries. Most of the times
smaller organizations have to adapt to the norms of the larger organization of which they are
the suppliers. Therefore, if norms and standards for Industry 4.0 application are laid down
properly, this will reinforce its implementation (Christians and Liepin, 2017).
1240 (8) Internet facility from government at reduced price.
Continuous availability of Internet is required for Industry 4.0 applications. Absence of
efficacious communication network and weak signal strength may hamper the entire process
as uninterrupted accessibility of data both horizontally and vertically is very important.
Government can support by providing Internet facility at reduced price to the industries
which are trying to implement Industry 4.0 to reinforce digitization in the manufacturing
sector (Bonczek et al., 2014).
(9) Confidence of customers in Internet transactions.
Industry 4.0 has changed the rules and regulations of conventional business practices.
Internet of Things has enhanced customer’s expectations and customers are more aware
about their rights. Industry 4.0 requires more and more Internet transactions. However, the
increased Internet use does not change the requirement of strengthening customer
relationships (Davis et al., 1989). The more is the trust of customers in the Internet
transactions, more successful will be the Industry 4.0 adoption because ultimately customer
is the king.
(10) Product and service innovation.
In order to achieve successful adoption of Industry 4.0, continuous innovations in products
and services are required. Instead of achieving competitive advantage at low cost, industries
should move towards achieving competitive advantage through innovations in efficiency,
professionalism, knowledge and quality of products and services (Thuemmler and Bai, 2017;
Zhou et al., 2015).
(11) Customer feedback.
Apart from connecting the hardware, Industry 4.0 applications also strengthens the
communication among different monitoring systems. The data is received from sensors,
production and manufacturing systems as well as from the customers in the form of customer
feedback. This information helps the managers to take intelligent decisions for continuously
improving their processes and respond better to the needs of the consumers (Qin et al., 2016;
Thuemmler and Bai, 2017).
(12) Total productive and preventive maintenance.
Industry 4.0 implementation requires extensive IT infrastructure that needs to be maintained
and serviced regularly as any disruption in the integrated process will disrupt the entire
system. Therefore smart maintenance systems should be there to avoid any breakdown.
SMEs generally face the issue of insufficient maintenance support systems as additional
revenue is required for maintenance issues.
(13) Hardware and software compatibility.
Small and medium size industries because of scarcity of resources purchase manufacturing
and IT equipment from different manufacturers over a period of time leading to software
compatibility issues. Sometimes SMEs do not have their own IT infrastructure due to which
managers face difficulties in using IT technologies and finding the accurate solution Industry 4.0 in
(Schoenherr et al., 2015). Indian
(14) Strategic digitized vision. Manufacturing
Clarity of vision helps the industries to adopt Industry 4.0 at the right time. Generally, the Industry
users may have fears and they may resist against changing the present status. Therefore, the
managers should intelligently convey the vision of the organization to the employees before
the implementation on Industry 4.0 so that digital culture is well accepted in the organization. 1241
(15) Organizational culture.
Industry 4.0 adoption requires change in the culture as now organizations are being
converted into smart factories. Due to automation the functions of the organizations will
change giving rise to decentralization and transitions of roles and responsibilities.
Furthermore, IoT adoption itself carries some challenges having impact on horizontal and
vertical chains of the system (Br€oring et al., 2017).
(16) Employee acceptance.
Industry 4.0 implementation require specialized skills and competencies to understand its
technologies and employees must be qualified to understand and approach this concept. On one
hand there is challenge before the organization to develop these competencies and on the other
hand, another challenge is the acceptance of Industry 4.0 technologies by the employees.
Organizations should be able to address the employees concerns as their anxiety may have a
negative effect on the implementation of a new concept. Therefore employees must be
empowered and taken into confidence before Industry 4.0 implementation (Mueller et al., 2017).
(17) Clarity of legal issues.
Because of rising competition, digitalization is posing a challenge before law as proper
knowledge about data security and artificial intelligence have to be followed before
implementing a new digital phenomenon (Christians and Liepin, 2017). There is no existence
of the virtual world without legal obligations and such organizations cannot be considered as
independent legal bodies. All the virtual organizations need to ensure that they are complying
with all the legal dimensions while accessing online data. The important legal issues that may
be affected by Industry 4.0 principles are liability, data protection and security and
intellectual property (Shelbourn et al., 2005)

3. TISM methodology
TISM starts with establishing contextual relationships among different enablers explored
from the review of literature and expert’s perspective (Sushil, 2012b). Subsequent steps of
TISM methodology are explained below (Jain and Raj, 2015):
(1) Identify the enablers and interpret the interrelationships between them. It indicates
whether “element A will influence/enhance element B” or not, and how and in what
way they will influence/enhance each other’. It is depicted in Table 1.
(2) Establishment of structural self-interaction (SSIM) matrix:
Taking into account the circumstantial relationships, the interaction between two elements
(i and j) is determined by relevant experts. The symbols used to determine the interaction
between any two enablers are V, A, X and O (Jain and Raj, 2016).
The use of symbols in SSIM has been explained in Table 2 and SSIM matrix thus framed is
described in Table 3.
IJPPM Enablers Contextual relation Interpretation
70,6 Enablers A will How or in what way
Enabler influence/enhance Enablers A will influence/
no. Enablers which affect I4 Enablers B enhance Enablers B

1. Information security
2. Technological infrastructure
1242 3. Financial support
4. Continued specialized skills training
5. Enhanced corporate control
6. Balance and empowered team
7. Uniformity of standards
8. Internet facility from government at reduced
price
9. Confidence of customers in Internet
transactions
10. Product and service innovation
11. Customer feedback
12. Total productive and preventive maintenance
13. Hardware and software compatibility
Table 1. 14. Strategic digitized vision
Enablers, contextual 15. Organizational culture
relationship and 16. Employee acceptance
interpretation 17. Clarity of legal issues

Symbol Illustration

V When enabler i influences or reaches to enabler j

Table 2. A When if enabler j reaches to enabler i
Contextual X When both enablers i and j reach to each other
relationship O When there is no relationship between enablers i and j

(3) Development of reachability matrix (RM):

This is developed by converting information within SSIM into binary digits of 1 and 0 criteria
for which is given below:

Symbol in SSIM Binary digit in initial RM

V to the cell (i, j) cell (i, j) entry becomes 1 and the cell (j, i) entry becomes 0
A to the cell (i, j) cell (i, j) entry becomes 0 and the cell (j, i) entry becomes 1
X to the cell (i, j) this cell (i, j) entry becomes 1 and the cell (j, i) entry also becomes 1
O to the cell (i, j) cell (i, j) entry becomes 0 and the cell (j, i) entry also becomes 0

(4) Transitivity check

Transitivity (a relationship among three variables in such a way that if a relationship is found
to exist between the first and second variables and between the second and third variables,
then there must be a relationship between the first and third) is checked in the matrix rule and
incorporated wherever required (denoted by asterisks * in Table 5).
Sr. no. 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Industry 4.0 in
Indian
1. O O O O A O O O V O A A V A A A Manufacturing
2. O V V V A A O V O O O X V A O
3. V V V V V V O O O A O V V X Industry
4. V V V V V V V V V A V V V
5. O X O A A A A O O O A A
6. O O V V O O O O O O A 1243
7. O V O V X A V O O O
8. O O O V O O O O O
9. O O O O O O V O
10. O O O V O A A
11. O O V A O A
12. O O O O V
13. O O O V
14. O O V
15. O V Table 3.
16. X SSIM

(6) Reachability matrix partition

The partitioning of reachability matrix is performed on different sets and subsets of the
elements.
(7) Developing digraph and TISM model
After checking for transitivity, digraph is created by identifying different levels or hierarchy
of elements. This diagraph depicts hierarchy of the enablers. After this, final TISM model is
constructed where all transitive and the direct influencing links are incorporated. Besides
this, interpretation of relationships is also included to provide a proper explanation about the
impact of one enabler on other.

4. Modelling the enablers for the adoption of industry 4.0 by TISM

Different steps to do the modelling of the enablers for the adoption of Industry 4.0 by TISM
are given below:
(1) Delphi technique:
In the present research, the viewpoints of 15 professional experts (10 from manufacturing
industry and 5 from academia) were considered for analysis of relationship among criteria.
(2) Selection of seventeen enablers of Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing industry in India.
(3) Collection of responses and development of SSIM Matrix.
Initial SSIM matrices were developed taking into account responses of all the experts based
on the degree of interrelationship between the criteria. Contextual relationships and their
interpretations are presented in Table 1.
(4) Initial reachability matrix is developed from Table 3 and shown in Table 4. Further
checked for the transitivity rule which is depicted in Table 5.
(5) Partitioning of sets and subsets is carried out to determine various properties of
diagraph. Reachability set comprises of the enabler itself and other enablers that are
reachable from that specific enabler. For each column which consists of 1 in the row of
IJPPM Sr. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
70,6
1. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
3. 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1244 6. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
7. 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
8. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
12. 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
13. 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
14. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Table 4. 15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Initial reachability 16. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
matrix 17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Sr. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1* 0 0 0 0 1* 0
2. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1* 1 1* 0 0 1 1 1 1*
3. 1 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 0 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1*
6. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1* 1* 0 0 0 1 1 1* 0
7. 1 1* 0 0 1 1 1 0 1* 1* 1 0 1 1 1* 1 0
8. 1* 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1* 1* 1* 1 1* 1* 1*
9. 0 0 0 0 1* 0 0 0 1 1* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 1* 0 0 0 0 1 1* 0 0 1 1* 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1* 1 1* 0
12. 1* 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1* 1* 1* 0
13. 1 1 0 0 1 1* 1 0 1* 1* 1* 0 1 1 1* 1* 0
14. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1* 1 0 0 1 1 1* 0
15. 0 0 0 0 1* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1*
Table 5. 16. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Reachability matrix 17. 0 0 0 0 1* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

particular considered enabler, the enabler that column represents is taken in the
reachability set. In the same way, for each row which has 1 in the column of
considered enabler, the enabler that row represents is included in the antecedent set.
The intersection set is then defined along with the levels of enablers. The enablers
that do not reach other enablers above their own level are positioned at top/highest
level. So the enabler itself and all other enablers at the same level to which top level
enabler may reach are incorporated in the reachability set. The antecedent set at the
top-level involves that enabler itself and all other enablers that can reach it from lower
levels and any enabler of a strongly linked subset involving enabler at the top level.
(Farris and Sage, 1975). Similarly, other top-level enablers of the subgraph are
attained after confiscating the top level enabler. This procedure is continued till all
 levels of the framework are achieved to develop the final structured model. The Industry 4.0 in
matrix is thus partitioned and the levels of different iterations are shown in Table 6. Indian
(6) The enablers are presented graphically in levels and the directed links are Manufacturing
incorporated depending upon the relationship as per the reachability matrix. Industry
Retain only those important transitive relationships which are significant and
interpreted as presented in Figure 3.
(7) The final digraph is converted into a binary interaction matrix and interpretive 1245
matrix as depicted in Tables 7 and 8.
(8) The connective and interpretive information contained in the interpretive direct
interaction matrix and digraph is used to derive the TISM. TISM is shown in Figure 4.

5. Analysis of industry 4.0 enablers by TISM fuzzy MICMAC

To establish the TISM model, the relationship between the two variables is indicated as 0 and
1. 0 indicates no relationship and 1 indicates relationship between the two variables. But the
relationship between any two variables may not be equal every time. Some relationships are
strong, some are very strong and some may be better. In order to overpower the weakness of
TISM model, fuzzy MICMAC is used. In 2014, fuzzy MICMAC with ISM and TISM was used
by Dubey and Ali to analyse the relationships among different constructs of flexibility
manufacturing systems (Dubey and Ali, 2014). In 2013, Gorane and Kant used fuzzy
MICMAC along with ISM for modelling the enablers of SCM (Gorane and Kant, 2013). Fuzzy
MICMAC was also used with ISM by Debata et al. to evaluate the enablers of medical tourism
(Ranjan Debata et al., 2013). Khurana et al. modelled the enablers for trust building in the
manufacturing sector in India using ISM with fuzzy MICMAC methodology (Khurana et al.,
2010). Arya and Abbasi categorized the important factors and their impact on the assessment
of environment (Arya and Abbasi, 2001).
The procedure of TISM Fuzzy MICMAC analysis given below (Jain and Raj, 2015):
(1) A binary direct reachability matrix is developed among the enablers of Industry 4.0
as shown in Table 9. After this ignoring the transitivity all the entries at the diagonal
are changed to zero. This is depicted in Table 9

Sr. no. Reachability set Antecedent set Intersection set Level

5 5,16,17 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 5,16,17 I

16 5,16,17 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 5,16,17 I
17 5,16,17 2,3,4,5,8,15,16,17 5,16,17 I
15 15 2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15 15 II
10 10,11,14 2,3,4,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14 10,11,14 III
11 10,11,14 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 10,11,14 III
14 10,11,14 2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,14 10,11,14 III
9 9 1,2,3,4,6,7,9,13 9 IV
1 1 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12,13 1 V
2 2,6 2,3,4,6,7,12,13 2,6 VI
6 2,6 2,3,4,6,7,8,13 2,6 VI
7 7,13 3,4,7,12,13 7,13 VII
13 7,13 3,4,7,8,12,13 7,13 VII
12 12 3,4,8,12 12 VIII
3 3,4 3,4,8 3,4 IX
4 3,4 3,4,8 3,4 IX Table 6.
8 8 8 8 X Iterations
IJPPM 5 16 17
70,6

15
1246

10 11 14

2 6

7 13

12

3 4

Direct Link
8
Figure 3.
Digraph Indirect Link

(2) Only binary relations are considered in the traditional MICMAC analysis. In order to
enhance the sensitiveness of MICMAC analysis we have used fuzzy set theory where
we have introduced an extra input of possible interaction between the two enablers.
This is indicated on a scale of 0–1 and given in Table 10. Industry and Academic
experts were consulted again to derive the fuzzy relationships among the enablers
using 0–1 scale to develop a fuzzy direct interaction matrix (FDRM) which is
exhibited by Table 11.
(3) The FDRM matrix is multiplied continuously using the principle of fuzzy matrix
multiplication to stabilize the driver power and dependence powers (Jain and Raj, 2015).
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Industry 4.0 in
Indian
1. – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing
2. 1 – 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3. 0 1 – 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Industry
4. 0 0 1 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
5. 0 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
6. 1 1 0 0 0 – 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1247
7. 0 1 0 0 0 1 – 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 – 0 0 1 1 0 0
12. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 – 1 0 0 0 0
13. 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 – 0 0 0 0
14. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 – 1 0 0
15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 1 0
16. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – 1
17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 – Table 7.
Note(s): Bold direct link. Italic Significant transitive link Interaction matrix

This is fundamentally a generalization of Boolean matrix multiplication which states

that when multiplication between two fuzzy matrices is done, the resultant matrix is
also a fuzzy matrix.
(4) Multiplication rule is as under
C 5 A; B 5 max k [min aik; bkj]
Where A 5 [aik] and B 5 [bkj]
Table 12 depicts a stabilized matrix. The driving and dependence power of the enablers
are calculated in fuzzy MICMAC by adding the entries in the rows and columns respectively.
Figure 5 shows the driver power dependence power diagram.
In the present research, we have conducted both fuzzy MICMAC (Figure 5) and defuzzified
MICMAC (Figure 6) analysis to identify and analyse the enablers of Industry 4.0 in
manufacturing sector India in a normal as well as fuzzy environment. Mapping of various
enablers is done taking into account their driving and dependence power. The enablers are
classified into four categories viz. autonomous, dependent, linkage and independent.
(1) Group 1 enablers (Autonomous): These enablers are placed in the first quadrant and
have weak driving as well as weak dependence power. In the present work, enabler 9
and 17 lie in this quadrant in defuzzified MICMAC analysis and 1, 9 lie in this
quadrant in fuzzy MICMAC analysis.
(2) Group 2 enablers (Dependent): These enablers possess strong dependence power but
weak driving power. They lie in the second quadrant and are influenced by various
other enablers. In this research, enablers 1,5,10,11,14,15 and 16 represent this
quadrant as per defuzzified MICMAC analysis and in fuzzy MICMAC analysis
enablers 5,10,11,14,15,16 and 17 lie in this cluster.
(3) Group 3 enablers (Linkage): These enablers have strong driving as well as
dependence power. They are unstable and very important as any action on these
enablers have a direct impact on others and also have feedback effect upon them. No
IJPPM Enabler Contextual relation Interpretation
70,6 Enabler A will
Enabler Industry 4.0 adoption influence/enhance How or in what way Enabler A will
no. enabler enabler B influence/enhance enabler B

1. Information security Enabler 1 influences Better information security measures raise

Enabler 9 the confidence of customers in Internet
1248 transactions. Industry 4.0 requires more
Internet transactions. The more is the trust
of customers in the Internet transactions,
more successful will be the Industry 4.0
adoption because ultimately customer is the
king
2. Technological Enabler 2 influences Better technological infrastructure ensures
infrastructure Enabler 1 better information security measures which
facilitates Industry 4.0 implementation
Enabler 2 influences Advanced IT infrastructure is necessary to
Enabler 6 use Internet of Things for reinforcing
Industry 4.0 implementation. This requires
an empowered team with diverse technical
skills which can actively participate in all
the activities regarding application of
Industry 4.0 in their organization
3. Financial support Enabler 3 influences Implementation of Industry 4.0 requires
Enabler 2 excessive initial investment to develop
appropriate infrastructure in the
organizations. Therefore, financial support
from top management acts as major driver
for Industry 4.0
Enabler 3 influences Skilled workforce is required in I 4.0 as
Enabler 4 employees have to handle automated smart
machines, link smart factories and analyze
digital data. Therefore, industries have to
lay emphasis on provision of special
training sessions on digitization and secure
use of Internet of Things which requires
additional financial support
Enabler 3 influences Industry 4.0 implementation requires
Enabler 12 extensive IT infrastructure that needs to be
maintained and serviced regularly as any
disruption in the integrated process will
disrupt the entire system. Service and
maintenance is not possible without
financial support
4. Continued specialized Enabler 4 influences Special training sessions on digitization and
skills training Enabler 3 secure use of Internet of Things requires
additional financial support
Enabler 4 influences Continued specialized skills training on
Enabler 12 Industry 4.0 use reduces total preventive
maintenance cost
Table 8.
Interpretive matrix (continued )
 Enabler Contextual relation Interpretation
Industry 4.0 in
Enabler A will Indian
Enabler Industry 4.0 adoption influence/enhance How or in what way Enabler A will Manufacturing
no. enabler enabler B influence/enhance enabler B Industry
5. Enhanced corporate Enabler 5 influences The top management and senior-most
control Enabler 16 executives must understand how
digitization will affect each component of 1249
the business, take employees into
confidence and motivate them to deliver the
best performance to achieve the best
outcomes for their organizations
6. Balanced and empowered Enabler 6 influences An expert and empowered team is capable
team Enabler 1 to adopt adequate information security
measures which facilitates Industry 4.0
implementation
Enabler 6 influences An empowered team is well versed with the
Enabler 2 latest technologies and maintain proper
infrastructure required for Industry 4.0
implementation
Enabler 6 influences Internet of Things has enhanced customer’s
Enabler 9 expectations and they are now more aware
about their rights. A balanced and
empowered team help in boosting the
confidence of employees in the Internet
transactions
Enabler 6 influences In order to achieve successful adoption of
Enabler 10 Industry 4.0, continuous innovations in
products and services are required which is
possible only if the team members are well
versed with the advanced innovative
technologies
7. Uniformity of standards Enabler 7 influences Uniformity of standards will impel the
Enabler 2 industries have to maintain sufficient
infrastructure
Enabler 7 influences A balanced and empowered team is familiar
Enabler 6 with all the norms and standards and abide
by the appropriate rules, regulations and
laws especially in case of issues like cyber
security, duty hours and safety measures
regarding Industry 4.0
Enabler 7 influences Small and medium size industries because
Enabler 13 of scarcity of resources purchase equipment
from different manufacturers over a period
of time leading to software compatibility
issues. Most of the times smaller
organizations have to adapt to the norms of
the larger organization of which they are the
suppliers. Therefore, if norms and
standards for Industry 4.0 application are
laid down properly this will overcome
compatibility issues

(continued ) Table 8.
IJPPM Enabler Contextual relation Interpretation
70,6 Enabler A will
Enabler Industry 4.0 adoption influence/enhance How or in what way Enabler A will
no. enabler enabler B influence/enhance enabler B

8. Internet facility from Enabler 8 influences If Internet facility is provided by the

Government at reduced Enabler 3 government at the reduced rate this will
1250 price help the industries financially
Enabler 8 influences If Internet facility is provided by the
Enabler 4 government at the reduced rate this will
help the industries financially and the
amount saved may be used by the
industries for providing training to the
employees
9. Confidence of customers Enabler 9 influences Good feedback motivates the customers to
in Internet transactions Enabler 11 rely on Internet transactions
10. Product and service Enabler 10 Industries should move towards achieving
innovation influences competitive advantage through innovations
Enabler 11 in efficiency, professionalism, knowledge
and quality of products and services. This
will have a positive impact on the customers
Enabler 10 For Industry 4.0 to be successful, product
influences and innovation should be cultivated in the
Enabler 15 culture of the organizations
11. Customer feedback Enabler 11 Customers will provide better feedback if
influences they get innovative products and services
Enabler 10
Enabler 11 Customer feedback helps in defining clear
influences vision for the organizations
Enabler 14
Enabler 11 Customers feedback improves
influences organizational culture
Enabler 15
12. Total productive and Enabler 12 For Industry 4.0 to be implemented
preventive maintenance influences Enabler 7 successfully, regular productive and
preventive maintenance of the equipment
should be a part of norms and standards for
all the organizations
Enabler 12 Hardware and software compatibility
influences reduces total productive and preventive
Enabler 13 maintenance cost
13. Hardware and software Enabler 13 Hardware and software compatibility issues
compatibility influences Enabler 2 are less if IT infrastructure is adequate
Enabler 13 Hardware and software compatibility issue
influences Enabler 6 can be resolved easily by a balanced and
empowered team
Enabler 13 For Industry 4.0 to be implemented
influences Enabler 7 successfully, hardware and software issues
be a part of norms and standards for all the
organizations

Table 8. (continued )
 Enabler Contextual relation Interpretation
Industry 4.0 in
Enabler A will Indian
Enabler Industry 4.0 adoption influence/enhance How or in what way Enabler A will Manufacturing
no. enabler enabler B influence/enhance enabler B Industry
14. Strategic digitized vision Enabler 14 Customer feedback defines the strategic
influences vision of the industries
Enabler 11 1251
Enabler 14 Industry 4.0 adoption requires change in the
influences vision and culture as now organizations are
Enabler 15 being converted into smart factories with
strategic digitized vision
15. Organizational culture Enabler 15 Culture of the organization should be like
influences that the employee’s concerns and their
Enabler 16 anxieties should be addressed properly as
there may be a negative effect on the
implementation of a new concept
16. Employee acceptance Enabler 16 Employees will accept I4.0 technologies
influences Enabler 5 willingly if their issues and concerns are
addressed by senior managers and top
executives beforehand
Enabler 16 It will be easier for the employees to accept
influences I4.0 technologies if they are clear about all
Enabler 17 the legal issues like data security and
liability etc.
17. Clarity of legal issues Enabler 17 Employees will accept I4.0 technologies
influences easily and willingly if they are clear about
Enabler 16 all the legal issues like data security and
liability etc. Table 8.

enablers in fuzzy MICMAC as well as in defuzzified MICMAC analysis lie in this

quadrant.
(4) Group 4 enablers (Independent): They lie in fourth quadrant and have strong driving
power but weak dependence power. Fuzzy MICMAC analysis includes enablers
2,3,4,6,7,8,12 and 13 while defuzzified MICMAC analysis includes 2,3,4,6,7,8,12 and 13
lie in this quadrant.

6. Discussion and conclusion

Results of the present work depict that “Internet facility from the government at reduced
price” emerged out to be the most important enabler for the successful adoption of Industry
4.0 in manufacturing industry as this variable has very high driving power. Uninterrupted
continuous availability of Internet is essential for Industry 4.0 applications. Absence of
efficacious communication network and weak signal strength may hamper the entire process.
Government should encourage investment in advanced IT infrastructure like arrangement of
high-speed Internet facility, ample broadband spectrum and reliable digital networks.
Government can also support by providing Internet facility at reduced price to the industries
which are trying to implement Industry 4.0 to reinforce digitization in the manufacturing
sector. Industry 4.0 requires extensive initial investment to develop and maintain appropriate
infrastructure in the organizations. Also, additional cost is required for the training of the
workforce and maintenance of support systems. All the major decisions require financial
support from the management. Therefore it is essential for the management to first
 70,6

1252
IJPPM

Figure 4.
Tism model
Enhanced corporate Employee acceptance Clarity of legal issues
control (5) (16) (17)

Organizational culture (15)

Product and service Customer feedback (11) Strategic digitized

innovation (10) vision (14)

Confidence of customers in internet

transactions (9)

Information security (1)

Technological Balanced and empowered

infrastructure (2) team (6)

Uniformity of standards (7) Hardware and software compatibility (13)

Total productive and preventive maintenance (12)

Financial support (3) Continued specialized skills training (4)

Direct Link Internet facility from Government at

reduced price (8)

Indirect Link
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Industry 4.0 in
Indian
1. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Manufacturing
2. 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
3. 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Industry
4. 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
6. 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1253
7. 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
8. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
12. 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
13. 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
14. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Table 9.
16. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Binary direct
17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 reachability matrix

Table 10.
Possibility of reachability No Very low Low High Very high Possibility of
numerical value of the
Value 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 reachability

understand the importance of technologies of Industry 4.0 so that it can be implemented with
high priority in the organizations.
Another important enabler is continued specialized skills training. Industry 4.0 requires
skilled workforce as the employees have to handle automated smart machines, link smart
factories and analyse digital data. Therefore, industries have to lay emphasis on provision of
special training sessions on digitization and secure use of Internet of Things. Sometimes
retraining sessions are required for the employees to fully understand and operate the
applications of Industry 4.0. A similar study conducted by Koch et al. also concludes that
Industry 4.0 requires employees who are expert in latest technologies of digitization (Koch
et al., 2014). Industry 4.0 permits more flexibility in the production processes and requires
substantial IT infrastructure that needs to be maintained and serviced regularly as any
disturbance in the integrated process will disrupt the entire system. Therefore, total
productive and preventive maintenance is another important enabler. Industry 4.0 as norms
and standards are different for different industries. Most of the times smaller organizations
have to adapt to the norms of the larger organization of which they are the suppliers.
Therefore, if norms and standards for Industry 4.0 application are laid down uniformly, this
will help even the smaller industries to implement this concept. Because of scarcity of
resources small and medium size industries purchase manufacturing and IT equipment from
different manufacturers over a period of time leading to software compatibility issues.
Sometimes SMEs do not have their own IT infrastructure due to which managers face
difficulties in using IT technologies and finding the accurate solution. A study by Schoenherr
also shows that hardware and software compatibility issues if handled carefully, will
reinforce Industry 4,0 implementation. (Schoenherr et al., 2015). Large amount of sensitive
information is available online across the cloud computing environment. This poses data
security issues as important private data may be accessed by other parties. Therefore if data
 70,6

1254
IJPPM

Table 11.
Fuzzy direct
reachability matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1. 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
3. 0.25 0 0 0.75 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
4. 0.25 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
6. 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0
7. 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.75 0 0.75 0.5 0 0.5 0
8. 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
11. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
12. 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0.25 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0 0
13. 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0
14. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 0
15. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0
16. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25
17. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sum

1. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.25 2.25

2. 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 4.75
3. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7.5
4. 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7.5
5. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.75
6. 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 4.75
7. 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0.75 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 5.5
8. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 8
9. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.25 2.25
10. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.25 2.25
11. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 0.25 1.75
12. 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 6
13. 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.75 0 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 5.75
14. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.25 2.25
15. 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.75
16. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5
17. 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.5
Sum 4 3 1 1 7.75 3 2.75 0 4 5 5.25 1.5 2.5 4.5 6 7 4.75
Manufacturing
Industry

1255
Indian
Industry 4.0 in

stabilized matrix
Table 12.
Fuzzy MICMAC
 70,6

analyses
1256
IJPPM

Figure 5.
Fuzzy MIMAC
Driving Power
8.0 8
7.75
7.50 3 4
7.25
7.0
6.75
6.50
6.25
6.0 12
5.75 13
5.5 7
5.25
5.0
4.75 2,6
4.5
4.25

4.0
3.75
3.5
3.25
3.0
2.75
2.5
2.25 1,9 14 10
2.0
1.75 11
1.5
1.25
1.0
0.75 15 5
0.5 17 16
0.25
1 3 3 4
. 2. . . . 6. 7. 8.
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 2.0 2.25 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 4.75 5.0 5.25 5.5 5.75 6.0 6.50 6.75 7.0 7.50 7.75
7 75 2 7 2 25 25 0
5 5 5 5

Dependence Power
 Driving Power
17
16 3,4
15
14
13
12 8 7 13
11 12 2
10
9 6
8.5
8
7
6 14 11
5 1 10
4 9 15
3 17 16 5
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Dependence Power
Manufacturing
Industry

1257
Indian
Industry 4.0 in

Figure 6.
MIMAC analysis
IJPPM protection measures are adequate Industry 4.0 can prove to be a boon for manufacturing
70,6 industries. A study conducted by Pereira et al. also concludes that data security is the most
serious and critical issue while implementing Industry 4.0 in the organizations (Pereira et al.,
2017).. Manufacturing industry has to face new threats every other day due to continuous and
rigorous changes in the market as well as customer’s requirements (Ajmera, 2017). Authors
have tried to evaluate all the constructive and obstructive factors within and outside the
organization that may affect I 4.0 implementation in the organization. A comprehensive study
1258 of the environment in which the organization functions helps in estimating the varying trends
to facilitate the decision-making processes. Proper understanding of these enablers will help
the managers and policymakers to take concrete steps so that Industry 4.0 can be
implemented successfully in the manufacturing sector in India.

7. Implications of research
Industry 4.0 is a remarkable phenomenon and a major breakaway in manufacturing industry
as it has the potential to provide a new outlook to the industry by amalgamating the latest
technologies to attain maximum productivity with minimum resource utilization. But the
review of existing literature shows that managers do not have a thorough understanding of
the enablers of this astounding concept and despite maximum efforts constructive results are
not yet achieved in India.
Implications for practitioners: The results of the present study provides many implications
for the industry managers. Firstly, 17 such important enablers with respect to Industry 4.0
adoption in the Indian manufacturing industry have been identified. The managers can
thoroughly understand the driving and dependence powers of these enablers beforehand,
identify the enablers with very high driving power and focus on them more so that Industry
4.0 can be successfully implemented and executed meticulously in their industries. Secondly,
TISM methodology applied in the study will help to identify the interrelationships among
these enablers so that the managers and decision makers can explore the effect of each
enabler on other enablers as well as the degree of relationships among them. Fuzzy MICMAC
analysis is carried out to analyse the enablers of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing sector India in
a fuzzy environment. Thirdly, the model developed in the present research illustrates how
various enablers affecting Industry 4.0 adoption in manufacturing organizations are
interrelated and affect each other. Timely action taken by the management to reinforce these
enablers will not only reduce the manufacturing cost but also improve the production so that
true potential of Industry 4.0 can be utilized.
Implications for researchers: Researchers may be carry out similar studies in many other
countries as well to analyse the presence of several other enablers. They can further quantify
the model established in the present research using other statistical techniques.

8. Limitations and future prospects of research

In this research, 17 enablers with respect to industry 4.0 implementation in Indian
manufacturing industry have been identified. Some of the enablers were not considered
which may affect Industry 4.0 adoption in other countries. In future, similar studies may be
carried out in many other countries as well to analyse the presence of several other enablers.
Further, it is also suggested to do a comparative research regarding the existence of enablers
to the adoption of Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing industries of developing and developed
countries to examine the significant variations if present. Also, quantification of Fuzzy TISM
model can be done and the model can be further validated by using structural modeling and
confirmatory factor analysis. SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) can be used to test the
theoretical model.
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About the authors

Dr Vineet Jain is working as a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mewat
Engineering College, Haryana Waqf Board, Government of Haryana, Palla, District Nuh, Mewat,
Haryana-122107 Palla, India. He received the PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering at the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, India. He
completed his B.E Mechanical with honours from N.I.T. Kurukshetra, India and M. Tech (Manufacturing
and Automation) with honours from the YMCA Institute of engineering, Faridabad, India. His areas of
interest are manufacturing technology, operation research and decision making with expertise in ISM,
GTMA, EFA, CFA, SPSS, AMOS, ANFIS, GA, TLBO and MADM, like AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR,
PROMETHEE, etc. He possesses more than 20 years experience in teaching and industry. He has written
three books in mechanical engineering. Published paper in international journal like Elsevier, Springer,
Emerald, Inderscience, etc. and presented in international and national conferences. Vineet Jain is the
corresponding author and can be contacted at: vjdj2004@gmail.com
Dr Puneeta Ajmera is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Health, Delhi
Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, New Delhi, India. She has done her Ph.D. in Health
management. Her areas of interest are health management, hospital administration, health insurance,
medical tourism, research methodology and healthcare operations research. She has authored three
books on Indian healthcare system and health policy. She possesses more than 16 years experience in
teaching and healthcare industry.

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