Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Engineering Research

journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-engineering-research

Utilizing industry 4.0-related technologies and modern techniques for

manufacturing customized products – Smart yogurt filling system
Mujahid Alia, , Bashir Salahb, Tufail Habibc
⁎

a
Department of Transport Systems, Traffic Engineering and Logistics, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8
Street, Katowice, Poland
b
Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The fulfillment of a clean environment and sustainable development goals depends on production processes.
Industry 4.0 Therefore, the recent changes in industrial output caused by digitalization are quite interesting from the per­
Process control spective of sustainable development. Opportunities to increase productivity, decrease waste, and transition to a
Efficient energy use more effective manufacturing system are presented by this transformation. The current study aims to examine
Smart manufacturing
how Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) can be advantageous for the environmental aspect of sustainable development, paying
Control automation
special attention to resource efficiency, efficient energy use, and transparency. IR 4.0 enabler technologies in­
crease productivity, minimize waste, and progress toward a more efficient production system, showing the
importance of evolving technologies in industrialization and mass customization. In order to observe the effects
of new technologies in IR 4.0 on sustainability aspects, a case study of King Saud University's Smart Yogurt
Filling System was examined using recent technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), reverse engineering,
and additive manufacturing. The test and trial process reveals how these technologies might enhance sustain­
ability in IR 4.0. Following the current study, the use of IR 4.0 enabler technologies demonstrated resource
efficiency, transparency, and customer satisfaction as well as improving customer satisfaction, saving time and
effort, increasing ergonomics, minimizing human interference, and enabling the delivery of customized
products.

Introduction
Through the fourth industrial revolution, or IR 4.0, manufacturing
facilities can provide more globalized and personalized goods to in­
crease consumer satisfaction and production efficiency [1,2]. In order
to accomplish this, goods and procedures must be developed more
quickly while maintaining the same level of flexibility and layout effi­
ciency. As shown in Fig. 1, a variety of technologies are available in the
IR 4.0 environment, including augmented reality, cloud computing,
cyber-physical systems, big data, cybersecurity, smart robots, modeling
and simulation, and additive manufacturing [3–6].
IR 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and data exchange
in manufacturing and other industries. It involves the integration of
various technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial in­
telligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics to optimize production
processes and improve efficiency [3,4,7]. With IR 4.0, factories and
production lines can communicate with each other, making it possible
for machines to interact with each other and make decisions on their
own. This leads to a more flexible and responsive production system,
which can quickly adapt to changes in demand and production re­
quirements. The overall goal of IR 4.0 is to create a smarter and more
connected industrial environment, which can lead to increased com­
petitiveness and improved economic performance [8–10].
There are several stages of the industrial revolution (IR). The first
revolution stage was introduced in 1784 by mainly focusing on me­
chanized production using steam power, whereas the second revolution
was almost after 10 decades in 1870 and aims at mass production using
electrical energy. Industrial automation using electronics and compu­
ters was the third revolution of the industry introduced exactly after
100 years of the second revolution in 1969. Currently the fourth in­
dustry revolution so-called IR 4.0 introduced in 2011 by German 2011
which mainly focuses on the Cyber-physics system, cloud computing,

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mali@polsl.pl (M. Ali).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.100144
Received 5 May 2023; Received in revised form 18 June 2023; Accepted 3 July 2023

2307-1877/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Kuwait University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib, Utilizing industry 4.0-related technologies and modern techniques for manufacturing
customized products – Smart yogurt filling system, Journal of Engineering Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jer.2023.100144i
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib
Smart robo�cs Cyber-physical
systems
Modeling and
simula�on
IR 4.0 Augmented reality
Big data
Addi�ve
manufacturing
Cloud compu�ng
Fig. 1. Leading technologies of IR 4.0.
and big data [11]. After the announcement of IR 4.0 as a critical in­
itiative of its industrial policy by the German federal government in
2011, the subject of IR 4.0 has attracted several corporations, research
organizations, and universities throughout the country [12]. The Fed­
eral Government of Germany showcases IR 4.0 as a novel, emerging
strategy that facilitates industrial and logistics networks to thoroughly
utilize internationally accessible information and communications sys­
tems for an automated interchange of valuable data [13]. Fig. 2 depicts
the different stages of IR 4.0.
IR 4.0, a recent industrial revolution, has recently brought about
quick and ongoing changes to the automotive, aerospace, electronics,
health care, and food industries [14,15]. Notwithstanding the difficul­
ties, IR 4.0 has so far been viewed as a significant potential for the food
industry [16]. Successful efforts have been made to stay up with the
upcoming industrial revolution and have been proven effective. Higher
manufacturing efficiency rates and reduced production costs made
possible by technological advancements have led to the creation of
products with greater added value, which is crucial when there is in­
tense competition among producers [17]. The integration of Industry
4.0 technologies into the food industry has the potential to bring sig­
nificant benefits, from improved food quality and safety to more effi­
cient and customized food production. An organization that produces,
processes, manufactures, sells, or serves food, drinks, and dietary sup­
plements is classified as a food industry company [18].
Industry 4.0 technologies may be leveraged to enhance productivity,
precision, and automation in the context of yogurt-filling machines. IoT
sensors can be used to monitor machine operation and spot possible
maintenance concerns, while machine learning algorithms may be
utilized to improve filling and decrease waste [19]. In addition, using
Mass produc�on
using electrical
energy
Mechanized
produc�on using
steam power
Fig. 2. Several stages of the industry revolution (IR).
2
Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
3D printed parts inside of machines rather than outsourcing might be
advantageous when crucial components break. Overall, the use of IR
4.0 technologies can boost production and profitability in the market
for yogurt-filling machines.
Individual customers' needs are becoming a prominent factor in
controlling an organization's competitiveness. In IR 4.0, sensors and
communication and control equipment are integrated into production
lines to revolutionize mass customization. An objective of mass custo­
mization is to make the manufacturing process more customer-oriented
by producing what the customer desires efficiently and profitably.
Zawadzki and Zywicki offered a number of methods for the execution of
a mass customization strategy in a smart factory that simplify both the
process of designing individually tailored products and the manage­
ment of their manufacturing [20]. Based on their findings, smart design
and production control are essential components of a smart industrial
unit capable of mass customization.
When developing and introducing new products, concurrent en­
gineering is frequently utilized [21,22]. In this method, many stages of
the design process are carried out simultaneously rather than sequen­
tially. To make these possible, digital tools like simulation software,
computer-aided design (CAD) techniques, and computer-aided manu­
facturing (CAM) techniques have been developed [7]. Furthermore,
new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, or
additive manufacturing can also be employed to assist in facility layout
planning by allowing several stages of the processes to take place
concurrently, allowing more accurate data to be gathered from more
sources which are nowadays available in digital format [3,6].
Since businesses are compelled to constantly think about how to
supply goods and services that are in great demand and whose demands
are changing at an ever-faster rate, this sort of technology will become
more and more important. Tracking the various layout components is a
very difficult sensing task due to the overall layout problem's intrinsic
three-dimensional machines, material, and human flow difficulties
[23–25]. The complexity of the spatial environment influences the
degree of spatial detail that technologies operate on, which can affect
the performance of those technologies and layouts.
It is still too early to predict that advanced technologies will be able
to completely automate the layout process. However, the most sig­
nificant layout components will certainly be able to be dynamically re-
evaluated regularly. The reason for this is that they are capable of de­
tecting their environment and storing material and personnel flows in
real time.
The proposed article discusses how the advent of digital and
emerging technologies of the fourth Industrial Revolution positively
influence the planning of mass-customized processes to achieve custo­
mized products. As a result, these technologies will impact the entire
Cyber-Physical
Industrial System, Cloud
automa�on using Compu�ng, and
electronic and Big Data
computers
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib
production process, allowing for effective sustainability over time. This
is because digital and emerging technologies enable the collection of
data in real time, allowing for the optimization of the production pro­
cess and the customization of the product. This leads to greater sus­
tainability as the process is more efficient, transparent and the product
is better suited to the customer's needs.
Literature review
The ultimate goal of Industry 4.0 is to target diverse industry im­
plementations of technologies, which could transform industrial pro­
cesses. The solutions offered by Business 4.0 are sufficiently adaptable
to allow customized configuration and development following the un­
iqueness and particular needs of several industries, such as the food
industry, which involves a significant amount of perishable goods [2].
As a result, options are given for dynamic manufacturing networks to
manage their supply chains and operational strategies. IoT-enabled data
collection is possible by IR 4.0. Typical IoT components can be in­
tegrated into a variety of production resources, including RFID and
barcoding [3]. They are in this way transformed into smart manu­
facturing objects that can interact and communicate with one another
intelligently to acquire and collect real-time production data [26].
Pacco in 2023 suggests that LabView v20 software from National
Instruments can mimic temperature conditions in fermentation tanks
used for making yogurt. The process includes pasteurization (at
80–85 °C), cooling the milk to 45 °C, and controlling the temperature to
42–45 °C for bacterial fermentation to achieve the desired texture and
flavor of yogurt. To store the yogurt, it is allowed to cool to 5–10 °C
whereas, the ideal temperature was 43 °C. The diodes for each tem­
perature are activated with LabView software to simulate temperature
control during pasteurization, cooling, fermentation, and final cooling
stages. The simulation offers graphs and numerical data to help with the
process of real-time monitoring [27].
In research employing IR 4.0 principles, Chen et al. [28] optimized a
completely automated yogurt and flavor-filling system. In two machine
setups (Case-I and Case-II) where the yogurt and flavors are loaded
individually while in Case-II they are filled at one place, they developed
mathematical models for faster processing times. The optimum single-
dimension rule was found using Case II since the findings showed it to
be quicker than Case-I. To increase consumer satisfaction, Salah et al.
[29] suggested a second phase control architecture for the yogurt filling
machine (YFM) that combines IR 4.0 concepts and makes use of an NFC
(near field communication) platform. A high-level control architecture
specifically programmed for filling operations and a proportional-in­
tegral-derivative (PID) based controller are also features of the fully
automated YFM design. Through simulation on FluidSIM-MecLab, the
suggested control system's performance was examined, including the
actions of actuators and electric/pneumatic input devices. The simu­
lation verified the PID-based controller's design logic and used the YFM
to compare various production kinds. Unlike conventional online au­
tomation programming, the learning environment developed for the
YFM simulates an actual production system to help students compre­
hend and apply contemporary manufacturing concepts.
Through the use of IR 4.0 technology, Ramadan established a fra­
mework known as dynamic value stream mapping (DVSM) to digitalize
lean manufacturing and explored how employing RFID and other cut­
ting-edge technology may save waste and maximize value. A clever
real-time scheduling and dispatching model (RT-SDM) was created and
operated on the DVSM to monitor product flow and find mismatches.
The suggested system and model were evaluated at a lean smart in­
dustrial lab at the University of King Saud, where they showed en­
hanced performance [30]. In the study by Salah, a yogurt filling system
was developed that can produce flavored yogurt using automation. The
system incorporated smart sensors compliant with IR 4.0, an IoT plat­
form, and control strategies. The bottles were filled using solenoid
valves and diaphragm pumps and stored with the assistance of a robotic
3
Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
arm. Monitoring and control were carried out using the Raspberry Pi 4
controller and Node-RED. The system operates in a fully automated
mode and has achieved a higher production rate without requiring
human intervention [19].
Automated quality inspection utilizing 3D scanning reduces in­
spection process time, produces exact quality results, is applicable for
all materials, and is quick and easy to implement. To guarantee com­
patibility and performance with other components, the completed part
or product can also be compared to the original design [31]. Smart
manufacturing and design cover intelligent design, intelligent proto­
typing, intelligent controllers, and intelligent sensors [32,33]. The im­
plementation of smart manufacturing is aided by real-time control and
monitoring [34]. IoT, 3D printing, industrial robots, and wireless
communication are examples of supporting technologies [35].
IR 4.0's fundamental technology, 3D printing, commonly referred to
as additive manufacturing, is revolutionizing conventional production
procedures. 3D printing may be utilized to create personalized, on-de­
mand components and products rapidly and effectively with increased
precision and speed in an IR 4.0 environment [36]. Furthermore, 3D
printing makes it feasible to create intricate structures and geometries
that would be challenging or impossible to create using conventional
manufacturing methods [37]. As a result, there are more options for
product design and customization, which shortens the time it takes to
market and boosts manufacturing efficiency. It has made it possible to
redesign assemblies more conveniently and use fewer machine parts
throughout a process [38].
The most significant benefit of additive manufacturing (AM) over
other manufacturing techniques is its capacity to produce complicated
geometries that are challenging to produce using conventional techni­
ques. Personalization and customization are additional benefits.
Because of this, it is a crucial technology for IR 4.0. [39,40] Digital
threads are used throughout IR 4.0's pillars to process data. Because AM
depends on digitally based technology, AM is where the digital thread
starts. A product that requires the creation of a CAD file so that nu­
merical simulations may be conducted to assess the product's behavior
can be produced using AM. Digital twins are produced as a result, and
they may be used to evaluate the finished work [41].
Methods and materials
Overview of the yogurt filling machine
A revolutionary yogurt-filling machine that delivers customizable
products has been created from the ground up as part of the Computer
Integrated Manufacturing Laboratory at the Industrial Engineering
Department to make the process of filling yogurt containers rapid, ef­
ficient, and tailored. This machine's primary function is to process or­
ders that consumers have placed for specific flavors and amounts of
flavored yogurt. For instance, it can properly describe twelve bottles of
330 ml of Plain yogurt-strawberry, eight bottles of 500 ml of Palin yo­
gurt-mango, and five bottles of 1000 ml of Plain yogurt-blueberry.
As part of this prototype, KSU's researchers and undergraduate en­
gineering students are being trained on the potential effects of emerging
technologies that may be integrated into production systems in the
future. Fig. 3 illustrates some of the benefits of using integrated tech­
nologies in the yogurt system. In addition to the potential benefits, the
project also provides a valuable opportunity for students to gain hands-
on experience working with cutting-edge technology.
Integrated 3D scanning for additive manufacturing in the yogurt production
system
In IR 4.0 applications, 3D scanning for additive manufacturing is a
quick and efficient technique. 3D scanning is a quick and precise way to
turn physical objects into digital ones. It creates a digital duplicate of an
item using its coordinates (x, y, and z). Several industries employ
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Smart
scanning
Egronomics Smart control
Internet of

Things – Node Red

Smart Smart
ordering
IR 4.0 monitering

Enabler Technologies
Fast delivery
(YFM) High level
maintenance
Additive Manufactur-

Low cost Ease of

prin�ng parts designing
Custom
products

Fig. 3. Achieved advantages through the integration of technologies in the yogurt production system.

reverse engineering to reduce the cost and time of product creation,

design, and production. A 3D scanner speeds up the process of gath­
ering historical data from actual objects [42].
Through 3D scanning, the user can submit accurate measurements
as well as fully utilize, examine, and edit CAD data. Time and pro­
ductivity savings from quick and highly accurate data gathering are
crucial for the success of the client [43,44]. The design and production
of components are enhanced by 3D scanning, which also boosts the
effectiveness of 3D printing. The software for the scanner streamlines
scanning and fills in minor gaps, improving the readability of CAD data.
Researchers and product designers can use 3D scanners to reverse-en­
gineer the current design or take use of the precise geometry of the
parts to produce digital models more quickly and efficiently. After-
production quality control and confirm the accuracy of a 3D-printed
component may benefit from 3D scanning [45–47].
An essential technology in IR 4.0 is the combination of 3D scanning
and 3D printing. Utilizing digital cameras, laser scanners, and other
technologies, it captures the three-dimensional form, size, and look of
things and settings [48,49]. Digital models that may be modified, ex­
amined, and displayed in numerous ways are then made using this data. In
the business world, 3D scanning is frequently used for reverse engineering, Fig. 4. 3D scanning of the defective part for additive manufacturing in the
yogurt production system.
virtual reality applications, product design and development, and other
purposes [50]. Organizations may expedite procedures, save waste, and
Using this technique, manufacturing interruptions can be avoided, and
increase overall efficiency by 3D scanning physical goods [17].
damaged parts can be repaired and replaced very quickly without ad­
Therefore, the numerous yogurt machine components may be re­
versely affecting the production system.
verse engineered in the current study. Its goal in the context of IR 4.0 is
In the first phase and during the installation of the yogurt filling
to speed up the creation of new technologies, enhance current goods
system, an essential component of the transport conveyor track was
and procedures, and gain a deeper comprehension of how complex
damaged and the closed-loop sequence for the base plate holding the
systems work. It is a crucial instrument for the industrial sector's digital
desired bottle could not be completed. Therefore, it was necessary to
transformation, especially in the manufacturing and engineering sectors
manufacture this component using classical processes such as cutting,
[51]. The reverse engineering technique is depicted in Fig. 4. The
milling, lathing, drilling, and threading. Due to its damage, the entire
machine part or component is first scanned using a 3D scanner. The
system has been stopped and cannot be fully operated. To begin man­
final model is created after utilizing CAD software to improve the 3D
ufacturing the part, it was necessary to contact the machining depart­
scanned model. At this point, the model's shape can be altered, updated,
ment and begin the process by applying a traditional route sheet.
or enhanced further depending on the design for fabrication (DFM).
However, traditional process timings and the expected delivery times
for the part were too long for the part to be processed. Therefore, for the
Integrated additive manufacturing in yogurt production system research work, it was decided that the 3D printing devices used in the
newly built plant—along with appropriate auxiliary machines—will be
The use of additive manufacturing techniques offers substantial the devices offered by EOS GmbH. Finally, to fix the defective conveyor
advantages compared to traditional manufacturing methods such as component, a new one was drawn and designed using CATIA software,
subtractive technology i.e., CNC machines. This technique allows printed, mounted, and checked as can be seen in Fig. 5. The system was
polypropylene composite material to be worked and processed to found to work without any faults after the newly installed component
manufacture objects with complex geometries in a very short period. was installed and tested.

4
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib
Fig. 5. Utilizing additive manufacturing in yogurt production (a) CATIA Software simulated diagram for defective Conveyor component (b) Installed 3D Printed
component in conveyor system.
Internet of things in yogurt production system
The customer can order their orders by either sending a message
from the Smartphone application Telegram Bot or by using the dash­
board (start button) of Node-Red. The dashboard interface provided by
Node-RED displays a variety of yogurt flavor data. It is therefore pos­
sible to create a spectacular interface without requiring customers to be
physically present. By utilizing modern technology, such as IoT plat­
forms, it is possible to create an immersive and interactive customer
experience while keeping customers safe and comfortable.
Telegram bot
A Smartphone application (Android/iOS) developed by Telegram
FZ-LLC, comes in free of cost that facilitates instant messaging in a
reliable way. It can also be installed in smart gadgets for fast messaging
with a distributed network of data centers around the globe. We con­
nected this smartphone application to our browser-based editor Node-
Red using certain nodes as can be seen in Fig. 6. These nodes are readily
available in the built-in library and serve to process our requirements.
Raspberry Pi
Smart wireless sensors procured from a China-based Sonoff
Company were connected to the Wi-Fi router and linked to Node-Red.
According to Fig. 7, integration of Node-RED into the system requires
six main components, including a Raspberry Pi, Telegram Bot, 5 V relay
modules, DC power supply, wireless IOT sensors, and other field de­
vices. The Raspberry Pi provided a stable connection, rapid access to
Node-RED, and high-quality performance at a low cost. We had to
download Raspberry Pi Imager software and installed it on a laptop to
work with Node-RED. Raspberry Pi OS in a cost-effective way gives
rapid access to Node-RED.
Node-RED
It’s a low-code programming tool used for event-driven applications.
Node-Red can connect smartphone applications, Application program­
ming interfaces (APIs), and wireless hardware devices on a single
platform. In a single click, the runtime can be set up for many nodes in
the palette to process, flow, and control signals/data on a browser-
based editor. Within the browser, a Rich text editor is used in editor to
create JavaScript functions. We can take advantage of the built-in li­
brary functions, and templates for data flow.
In Node-RED flow, the messages are passed between nodes and they
contain simple JavaScript objects with any set of properties. A node is
the most fundamental component of a flow. The way how nodes are
triggered is when they get a massage from a preceding node or when an
external event happens such as a sensor reading, HTTP website,
counter, or timer. They can then send a message to the next nodes in the
flow after processing the message or case. The nodes are connected by
wires, which reflect how messages move from one node to the other.
5
Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
The nodes that have been used in our flow are shown in Fig. 8 are
templates stored in the built-in library. These nodes demand data to
process the script and execute functions appropriately.
Results and discussion
As a result of the development of the yogurt filling system, a facility
layout development can potentially be enhanced by utilizing the
IoT—with a particular focus on three dimensions:
Resource-efficient production
As a technology, 3D printing is well known due to its resource ef­
ficiency, especially in the prototyping and printing of spare parts. As
stated in the literature, 3D-printed fuel nozzles have enabled General
Electric's LEAP engine to reduce the number of sub-parts from 18 to just
one. For the Yogurt production system, by comparing the weight of the
printed part with the weight of the traditionally manufactured part,
34% less weight was used. Additionally, it was evident that 3D printing
saved raw materials as compared to traditional manufacturing. This
resulted in a reduction in fuel consumption in the case of moving parts
and a reduction in CO2 emissions.
Furthermore, yogurt production system operators now can repair any
damaged part without stopping the production process or interrupting
work, thus saving 100% of the time they had to spend transporting parts
to external workshops. It is also according to the size of the printing build,
it is also possible to print more than one part at a time, whether it is the
same or a different design. As a result, the yogurt production line does not
stop working, so time, effort, and cost are saved. Table 1 depicts the
comparison between traditional and 3D printed manufacturing of the
damaged part of the yogurt production system.
Energy-efficiency-oriented
There is no doubt that today's industrial production can benefit from
the use of IIoT, as many authors emphasize. By utilizing digital additive
manufacturing technologies, energy can be effectively conserved by
replacing (non-)digital i.e., traditional technologies (turning, drilling,
tapping machines), and this was achieved by reducing the number of
sub-assemblies in the 3D printed parts as well as dramatically reducing
the need for tooling. By using reverse engineering and 3D printing for
production, the damaged part can be manufactured with fewer parts,
using less energy, and in less time, compared to the traditional process.
Furthermore, by utilizing IoT solutions, such as Node Red and
Telegram, business processes can be improved based on the additional
data generated by the available digital yogurt production system. For
example, the available data can be used to detect irregularities that
could be used to optimize the production process, as well as to identify
areas of inefficiency and provide alerts before any issues arise.
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Nodes to connect the Telegram app to the web browser.

Transparency

There is no doubt that the availability of information is one of the

main advantages of integrating IoT technologies. For example, the
yogurt production system enables customers to order their pre­
ferences following the available quantities and varieties. This allows
them to know when the production system begins and when it ends,
thereby facilitating the process of transparency and strengthening the
relationship between all stakeholders, particularly the customer. For
instance, the system provides customers with information about the
production date, the expiration date, and the ingredients used in the
yogurt, so that they can make a more informed decision when pur­
chasing. In tracking customer and production data, a foundation for
Big Data analysis is laid, which is the focus of future research.
Furthermore, this allows for more accurate forecasting of customer
preferences and production needs, leading to more efficient and ef­
fective use of resources.
Fig. 8. Template nodes used in the Node-Red browser.

Fig. 7. Overview of the new software and hardware adds.

6
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1,
A comparison between traditional and 3D printed manufacturing of the damaged part of the yogurt production system.

Traditional Manufacturing 3D Printing

Manufacturing Speed Dependent on part complexity - 1 piece / 3 h Mainly dependent on part weight - 1 piece / 1 h
Goal Accurate production Mass customization
Manufacturing Time 4 h including design and manufacturing 2 h, including design and printing
Manufacturing Cost 60 S.R / Part 30 S.R / Part
Quantity of Parts One piece per operation 8: 12 piece per operation
Freedom of Design (DFM) rules are required (DFM) rules are not required
Manufacturing limitations Well-equipped workshops are required for its The piece can be manufactured next to the production line
manufacture
Weight 100: 130 g 50: 80 g
Waste Material High - 100% of the piece size (Scrap) Low - 1.00% of the piece size
Number of Design Steps 3 steps [Cad drawing, Cam, and G-Codes] 1 step [Cad drawing]
Number of Manufacturing Operations 4 Operations [Facing, Milling, drilling, and grinding] Single operation
Manufacturing limitations Well-equipped workshops are required for its Portable machine, the piece can be manufactured beside the
manufacture production line
Stocks Needed High Low
Workers Requiring special skills A worker on a production line can manufacture it by himself

Conclusions Declaration of Competing Interest

Using IR 4.0 technologies such as additive manufacturing (3D) and
the Internet of Things (IoT), this project aims to improve the design of
yogurt production systems so that mass-customized goods can be pro­
duced. Considering the consequences of the technologies mentioned,
transparency, resource efficiency, and sustainable energy have been
evaluated as potential accelerators for growth. It is evident from the
case study of the yogurt production system how far the Internet of
Things and additive manufacturing technologies have already pene­
trated the industrial sector.
The current study emphasizes how real-time data collecting is made
possible by the emergence of digital and other developing technologies
associated with IR 4.0. As modern technologies help increase pro­
ductivity, minimize waste, and progress toward a more efficient pro­
duction system, they play a crucial role in industrialization and mass
customization. As a result of this study, IR 4.0 may have a positive
impact on the environmental aspect of sustainable development, par­
ticularly in terms of resource efficiency, sustainable energy, and
transparency, all of which contribute indirectly to the Sustainable
Development Goals.
For future works, we plan to include new enabler technologies that
assist the people with visual disabilities and facilitate their integration
into the workplace. We anticipate that these technologies will create
new opportunities and break down barriers for the visually impaired,
allowing for greater independence and inclusion in the workforce.
Funding
This study received funding from King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia through researchers supporting project number (RSP2023R145).
Additionally, the APCs were funded by King Saud University, Saudi
Arabia through researchers supporting project number (RSP2023R145).
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Conceptualization B.S. and M.A.; methodology, B.S., T.H, and M.A.;
software, T.H, and M.A; validation, B.S.; writing—original draft pre­
paration, M.A., and B.S.; writing—review and editing, M.A., and T.H.;
supervision B.S.; project administration, B.S. and M.A.; funding acqui­
sition, B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ­
ence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia, with researchers supporting project number
RSP2023R145.
Supplementary Materials
Not applicable.
References
[1] A.S. George, A. George, Industrial revolution 5.0: the transformation of the modern
manufacturing process to enable man and machine to work hand in hand, J.
Seybold Rep. 1533 (2020) 9211.
[2] G. Babu Loganathan, Recent scope for ai in the food production industry leading to
the fourth industrial revolution, Webology 18 (2) (2021) 1066–1080.
[3] R. Ashima, A. Haleem, S. Bahl, M. Javaid, S.K. Mahla, S. Singh, Automation and
manufacturing of smart materials in additive manufacturing technologies using
internet of things towards the adoption of Industry 4.0, Mater. Today.: Proc. 45
(2021) 5081–5088.
[4] R. Goel and P. Gupta, "Robotics and industry 4.0," A Roadmap to Industry 4.0:
Smart Production, Sharp Business and Sustainable Development, pp. 157–169,
2020.
[5] G. Erboz, "How to define industry 4.0: main pillars of industry 4.0," Managerial
trends in the development of enterprises in globalization era, vol. 761, p. 767, 2017.
[6] G. Dalmarco, F.R. Ramalho, A.C. Barros, A.L. Soares, Providing industry 4.0 tech­
nologies: the case of a production technology cluster, J. High. Technol. Manag. Res.
30 (2) (2019) 100355.
[7] M.M. r Isnaini, K. Shirase, Review of computer-aided process planning systems for
machining operation–future development of a computer-aided process planning
system, Int. J. Autom. Technol. 8 (3) (2014) 317–332.
[8] A. Hassoun, et al., The fourth industrial revolution in the food industry—Part I:
Industry 4.0 technologies, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. (2022) 1–17.
[9] H. Cheng, C. Chen, S. Wu, Z.A. Mirza, Z. Liu, Emergy evaluation of cropping,
poultry rearing, and fish raising systems in the drawdown zone of Three Gorges
Reservoir of China, J. Clean. Prod. 144 (2017) 559–571.
[10] T. Habib, et al., Modular product architecture for sustainable flexible manu­
facturing in industry 4.0: the case of 3D printer and electric toothbrush,
Sustainability 15 (2) (2023).
[11] Y. Yin, K.E. Stecke, D. Li, The evolution of production systems from industry 2.0
through industry 4.0, Int. J. Prod. Res. 56 (1–2) (2017) 848–861, https://doi.org/
10.1080/00207543.2017.1403664
[12] A. Rojko, Industry 4.0 concept: background and overview, Int. J. Interact. Mob.
Technol. 11 (5) (2017) 77, https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v11i5.7072
[13] H. Kagermann, J. Helbig, A. Hellinger, and W. Wahlster, Recommendations for
implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0: Securing the future of German

7
M. Ali, B. Salah and T. Habib
manufacturing industry; final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group.
Forschungsunion, 2013.
[14] G.L. Tortorella, T.A. Saurin, P. Hines, J. Antony, D. Samson, Myths and facts of
Industry 4.0, Int. J. Prod. Econ. 255 (2023) 108660.
[15] L. Yang, H. Zou, C. Shang, X. Ye, P. Rani, Adoption of information and digital
technologies for sustainable smart manufacturing systems for industry 4.0 in small,
medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs), Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 188
(2023) 122308.
[16] A.K. Tyagi, S. Dananjayan, D. Agarwal, H.F. Thariq Ahmed, Blockchain—internet of
things applications: opportunities and challenges for industry 4.0 and society 5.0,
Sensors 23 (2) (2023) 947.
[17] A.T. Rosário, J.C. Dias, How industry 4.0 and sensors can leverage product design:
opportunities and challenges, Sensors 23 (3) (2023) 1165.
[18] T. Akyazi, A. Goti, A. Oyarbide, E. Alberdi, F. Bayon, A guide for the food industry
to meet the future skills requirements emerging with industry 4.0, Foods 9 (4)
(2020) 492.
[19] B. Salah, Real-Time Implementation of a Fully Automated Industrial System Based
on IR 4.0 Concept, Actuators vol. 10, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute,,
2021, p. 318.
[20] P. Zawadzki and K. Żywicki, Smart product design and production control for ef­
fective mass customization in the Industry 4.0 concept. Management and produc­
tion engineering review, 2016.
[21] G. Sohlenius, Concurrent engineering, CIRP Ann. 41 (2) (1992) 645–655.
[22] C.M. Eastman, Design for X: Concurrent Engineering Imperatives, Springer Science
& Business Media, 2012.
[23] J. Teizer, M. Venugopal, A. Walia, Ultrawideband for automated real-time three-
dimensional location sensing for workforce, equipment, and material positioning
and tracking, Transp. Res. Rec. 2081 (1) (2008) 56–64.
[24] M. Peron, G. Fragapane, F. Sgarbossa, M. Kay, Digital facility layout planning,
Sustainability 12 (8) (2020) 3349.
[25] J. Krüger, T.K. Lien, A. Verl, Cooperation of human and machines in assembly lines,
CIRP Ann. 58 (2) (2009) 628–646.
[26] P. Zheng, et al., Smart manufacturing systems for Industry 4.0: conceptual frame­
work, scenarios, and future perspectives, Front. Mech. Eng. 13 (2018) 137–150.
[27] H.C. Pacco, Simulation in the temperature parameters control in the yogurt man­
ufacturing process, Procedia Comput. Sci. 217 (2023) 286–295.
[28] J. Chen, R. Khan, Y. Cui, B. Salah, Y. Liu, W. Saleem, The effect of changes in
settings from multiple filling points to a single filling point of an industry 4.0-based
yogurt filling machine, Processes 10 (8) (2022) 1642.
[29] B. Salah, A.M. Alsamhan, S. Khan, M. Ruzayqat, Designing and developing a smart
yogurt filling machine in the industry 4.0 era, Machines 9 (11) (2021) 300.
[30] M. Ramadan, B. Salah, M. Othman, A.A. Ayubali, Industry 4.0-based real-time
scheduling and dispatching in lean manufacturing systems, Sustainability 12 (6)
(2020) 2272.
[31] J. Villalba-Diez, D. Schmidt, R. Gevers, J. Ordieres-Meré, M. Buchwitz,
W. Wellbrock, Deep learning for industrial computer vision quality control in the
printing industry 4.0, Sensors 19 (18) (2019) 3987.
[32] S. Rajalingam, V. Malathi, HEM algorithm based smart controller for home power
management system, Energy Build. 131 (2016) 184–192.
Journal of Engineering Research xxx (xxxx) xxx
[33] A. Javed, H. Larijani, A. Ahmadinia, D. Gibson, Smart random neural network
controller for HVAC using cloud computing technology, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 13
(1) (2016) 351–360.
[34] R.Y. Zhong, G.Q. Huang, S. Lan, Q. Dai, T. Zhang, C. Xu, A two-level advanced
production planning and scheduling model for RFID-enabled ubiquitous manu­
facturing, Adv. Eng. Inform. 29 (4) (2015) 799–812.
[35] X.V. Wang, X.W. Xu, A collaborative product data exchange environment based on
STEP, Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf. 28 (1) (2015) 75–86.
[36] A. Malik, M.I.U. Haq, A. Raina, K. Gupta, 3D printing towards implementing
Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges, Ind. Robot.: Int. J.
Robot. Res. Appl. 49 (3) (2022) 491–511.
[37] A. Jandyal, I. Chaturvedi, I. Wazir, A. Raina, M.I.U. Haq, 3D printing – a review of
processes, materials and applications in industry 4.0, Sustain. Oper. Comput. 3
(2022) 33–42.
[38] N. Nachal, J. Moses, P. Karthik, C. Anandharamakrishnan, Applications of 3D
printing in food processing, Food Eng. Rev. 11 (3) (2019) 123–141.
[39] J. Butt, Y. Hewavidana, V. Mohaghegh, S. Sadeghi-Esfahlani, H. Shirvani, Hybrid
manufacturing and experimental testing of glass fiber enhanced thermoplastic
composites, J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 3 (4) (2019) 96.
[40] T.D. Ngo, A. Kashani, G. Imbalzano, K.T. Nguyen, D. Hui, Additive manufacturing
(3D printing): a review of materials, methods, applications and challenges, Compos.
Part B: Eng. 143 (2018) 172–196.
[41] J. Butt, Exploring the interrelationship between additive manufacturing and
Industry 4.0, Designs 4 (2) (2020) 13.
[42] T. Kot, Z. Bobovský, D. Heczko, A. Vysocký, I. Virgala, E. Prada, Using virtual
scanning to find optimal configuration of a 3D scanner turntable for scanning of
mechanical parts, Sensors 21 (16) (2021) 5343.
[43] H. Gaub, Customization of mass-produced parts by combining injection molding
and additive manufacturing with industry 4.0 technologies, Reinf. Plast. 60 (6)
(2016) 401–404.
[44] W. Zheng, Z. Liu, L. Fu, J. Guo, Effective improvement of scanning resonance
through dynamic optimization of the probe, Measurement 178 (2021) 109438.
[45] M. Oleksy, et al., Industry 4.0 Part I. Selected applications in processing of polymer
materials, Polimery 63 (2018).
[46] I. Torn, T.H. Vaneker, Mass personalization with industry 4.0 by SMEs: a concept
for collaborative networks, Procedia Manuf. 28 (2019) 135–141.
[47] T. Masood, J. Egger, Augmented reality in support of Industry 4.0—implementation
challenges and success factors, Robot. Comput. -Integr. Manuf. vol. 58, (2019)
181–195.
[48] A. Haleem, et al., Exploring the potential of 3D scanning in industry 4.0: an over­
view, Int. J. Cogn. Comput. Eng. (2022).
[49] L. Damiani, M. Demartini, G. Guizzi, R. Revetria, F. Tonelli, Augmented and virtual
reality applications in industrial systems: a qualitative review towards the industry
4.0 era, IFAC-Pap. 51 (11) (2018) 624–630.
[50] V. Alcácer, V. Cruz-Machado, Scanning the industry 4.0: a literature review on
technologies for manufacturing systems, Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J. 22 (3) (2019)
899–919.
[51] W.A. Khan, K. Rahman, G. Hussain, G. Abbas, X. Wang, Machine Tools: An Industry
4.0 Perspective, CRC Press, 2023.