Newton’s Laws of Motion ‘ow can a tugboat push a cruise ship that’s much heavier than the tug? Why is a long distance needed to stop the ship once itis in motion? Why does your foot hurt more when you kick a big rock than when ‘you kick an empty cardboard box? Why ist harder to control a car on wot ice than on dry concrete? The answers to these and similar questions take us into the subject of dynamics, the relationship of motion to the forees associated with it In the two preceding chapters we studied kinematics, the language for describing motion. Now we are ready to think about what makes objects move the ‘way they do. In this chapter, we will use the kinematic quantities of displacement, velocity, and acceleration, along with two new concepts: force and mass. All the principles of dynamics can be wrapped up in a neat package contain- ing three statements called Newton's laws of motion. These laws, the comer- stone of mechanics, arc based on experimental studies of moving objects. They are fundamental laws of nature; they cannot be deduced or proved from any other principles. They were clearly stated for the first time by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who published them in 1686 in his Principia, or Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Many other scientists before Newton con- tributed to the foundations of mechanics, especially Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who died the same year Newion was born. Indced, Newton himsclf said, “If 1 have been able to see a litle farther than other men, itis because I have stood on the shoulders of giants” 4.1 Force “The concept of force gives us a quantitative description of the interaction between ‘wo objects or between an object and its environment (Figure 4.1). When you push (on car that is stuck in the snow, you exert a force on it A locomotive exerts a force Ordinarily we'd sa elephant pushes the tree, not that the tree pushes the elophant. Yet the forces they exert on each other are equal in magnitude, so both state- ments are true. In this chapter we'll learn why. 99100 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion + A force isa push ora pl * force a interaction besween two objets “orbatwean an object and it environment + Aforce isa vector quantity, wath magitade and direction. a pul Gravity isan example ofa force that acts over distance, AFIGURE 4.1 The concept of fore, "Normal force: When snobs ests shes on surac, the siface exes ph on thats directed perpendicular to the surtace Friction force : In uddition o the normal force, a surtace may eke a ritonl force on am object, directed parle othe susTace ‘SS “Tension force F: A pulling force exerted on an Sepak # Wight The pl of gravity onan object. AFIGURE 42 Some types of forces. ‘on the train i is pulling or pushing, a steel cable exerts force on the beam its lifting ata construction site, and so on, Bach of these examples shows that force is a push or ‘pull acting on an object. In this chapter, we'll encounter several kinds of forces. Types of Forces When a force involves direct contact between two objects, we call it a contact force. When an object rests on a surface, there is always a component of force perpendicular tothe surface; we call this component a normal force, denoted by FW (Figure 4.2). There may also be a component of force parallel to the surface; we call this a friction force, denoted by . This force often (though not always) acts to resist sliding ofthe object on the surface. ‘When a rope or cord is attached to an object and pulled, the corresponding force applied tothe object is refered to as a tension, denoted by 7 ‘A familiar force that we'll work with often is the gravitational attraction that the earth (or some other astronomical body) exerts on an object. Ths force isthe object's weight, denoted by w. You may be used to thinking of your weight as a property of your body, but actually itis a force exerted on you by the earth. The gravitational attraction of two objects acts even when the objects are not in con- tact, We'll discuss this concept at greater length in Section 4.4. Measuring Force Force is a vector quantity; to describe a force, we need to describe the direction in ‘which it acts as well as its magnitude—the quantity that tells us “how much” or “how strongly” the force pushes or pulls. The SI unit of the magnitude of force is the newton, abbreviated N. (We haven't yet given a precise definition of the new ton. The official definition is based on the standard kilogram; we'll get into that in Section 4,3.) The weight of a medium-sized apple is about I N; the pulling force of a diesel locomotive can be as much as 10° N. ‘When forces act on a solid object, they usually deform the object. For exam- ple, a coil spring stretches or compresses when forces act on its ends. This prop- ery forms the basis for a common instrument for measuring forces, called a spring balance, The instrument consists of a coil spring, enclosed in a case for protection, with a pointer attached to one end, When forces are applied to the tends of the spring, it stretches; the amount of stretch depends on the force. We ‘can make a scale for the pointer and calibrate it by using a number of identical objects with weights of exactly 1 N each. When two, three, or more of these are suspended simultaneously from the balance, the total stretching force on each end of the spring is 2.N, 3 N, and so on, and we can label the corresponding posi- tions of the pointer 2 N, 3 N, and so on. Then we can use our spring balance to ‘measure the magnitude of an unknown force, We can also make a similar instru- ‘ment that measures pushes instead of pulls. ‘Suppose we pull or push a box, as shown in Figure 4.3. As with other vector ‘quantities, we can represent the force we exert on the box by a vector arrow. The arrow points in the direction of the force, and its length represents the magnitude (a) 10N pull directed 30" ()A.10N push directed 45° shove the horizontal below the horizontal AFIGURE 43 Forces can be represented with vector arrows,of the force. For example, we might scale the diagram so that an arrow 1 em long represents 5 N force. Resultant of Forces Experiment shows that when two forces F, and F; act at the same time on the same point of an object Figure 4.4), the effect is the same as the effect ofa single force equal tothe vector sum of the original forces. This vector sum soften called the resultant ofthe forces or the net force, denoted by R. That is, R = Fy + F. More generally, the effect of any numberof forces applied ata point on an object is the same as the effect of a single force equal to the vector sum of the original forces. This important principle goes by the name superposition of forces. The discovery that forces combine according to vector addition is of the ‘utmost importance, and we'll use this fact many times throughout our study of physics. In particular, it allows us to represent a force by means of components, 4s we've done with displacement, velocity, and acceleration, (See Section 1.8 if you need a review.) In Figure 4.5, for example, a force F acts on an object ata point that we'll designate as the origin of coordinates, O. The component vec tors of Fin the x and y directions are F.and F, and the coresponding compo nents are F, and F,, As Figure 4.Sb shows, if we apply two forces F, and F, to the object, the effect is exactly the same as applying the original force. Any force can be replaced by its components, acting at the same point. In general, a force can have components in all three (x,y, and 2) directions. It will usually be clear how to extend this discussion to three-dimensional situa tions, but we'll limit our discussion here to situations in which only x and y com ponents are needed, The x and y coordinate axes don’t have to be vertical and horizontal. Figure 4.6 shows a stone block being pulled up a ramp by a force F, represented by its com: ponents F, and F, with respect to axes parallel and perpendicular, respectively, t0 the sloping surface of the ramp. We draw a wiggly line through the force vector F to show that we have replaced it by itsx and y components, Otherwise, the dia gram would include the same force twice. ‘We'll often need to find the vector sum (resultant) of several forces acting on ‘an object. We'll use the Greek letter 5 (capital sigma, equivalent to an $) as a shorthand notation for a sur. Ifthe forces aze labeled F, Fy Fy, and $0 on, We abbreviate the vector sum operation as R=F,+F, +B +---= ZF, (resultant, orvector sum, of forces) (4.1) where SF is read as “the vector sum of the forces” or “the net force.” The com- ponent version of Equation 4.1 is the pair of component equations R= EF, R= ZFy — (Componentsofvectorsumotforees) (4.2) We cron ot vector when were init te commoners AFIGURE 4.6 The pull exerted by the mason ean be replaced by components parallel and perpendicular tothe ditecton of mation 4.1 Force 101 “wo fares Fy and acing on apoint have the same etfs ah a single orce A equal © ther vector sum esta, -AFIGURE 4.4 Superposition of forces, (2) Component vets: and B, Components F,— Fees Band F, = Fsin (©) Component vests and oper fave te tame eect atonal oe F AFIGURE 45 force canbe represented by js componens102 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion4.2 Newton's Fist Law 103 > application Objects at rest? This rick photo was taken an instant after a super-smooth table was very rapidly yanked out from underneath the dinner setting. The table was re ‘moved so apily tht ivexerted afore on the place setting only fora very short time, We ean visualize the concep of ineiaas described by Newton's fist law. The objects al est teat stay at rest—but he fore af pravity causes them to aeclerate rapidly downward! Inertia ‘The tendency of an object to remain at rest, or to Keep moving onee itis set in ‘motion, results from a property called inertia. That's what you feel when you're behind home plate trying to catch a fastball pitch. That baseball really “wants” to keep moving. The tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest is also due to inertia, You may have seen a tablecloth yanked out from under the china without anything being broken. As the tablectoth slides, the foree it exerts on the china isn't great enough to make the china move appreciably. ‘The quantitative measure of inertia is the physical quantity called mass, ‘which we'll discuss in detail in the next section Fe Science or fiction? process stops, there is no force on the ship (assuming that the In a 19505 TV seience fiction show; the hero is srvitatonal forces exered by planets and stars are negligible). cruising the vacuum of outer space when the engine of his space- The sip doesn’t come to a stop, hut continues to move in a Ship dies and his ship drifts to a stop. Will rescue arrive before stright line with constant speed. Science fiction sometimes con- his airruns out? What do you think about the physies ofthis ploe? ans mote fiction than science! SOLUTION The engine creates a force that accelerates the ship by ejecting mass out ofits stem. When the engine des and this ‘A pck ona frictionless surface ert when ated on by 8 ‘When a single force acts on an object, it changes the objects state of motion, ‘Single horizontal force. ‘An object that is initially at rest starts to move. Ifthe object is intially moving, a force in the direction opposite that of the motion causes the object to slow dawn. (df the force is maintained, eventually the object stops and reverses direction.) ‘Suppose a hockey puck rests on a horizontal surface with negligible friction, such as an air-hockey table or a slab of ice. If the puck is initially at rest and a single horizontal force F, acts on it (Figure 4.8a), the puck starts to move. Ifthe puck is jn motion at the start, the force makes it speed up, slow down, or change direc: tion, depending on the direction of the force, Now suppose we apply a second force F, (Figure 4.8b), equal in magnitude to F,, but opposite in direction. ‘The two forces are negatives of each other ® (B, = —F,), and their vector sum R is zero: ‘An object acted om by forces 0. ‘whose vector sum is or benaves ROE fs thovgh ao forces at on We find that if the puck is at rest at the star, it remains at rest IF itis initially ‘moving, it continues to move in the same direction with constant speed, These results show that, in Newton's first law, zero resultant force is equivalent to no force at all. ‘When an object is acted on by no forces or by several forces whose vector ‘sum (resultant is zero, we say that the object is in equilibrium, For an object in equilibrium, XF-o a0 R= TE =0, (equilibrium under zero resultant force) (4.3) » For Equation 4.3 to be true, each component of & must be zero, so [AIGURE 4.8 A puck responding toa ‘nonzero net force (2) ad to two Forces whose DRA VA = 0. (object in equilibrium) (4A) vector sum is 20 (),104 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion ‘When Equations 4.4 are satisfied, the object is in equilibrium; that is, it has no acceleration. (We are assuming that the object can be modeled adequately as a particle. For an object with finite size, we also have to consider where on the ‘object the forces are applied. We'll return to this point in Chapter 10.) Air hockey Fez 542] Your tam decides t play leaf-blower ice hockey ‘You use your blower to apply a constant force tht accelerates the puck ina straight line. An opponent skates up and uses her blower to apply an equally strong, constant force directed opposite to yours. Her force, acting together with yous, willause the puck to slow down and eventually stop SOLUTION The force from your blower alone causes the puck to accelerate. The force from your opponent's blower is equal in ‘magnitude and opposite in direction to yours, so the vector sum of the two forces is zero. A puck tht is acted upon by zero net foree has no acceleration. Thus, the puck does not slow down or hale (which would be acceleration), but instead moves with con- stant velocity in accordance with Newion’s first law. Thus, the answer is D, poe “The truck moves with constant velocity relative to the peron on the ground. Newtons Fist aw ‘sobeyed in bot frames, othe are inertial Tete assking apne, News fist aw ‘Saeotees soe fans oe ann ot inet AFIGURE 49 Incr! and nom-inerial Tames of reference eo MasteringPH) ActivPhysics 2.1. stop immediatly, slow somewhat and then move with constant velocity. continue to move, but with constant velocity Acoserting YSIeS Tension Change Inertial Frames of Reference In our discussions of relative velocity atthe ends of Chapters 2 and 3, we stressed the concept of a frame of reference. This concept also plays a central role in New- ton's laws of motion. Suppose you are siting in an airplane asit accelerates down the runway during takcoff. You feel a forward force pushing on your back, but you don’t start moving forward relative to the airplane. If you could stand in the aisle on roller skates, you would accelerate backward relative to the plane. In citer case, it looks as though Newton's first law is not obeyed. Forward net force but no acceleration, or zero net force and backward acceleration. What's wrong? ‘The point is thatthe plane, accelerating with respect to the cart, is nota sut- able frame of reference for Newton's frst law. This law is valid in some frames of reference and not in others, A frame of reference in which Newton's fist law is valid is called an inertial frame of reference. The cart is approximately an iner- tial frame of reference, but the airplane is not. This may sound as though there's only onc inertial frame of reference in the ‘whole universe. On the contrary, if Newton's first law is obeyed in one particular reference frame, it i also valid in every other reference frame that moves with constant velocity relative to the frst All such frames are therefore inertial. For instance, Figure 4.9 shows three frames of reference: that of @ person standing beside the runway, that ofa truck driving at constant speed in a straight line, and that of the accelerating airplane. The stationary person’s frame of reference is inertial. The truck moves with constant velocity relative to the person, so its frame of reference is also inertial. In both of these frames, Newton's first law is obeyed. However, the airplane, which is accelerating with respect to both of these observers, isin a non-inertial frame. Thus, there is no single inertial frame of reference that is preferred over all ‘thers for formulating Newton's laws. If one frame is inertial, then every other frame moving relative to it with constant velocity is also inertial Both the state of rest and the state of uniform motion (with constant velocity) can occur when the vector sum of forces acting on the object is zero. Because Newton's frst law can bbe used to define what we mean by an inertial frame of reference, it is sometimes called the law of inertia 4.3 Mass and Newton's Second Law Qualitatively, we've learned that when an object is acted on by a nonzero net force, it accelerates. We now want to know the relation of the acceleration to the force; this is what Newton's second law of motion is all about.4.3 Mass and Newton's Second Law 105: Let's look at several fundamental experiments. Consider a small object ‘moving on a flat, level, frictionless surface. The object could be a puck on an airhockey table, as we described in Section 4.2. Initially, itis moving to the right along the x axis of a coordinate system (Figure 4.10a). We apply a con stant horizontal foree F to the object, using the spring balance we described in Section 4.1, with the spring stretched a constant amount. We find that during the time the force is acting, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate; that is, the object moves with constant acceleration. If we change the magni tude ofthe force, the acceleration changes inthe same proportion. Doubling the force doubles the acceleration, halving the force halves the acceleration, and so on (Figures 4.10 and 4.10c). When we take away the force, the acceleration becomes zero and the object moves with constant velocity. We conclude that, for any given object, the acceleration is directly proportional to the force acting oni. In another experiment (Figure 4.11), we give the object the same initial velocity as before. With no force, the velocity is constant (Figure 4.11a). With a constant force directed to the right (Figure 4.11), the acceleration is constant and to the right. But when we reverse the direction ofthe force (Figure 4.11c), wwe find thatthe object moves more and more slowly to the right. (If we continue the experiment, the object stops and then moves toward the left with increasing speed.) The direction of the acceleration is toward the lef, in the same direction as the force F. We conclude that the magnitude of the acceleration is propor tional to that ofthe force, and the direction of the acceleration isthe same as that of the force, regardless of the direction of the velocity. IF there is no force, the object has zero acceleration: no force is required to maintain motion with con stant velocity ‘Apuck moving with constant velocity: 3F = 0, d= 0 ‘Aconstant force inthe ditecon of motion causes a constant acceleration inthe same die the force. FE XE Se » Aconstan fore opposite tothe direction of mation causes constant acceleration in the same direction asthe lore. ME AFIGURE 4.11 Experiments showing that an object's aceleration has the same direction as ‘he net force seting on the object, constant fore cases constant acceleration et @.-. ® Doubling he fore doubles the acceleration. s—6. —. » alvin the force halves the aeceeraton @ AFIGURE 4.10 Experiments demonstrating he direct proportion between an applied force andthe resulting acceleration.106 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion4.3 Mass and Newton's Second Law 107 ‘We need to generalize Equation 4.5 in two ways. First, the object doesn’t nec- cssarly have to move along straight line: its path may be a curve. Is velocity, its acceleration, and the force acting on it can then all change directions, so they have to be treated as vector quantities. Second, there may be several forces (F), F3,"-) acting onthe object. As discussed earlier, we can combine the forces by using Vec- tor addition; the effect of the forces acting together isthe same as the effect of a ‘single force equal to their vector sum, which we usually write as SF or R. ‘Newton wrapped up all these relationships and experimental results in @sin- ale concise statement that we now call Newton's second law of motion: Newton's second law of motion (vector form) ‘The vector sum (resultant) ofall the forees acting on an object equals the object's mass times its acceleration (the rate of change of its velocity): SF = ma. a7 ‘The acceleration @ has the same direction as the resultant force EF. ‘Newton's second law is a fundamental law of nature, the basic relation between force and motion, Most of the remainder of this chapter and all of the next are devoted to learning how to apply this principle in various situations. Equation 4,7 isa vector equation, We'll usually use it in component form: Newton's second law of motion (component form) For an object moving in a plane, each component of the total force equals the ‘mass times the corresponding component of acceleration: A= may, DF = may. 48) Equations 4.7 and 4.8 are valid only when the mass m is constant, I's easy to think of systems whose masses change, such as a leaking tank truck, a rocket ship, or a moving railroad car being loaded with coal. Such systems are better handled by using the concept of momentum: we'll get to that in Chapter 8 Like the frst law, Newton's second law is valid only in inertial frames of ref- rence. We'll usualy assume thatthe earth is an adequate approximation to an inertial frame, even though it is not precisely inertial because of its rotation and orbital motion Remember that we defined the newton as 1 N = 1 kg m/s’. Notice that the newton must be defined this way for SF = md to be dimensionally consistent. In this chapter, as we learn how to apply Newton's second law, we'll begin ‘ith problems involving only motion slong straight line, and we'll always take {his Tne tobe a coordinate axis, often the x axis. In these problems, 8 and d have components only along this axis. Individual forees may have components slong directions other than the x axis, but the sum of those components will always be 2210. In Chapter 5, we'll conser more general problems in which va, and 3, need not be zero, We'll derive more general problem-solving strategies for apply- ing Newton’s laws of motion to these situations 4. Application Too small to measure? ‘Bubble chamber images like the one shows, ‘here are used both to study characteristics of known subatomie panicles and to search for ‘new types of matter and antimatter particles FForexample, the linked spiral tracks indicate the simultancous cretion of an electron positon pair froma photon, Using such Images, we can apply Newton's second law (F = ma) ovits elastic generalization to determine the masses of particles 0 minute that hey cannot be measured rca.108 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion examptes1 A box on ice A worker with spikes on his shoes pulls with «constant horizontal force of magnitude 20 N on a box with mass 40 ke resting onthe Ma, frictionless surface of a frozen lake. What isthe acceleration of the box? SOLUTION SET UP Figure 4.13 shows our sketch, We take the +x axis in the rection ofthe horizontal force. “Frictionless” means thatthe ice doesn't supply any force that opposes the motion (such as the friction force mentioned in Section 41). Thus, the only horizon: tal fore is the one due to the rape that the worker is pulling. Because the box has no vertical acceleration, we know that the sum ofthe vertical components of force is zero, However, two vertical forces do act on the box: the downward force of the ‘earth's gravitational atraction and the upward normal force ‘exerted by the ice on the box. For completeness, we show these two vertical forces in our sketch; their vector sum must be zero SOLVE The acceleration is given by Newton's second law. There is only one horizontal component of force, so we have 20N _ 20kg- m/s? Wg 40ke ‘The force is constant, so the acceleration is also constant. If we are given the inital position and velocity ofthe box, we can find 05 mis’ cxameie4a The ketchup slide “The box has no vetal acceleration, othe vertical components of the net force sum rer, Nevertheless, or completeness, we show the veal forces acting onthe bo. | m= 40 ky t=208 [y TTT T TT TTT AFIGURE 4.13 Our sketch fortis problem. the position and velocity at any later time from the equations of| ‘motion with constant acceleration, REFLECT Two verical (y) components of force act on the box—its weight ¥ and an upward normal force exeried on he bottom ofthe box by the ie but their veetor sum is eo Practice Problem: Ifthe box srs from rest, what sts speed aller ithas been pulled & distance of 0.36 m? Answer: 06 ms A counter attendant in a diner shoves a ketchup bottle with mass 0.20 kg along a smooth, level hunch ‘counter. The bol leaves her hand with an initial velocity of 2.8 mjs. Ast sides, it slows down because of the horizontal friction force exerted on it by the countertop. The bote slides a distance of 1,0 m before coming to est. What are the magnitude and direction ofthe ition force acting on it? SOLUTION SET UP Figure 4.14 shows our dagrams—one forthe botle’s motion and one forthe reson the bole, We place the origin st i ete ier ete eee ere tis in ths drction fe botla move. Becanne the bot a no Yerticalaceleraton, we Know tha the vertical frees oni he ‘eight and the upward norma force) must sum toe, The eel ee ete foe ees the bot slowing down (a is negative in ou coordina 93 tem), we know that this force pints in the ~xdieton ‘SOLVE We need to find the relation between v, and a, 10 doth Wwe ei use the constntacecleration equation U ~ vg! ‘We draw one diagram fr the bot 2a,(x ~ x) equation 213). The intial component of velocity ist, = 2.8 fs andthe nal vl ev, = 0. Also, x= O and 4 ="L0m, Once a, iknow, we en ss the component frm of ‘Newton’s second law, Equation 4.8 (SF, = ma,), to find the rgnitage fof the friton force, Because fis the ony horizon {al component of fore, F, = —f. Using the mamericl vais jn Equation 2.13, we fit Gnd the olde’ aceleration 2 = vf = 2a,(x - 4), 0 ~ (28 m/s)? = 2a,(1.0m — 0), 39 m/s mand one showing the eres on the Bote 0.20 ky " wertals Ay. £ yest re LN. 5 77 bu 77 4m AFIGURE 4.18 Our sketch for ths problem. Continued‘We can now find the net force acting on the bot, 0.78. Since the frictional force is the only horizontal foree acting on the bottle, this answer gives us its magnitude (0.78 N) and also the fact that tacts in the ~x direction (which we already knew). nampicas ATV picture tube 4.4 Mass and Weight 109 REFLECT Notice that we did mos of the physics before doing ny math. We knew that the verical forces on the bottle summed to zero, and we knew the direction of the friction force. We did ‘math only o find the magnitude of that force. Practice Problem: Suppose the botle travels 1.5 m before stop- ping, instead of 1.0 m, What is its initial velocity? Answer: 34 mis, Ina color TY picture tube, an electric field exerts a net force with magnitude 1.60 X 10~ N on an elee- teon (m = 9.11 X 107 kg). Whats the eletron’s acceleration? SOLUTION ‘SET UP Figure 4.15 shows our simple diagram. The statement of, the problem tells us thatthe net force on the electron is due tothe lecitic field, so we consider only the electrie-ield foree. (Ir other forces act on the electron, they are negligible or sum to z7et0.) The direction ofthe acceleration must be the same as that, ‘of the force; we designate this direction asthe +x direction, ‘SOLVE We use Newton's second law in component form, re tanging it slightly to solve for aceleration: m 9.11% 107 kg 16 X 10" m/s’, Fal Raising toolbox SSeacecas ere eet eee aly ata comtnt speedo The ope ents cetan ard Iie se Sat al ean eae a asad fs (Ge CAG Us Bet No nee thobor. Toran te br rice ae ceo be rope he parwoildune ohne 1.60 107 kg m/s? SAL x 107 kg, A. the same magnitude Fy B. a magnitude of 2, 4.4 Mass and Weight AFIGURE 4.15 ven fora simple problem, x quick sketch helps us| to se the situation and avoid mistakes. REFLECT Notice thatthe magnitudes ofthese quantities are far ‘outside the range of everyday experience, Because the mass ofthe clectron is miniscule, a tiny force produces a huge acceleration. Practice Problem: If the electron stats from rest, what time is required for itt travel 0.20 m from its source tothe screen of the picture tube? Answer: LSI X 107s SOLUTION ‘The key is thatthe box moves at constant velocity in both cases; it is in equilibrium. Thus, by Newton's fst law, no ret force acts oni; the vector sum ofthe upward and downward orces is zero. Since the downward force (the box's weight) is always the same, the upward force must be the same, too, regard- less ofthe box's speed, Note that this is tru only while the box is moving at constant speed, not during the initial acceleration from rest, “Tae elton of mas to net force: SF We've mentioned thatthe weight of an object isa force—the force of gravitae ‘ional atraction of the earth (oF whatever astronomical body the object is nea, such as the moon or Mars). We'll study gravitational interactions in detail ia Chapter 6, but we need some preliminary discussion now. The terms mass and weight are often misused and interchanged in everyday conversation. I's absolutely essential for you to understand clearly the distinctions between these two physical quantities. Mass characterizes the inertial properties ofan object, Mass is what Keeps the china on the able when you yank the tablectoth out from under it The greater the ‘mass, the greater isthe force needed to cause a given acceleration; this meaning is reflected in Newton's sceond law, 2 = ma. Weight, on the other hand, is a force exerted on an objet by the gravitational pull of the earth or some other astronomical body (Figure 4.16) Everyday experience shows us that object that have large mass also have large weight. A cart loaded with bricks is hard to get started rolling because ofits large mass, and its also hard to Tift off the ground “The elation of mass o weight 5 J me AFIGURE 4.16 The relation of mass to net Toc and to weight110 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion Mass = 100 kg w=oa0n | | ¢=980mie ‘The mass ofan objects constant, butts weigh, ‘changes with ection SAY wat QO Mass = 100 kg w= en PY g=162me (0) Onthe moon AFIGURE 4.17 Mass and wight for 8 I kp ‘jest onthe eath and on the moon, AFIGURE 4.18 Astonaut Buzz Aldrin on the surface ofthe moon, tying to cope with because of its large weight. On the moon, the cart would be just as hard to get rolling, but it would be easier to lift. So what exactly is the relationship between mass and weight? Te answer to this question, according to legend, came to Newton as he sat under an apple tree watching the apples fll. A freely falling object has an accel: ration @ with magnitude equal to g—that is, the acceleration due to gravity (also called the acceleration of freefall). Because of Newton's second law, this acceler ation requires a force. If a 1 kg object falls with an acceleration of magnitude f= 9.8m, the required force F must have magnitude F= ma = (14g) (9.8m) 98kg-m[s? = 98 But the force that makes the object accelerate downward is the gravitational pull of the earth—that is, the weight of the object. Any object near the surface of the earth that has a mass of 1 ke mast have a weight with magnitude 9.8 N in onder for itt have the acceleration we observe when i isin fee fll. More gen erally, the elation of mass to weight must be as follows: Relation of mass to weight ‘The weight of an object with mass m must have a magnitude w equal to the ‘mass times the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity, g w= mg, 49) Because weight isa force, we can write this equation as a vector relation: = = mg. (4.10) ore > Remember that g is the magnitude of g, the acceleration due to gravity, so, by definition, gis always a positive number, Thus, w, given by Equation 49, is the magnitude of the weight, and it, too, is always positive. In the discussion that follows, we'll sometimes call w “the weight” and F “the force,” even though, stricly speaking, we should call w “the magni tude of the weight” and F “the magnitude of the force." ‘We'll use the value g = 9.80 m/s? for problems dealing withthe earth. The value of ¢ actully varies somewhat from point fo point on the earth's surface, from about 9.78 to 9.82 ms, because the earth is not perfectly spherical and because of effects due to its rotation, orbital motion, and composition. At a point where g = 9.80 mjs*, the weight of a standard kilogram is w = 9.80 N. ‘Ata different point, where g = 9.78 ms, the weight is w = 9.78 N, but the ‘mass is still | kg. The weight of an object varies from one location to another, the mass does not. If we take a standard kilogram to the surface of the moon, ‘here the acceleration of free fall is 1.62 ms, the weight of the standard kilo- fram is 1.62 N, but its mass is still 1 kg (Figure 4.17). An 80 kg man has a ‘weight on earth of (80.0 kg) (9.80 m/s*) = 784 N, but on the moon his weight is only (80.0 kg) (1.62 mjs*) = 130 N. The following brief excerpt from Astronaut Buzz Aldrin’s book Men from Earth offers some interesting insights into the distinction between mass and ‘weight (Figure 4.18) Our portable life-support system backpacks looked simple, but they were hard to put on and tricky (0 operate, On earth the portable life-support system and space suit combination weighed 190 pounds, but on the moon it was only 30. Combined with my own body weight, that brought me to a total lunar-gravity weight of around 60 pounds.4.4 Mass and Weight 111 > B10 Application No brakes needed. When considering the deceleration of massive ‘bjecs such a a ca ar fiction doesn't matter because inertial considerations dominate However, small objects living in more viscous fuids suchas water have vas different experiences. Under those circumstances, inertia is unimportant and the force of viscous drag ‘dominates. Astonishingly, fa bacterium propelling itself through water stops beating is fi gellum (the oar that propels i, it wil come to resin about 0.01 nm, a dimension that is smal on the seal of atoms, I lives ina very diferent world tan we do, One of my tests was to jog away from the lunar module to see how ‘maneuverable an astronaut was on the surface. I remembered what Isaac ‘Newton had taught us two centuries before: Mass and weight are not the same. I weighed only 60 pounds, but my mass was the same as it was on Earth, Inertia was a problem. I had to plan ahead several steps to bring myself to a stop or to turn without falling. Nore » As indicated by Buzz Aldrin's words, the pound is actually a unit of force, not mass. In fact, 1 pound is defined officially as exactly 14.448221615260 newtons. It's handy to remember that @ pound is about 4.4.N and a newton is about 0.22 pound. Next time you want to order a “quarter pounder,” try asking for a “one-newtoner” and see what happens. « Here's another useful fact: An object with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of about 2.2 Ib at the earths surface. In the British system, the unit of fore isthe pound (or pound:-frce), and the unit of mass isthe slug. The unit of acceleration is 1 foot per second squared, so 1 pound ~ 1 slug ft/s. In the egs metic system (not used in this book), the unit of mass is the gram, equal to 10°° ke, and the unit of distance is the centimeter, equal to 10™? m. The corresponding unit of force is called the de: I dyne = I g-cmjs? = 107° N, 1's important to undersiand that the weight of an object, as given by Equation 4.10, acts on the object all the time, whether itis inliee fll or not. MasteringPHYSIeS ‘When a 10-kg flowerpot hangs suspended from a chain, itis in equilibrium, and i) its acceleration is zero. Bu its 98 N weight i stl plling down on it, In ths ease AtwPhysies 2.8: Pole-VautrVauts the chain pulls up on the pot, applying a 98 N upward force. The vector sum of the two 98 N forces is zero, and the pot isin equilibrium, cxampis aa Quick stop of a heavy car ‘A big luxury car weighing 1.96 X 10*N (about 4400 Ib, waveting inthe + direction, makes fast stop; the. component of the net force acting on tis ~ 1.80 X 10* N, What sits aeeleration? SOLUTION SET uP Figure 4.19 shows our diagram, We draw the weight asa force with magnitude we, Because the car does not accelerate in the y direction, the road exerts an upward normal force of equal 4 ae fe =h96 101 N ‘magnitude on the car; for completeness, we include that force in Fe=-1.50x 10 N cur diagram. —_ >x SOLVE To find the aceceration, we'll use Newton's second law, 77a 7 BF, = may. Fist, however, we need the car's mas. Since we Peete know the car's weight, we can find its mass m from Equation 4.9, w= mg. We obtain 1.96 X 10'N _ 1.96 % 10*kg m/s? e 980m/e S80 me AFIGURE 4.19 Our diagram fortis problem, 2000 ka, Continued112. CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion ‘Then, YF, = ma, gives acceleration of this magnitude is possible only on a dry paved road, Don't expectiton a wet oricy road! LOIN ise igenfe Me Detemtnaeerigrt Beso 1 acs 2s Se a a ae area eared tance is required to stop the car if its speeds initially 30 m/s REFLECT This aceleration canbe written as ~0.77g. Note that oughly 60 mi)? What force is required? Answers: 459 m, =0.77 is also the ratio of ~1.50 10*N to 1.96 X 108N. An 1960. AFIGURE 4.20 An equal arm balance deter ‘ines the mass ofan object by comparing its ‘weight o a known weight AFIGURE 421 An interacting all and foot ‘exer forees on each ater that sre equal in ‘magnitude and opposite in retin, Usually, the easiest way to measure the mass of an object is to measure its ‘weight, often by comparison with a standard weight. In accordance with Equation 4.10, two objects that have the same weight ata particular location also hhave the same mass. We can compare weights very precisely; the familiar equal ‘arm balance (Figure 4.20) can determine with great precision (to one part in 10°) ‘when the weights of two objects are equal and hence when their masses are ‘equal. This method doesn’t work, however, in the “zero-gravity” environment of ‘outer space. Instead, we have to use Newton's second law directly: We apply a ‘known force to the object, measure its acceleration, and compute the mass as the ratio of force to acceleration. This method, or a variation of it, is used to measure the masses of astronauts in orbiting space stations and also the masses of atomic and subatomic particles The concept of mass plays two rather different roles in mechanics. On the one hhand, the weight of an object (the gravitational force acting on it) is proportional to its mass; we may therefore call the property related to gravitational interac: tions gravitational mass, On the other hand, we can call the inertial property that appears in Newton's second law the inertial mass. If these two quantities were different, the acceleration of free fall might well be different for different objects. However, extraordinarily precise experiments have established that, in fact, the ‘wo ave the same, to a precision of better than one part in 10". Recent efforts to find departures from this equivalence, possibly showing evidence of a previously unknown force, have been inconclusive. Finally, we remark thatthe SI units for mass and weight are often misused in everyday life, Incorrect expressions such as “This box weighs 6 kg” are nearly universal. What is meant is that the mass of the box, probably determined indi rectly by weighing, is 6 kg. This usage is so common that there’s probably no hope of straightening things out, but be sure you recognize that the term weight is ‘often used when mass is meant. To keep your own thinking clear, be careful to avoid this kind of mistake! In SI units, weight (a force) is always measured in newtons, mass always in kilograms. (However, we'll often refer to the weight of aan object when, strictly speaking, we mean the magnitude of its weight.) 4.5 Newton's Third Law ‘At the Beginning ofthis chapter, we noted that fore is quantitative description Of the interaction between two objects. A force acting on an object is aways the result of that objet’ interaction with another objec, so forces always come in Pairs, As my hand pushes your shoulder, your shoulder pushes back on any hand ‘When you kick a footall, the force yout fot exerts onthe ball lunches int is trajectory, but you also fee the force the ball exerts on your foot Experiments show that whenever two objects interact, the ewo forces they exert on each other are equa in magnitude and opposite in direction. This fact i Called Nevion’s tied lav. In Figte 4.21, Fras ga 8 the force applied by the foot tothe ball and Fray the force applied by the ball to the foot. The directions of the frees in this example corespond to repulsive interaction,455 Newton's Third Law 113 > application An action shot. This Olympic biathlon competitor knows her physics: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. When she fresher rif, the force propelling the bullet forward is matched by an equal and opposite force pushing against the rifle and her. If ste had her sks pointed i the direction in which she sing, sbe would be pushed ack ‘ward on the slippery mat and maybe end up flat on her back. By keeping her back ski fir planted sideways onthe ma, she can avoid the posible consequences of ignoring Newton's ‘hind law, tending to push the objects apart, However, interactions can also be attractive, such as the gravitational attraction of two masses or the electrical attraction of two particles with opposite charges. Newton's third law For two interacting objects A and B, the formal statement of Newton's third lawis ete teeny aan Newton's own statement, translated from the Latin of the Principia, is To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction; or, the ‘mutual actions of two objects upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts. Nore » In the preceding statement, “action” and “reaction” are the two ‘opposite forces. This terminology is not meant to imply any cause-and: effect relationship: We can consider either force as the action and the other the reaction, We often say simply thatthe forces are “equal and opposite” ‘meaning that they have equal magnitudes and opposite directions. « rxampuras Newton's apple on a table ‘An apple sits in equilibrium on a table. What forces act on the apple?” What isthe reaction force to each of ‘the forces acting on it? What are the aetion-reaction pairs? sovuTion apple—the downward gravitational force exerted by the exh on Set UP Fis in Figure 4.22, we diagram the station and the the apple. Simla, Fuseasagi8 the Upward. nol fore two forces that at onthe ape: Fyn gh te weigh ofthe exerted hy the ele om the app. Action-reaction pis always represent ‘The two forces ating onthe apple ze mutual iteration of two diferent objet ota mutual interaction between objets, os So they are not an action-reaction pat. \ i oe : Yb | teak. F gg on cars = — Pearson spe Frage cautte = ~F ute cn apie AFIGURE 422 ‘The two forces in an ation-reaction par always at on different objects Continued114 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion SOLVE The two forces acting an the apples Fania ye ad Frc oee Becatse the appl isin esultium, it follows from ‘Newton’ first aw tat the vector sum ofthese wo forces on the apple must be 220: Fara cage * Feo ee ‘What isthe reaction force for Fong ese? AS the arth plls dowon the apple, the apple exerts an equally strong upward Pall Peco Om he cath as shown in Figure 4.226. The two forces te (esta tate for earth and apple) “Toes forces represent tbe muta interaction betveza te aple tod te earth; oe Fresca ont win te Aiea as ase romeo teaTis Toros tee Boaswnrs th conponting retin fa ovat farce Feet exerted on ne be by the apple gue 4220, and Sd Fapeseccs = Par rene (action and reaction {or apple and table) Frasconante cxamptsss Sliding a stone across the floor The two force scng ou the eps we Pages mod Fveasuns Af they an action-reaction pac? No, Wey aren't, despite the fact that hey ae "equal and opposite” (a consequence of Newton's rs law, not the thitd). They do not represen the ‘mutual interaction between two objects they are two diferent, forces acting on the same object. The two forces in an action-reaction pair never act on the same objet. Fig Sa ee eine lo ae eS epee wwe suldenly yee the ble out from under the apple. The to forces Baye age 88 Fpesgane then become zero, But Evracuase 98 Popnow there, ad they do form 30 action action pal THs, Pansy 6411 posibly be the nege- tive cf Pron a ye with ho tb coord REFLECT Interaction forces always come in pairs; if you can't find both members of the pair, your diagrams aren't complete. ‘Also, remember thatthe two forces in an aetion-reaction pa never act on the sume object. A stonemason drags a marble block across a floor by pulling on a rope attached tothe block Figure 4.23). ‘The block has just started to move, and it may’ not be in equilibrium. How are the various forces related? ‘What ae the action-reaction pairs? SOLUTION SET UP We have three interacting objects: the Bloc, the rope, and the mason, First we draw separate diagrams showing the hot izontal forces acting on each object (Figure 4.23b), Instead of ‘writing out “block on rope," ete, we designate the block as B, the rope R, and the mason M. SOLVE Vector Fyn represents the force exerted bythe mason an the sope. The reaction to Fen isthe “equal and opposie” force Fwy exerted onthe mason y the ope Vstr Pay eP- reset the foro exerted on he los by the ope Te ection to {18 the exual|end opposite force IPs exerted om tho rope by the block, From Newton's hind law, From (@) Te block the rope, and the mason eee () The ation rection pis and Fran= “Fenn The forces Fyraun and Foe ae not an action-reaction pair (Figure 4.23e). Both of these forees act on the same object (the rope); an action and its reaction must always act on different objects. Furthermore, the forces Fyn and Fy gx are not neceS- satly equal in magnitude (Figure 4.234). Applying, Newton's second law to the rope (mass m, acceleration dj), we get (action-reaction pairs) Pacer + Foon = mde. If block and rope are accelerating to the right, the rope is notin equilibrium, and Fyjqg must have greater magnitude than “These forces cannot be ‘These forces are equal sm action reotion pi, only ifthe rope isin bcs they act onthe ‘equlrum or canbe areal aon (© Not an action-reaction pat oe Fron Fawn (@ Not necessarily equal AFIGURE 4.25 Analyzing the fores involved when astonemason pulls on block. ContinuedFoyoqx- In the special case in which the rope is in equilibrium, the Res Fron ad yng ae ex in magnitude, bat this i an example of Newtons fr law, not his shi, Neon third law bold whether the topes acclerating or not. Te action rection feces Fyn 880 Fy ny va ili mage tock other a 6 Pay at Pea Bu Bg i a el magnitude to Fy ng when the ope s accelerating 45 Newton's Third Law 115 In the special case in which the rope is in equilibrium, or ‘when we ean consider it as massless, then the total force on the rope is 7210, and Fiyoqx equals ~Fyjnx because of Newton's firstor second la. Als, Fyn a1WaYS equals ~ Fog BY NEW ‘ton’s third law, so in this special case, By.q also equals Fy. ‘We can then think of the rope as “transmitting” to the block, without change, the force that the stonemason exerts on it (Figure 4.234). This isa useful point of view, but you have #0 remember that itis valid only when the rope has negligibly small smass ori in equilibrium. REFLECT If you feel as though you're drowning in subscripts at this point, take hear, Go over this discussion again, comparing the symbols with the vector diagrams, until you're sure you see what's going on, > Application Out of this world, his photo shows the liftoff of a Delta Two rocket cary ing the Pushinder probe bound forthe surface of Mars. A common misconception is that a rocket is propelled by the exhaust gases pushing agains the earth. As we know from New con's thir a, the explosive foree an the gases being rapidly expelled from the tal ofthe rocket is matched by an equal and opposite forward force on the rocket itsel. Iti this sec: ‘ond force thet pushes the rocket upward and allows it to continue accelerating toward Mats Jong after itis away from the ground I the rocket’ motion did depend on its gases pressing agains the eath, it would be unable o maneuver in outer space and the Pathfinder could never reach the Red Planet ‘An object, such asthe rope in Figure 423, that as pulling frees applied at its enis ip said tobe in tension, as ve mentioned in Section 4. The tension at any point isthe magnitude of fore acting a that point. ln Figure 4.23 Sion atthe right-hand end of the rope is the magnitude of Fyagn Cr Of Fon and the tension atthe left-hand end equals the magnitude Of Fyeay (or of Fra) Ifthe rope isin equilibrium and if no forces act except at it ends, the tension isthe same at both ends and throughout the rope. Ifthe magnitudes of Fyecn and Fyggn tr 50 N each, the tension in the ropes 50 N (nor 100 ¥ Resist the tempation to add the two forces; remember thatthe total force Fyoen + Fieon onthe rope inthis casei 20! NoTE > Finally, we emphasize once more a fundamental truth: The two forcesin an action-reaetion pair never acton the same object, Remembering this simple fact ean often help you avoid confusion about setion-reaction pairs and Newton's third law, cyl |_ Giving a pus anayisaa| vine 8 Push ‘You use your car to push a friend’ pickup truck that SOLUTION Whenever two objects interact with each other, the interaction is described by an action-reaction pait. From New: has broken down, To bring both of you to a stop, your fiend applies the brakes inthe truck, Thea, in magnitude, A. the fore ofthe ear on the tuck is greater than the foree ofthe truck on the car B, the force of the car on the truck is equal tothe force of the tnuck on the car the force of the car on the truck is Tess than the force of the truck on the car ton’s third law, the two forces in this pair are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (even though in this case the ear and truck may have different masses). So the answer is B. Also, Newion’s third law is stil obeyed when the objects ae accelerating, a they are in this example, Unequal masses and scvelertions of the objects don’t alter the validity of the third law,116 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion “4 Application Wet-body diagram? This 1921 tug-of-war between the Rensselaer Polytech- nic Insitute sophomore and feshmaa classes started withthe wo teams centered on either Side ofthe fire hose. As you can se, the system has not remained in equllrium. Averaged ‘overtime, the fores exerted bythe team on the let have exceeded thogeexeried bythe team fan the right, which snow, inch by inc, geting very wet 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams [Newton's thee laws of motion area beautifully wrapped package containing the basic principles we need to solve a wide variety of problems in mechanics. They ae very simple in form, bu the process of applying them to specific situations can pose real challenges ets talk about some useful techniques. When you apply Newnon’s frst or second law (SF = 0 for an equilibrium situation or SF = md for a non- eaulibrium situation), you mast apply it to some specific objet. It is absolutely essential to decide atthe beginning what object you're talking about. This stat ‘ment may sound trivial, but it ian't. Once you have chosen an objec, then you have to idemity all the forees acting on it These are the forces that ae included in SF. As you may have noticed in Section 45, it is easy to get confused between the forces acting on an abject and the forces exerted by that object on some other object Only the fores ating onthe object go into SF. player wl push down against the oor, increasing ‘he upward reaction force ofthe oor on him The force ofthe starting block on the runer bes a vertialconpooeat tnt oanerets her weigh! an large Inrzotal component hat acceleaes he. @ » This player isa stely fling bj The wate exerts a buoyancy force that ‘counters the swimmer's wiht, oo Pam PO Bag © ‘Kicking causes the wat to Threat is countered by dag sxe aforwardreactonforee, |, foyes exerted bythe wae © AFIGURE 424 Some examples of fee-body diagrams46 Free-Body Diagrams 117 ‘To help identify the relevant forces, draw a free-body diagram. What's that? Itis a diagram showing the chosen object by itself, “free” ofits surroundings, ‘with vectors drawn to show the forces applied to it by the various other objects that interact with it. We have already shown free-body diagrams in some previ- ‘ously worked-out examples. Be careful to include all the forces acting on the ‘object, but be equally careful nos to include any forces that the object exerts on any other object. In particular, the two forces in an action-reaction pai must never appear in the same free-body diagram, because they never act on the same “object. Figure 4.24 shows some examples of free-body diagrams. ‘When you have a complete free-body diagram, you should be able to answer, {or each force shown, the question “What other object is applying this force?” If ‘you can't answer that question, you may be dealing with a nonexistent force. ‘Sometimes you will have to take the problem apart and draw a separate free-body diagram for each part. feats straight down against the Moor of the court. To answer the following question, it's help fl to draw a free body diagram and consider the acceleration of the ball ‘During the time the ball isin contact with the floor, A. the force of the floor on the ball becomes much lager than the force of the ball on the floor. B. the foree of the ball on the floor plus the foree of the floor on the ball equals the force of scceeration ofthe ball C the force of the oor on the bal is equal to the force of grav= ity on the ball plus the force of inertia of the ball. D. the force ofthe floor on the ball becomes much larger than the force of gravity onthe ball SOLUTION Fit, there is no such thing as “Tore of acceler tion” oc “Yorce of inertia” These are erroneous and misleading Pe Relating graphs and free-body diagrams An object moves along the x axis. Assuming that the positive coordinate is othe igh and that the frees are con sant, which ofthe following raps of a a foetion of time is toms withthe fers thown fn ths feobody dagen ia Figure 425? ELK creeps asversB sed belintdinne- dnc) ton omlton Dug be vey sence C2 fdtisieagas om Groperoteesneaby fs faery teem naga all Tieton omer dover il eg ed eee el Fred wceron te wd csc Bo Inet heron baller of bao ot opal elope tacaes tne Acinic Tac hsb ores cecien betes tm he ae rps wp ne a an xh Sa doe Doses noe Meira sored ra oe copa ae es oe aS ferme acl pwede pots ts ea ee tm tear Fy Fy —_—-— 3s reine sas © nh eee eres sos mas pees ae oe iar areas cane een ane ee ne ee Oe Bayan eae grr ee eee este ace118 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion PROBLEM-SoWvING strarecy 4.1 Newton's laws. @j Ser up 1, Always define your coordinate system. A diagram showing the positive axis direction is essential. If you know the direction of the acceleration, it’s ‘often convenient to take that as your positive direetion. If you will need to calculate displacements of the moving object, you also need to specify the location of the origin of your coordinate system. 2. Be consistent with signs. Once you detine the x axis and its positive diree- tion, velocity, acceleration, and Force components in that direction are also positive, 3. In applying Newton’s laws, always concentrate on a specific object. Draw a free-body diagram showing all the forces (magnitudes and directions) act- ing on this object, but do not include forces that the object exerts on any ‘other object. The acceleration of the object is determined by the forces act- ‘ng on it, not by the forces it exerts on something else. Represent the object asa dot or by a simple sketch; you don’t have to be an artist. sowe 4, Identify the known and unknown quantities, and give each unknown quan- tity an algebraic symbol. Ifyou know the direction of a force atthe stat, use a symbol to represent the magnitude of the Force (always a positive quantity). Keep in mind thatthe component of this fore along a particular axis direction may still be ether positive or negative. 5. Always check units for consistency. When appropriate, use the conversion IN = 1kg- ms? 6, Check to make sure that your forces obey Newton's third law, When you can guess the direction of the net force, make sure that its direction isthe same as that ofthe aceleration, as requited by Newton's second law. {In Chapter 5 we'll expand this strategy to deal with more complex problems, but it’s important for you to use it consistently from the very start, to develop ‘good habits in the systematic analysis of problems. cxamete.47 Tension in a massless chain “To improve the acoustics in an auditorium, a sound reflector witha mass of 200 kg is suspended by a chain from the ceiling. What is its weight? What force (magnitude and direction) does the chain exert omit? What is the tension in the chain? Assume tha the mass of the chain itself is negligible, SOLUTION ‘Armed with this number and Newton's first law, we ean compute the unknown force magnitudes, The weight W ofthe reflector isa force pointing in the nega- tive y direction, so its y component is ~1960 N, The upward SET UP The reflector is in equilibrium, so we use Newton's fist law, EF = 0. We draw separate free body diagrams for the reflector and the chain (Figure 4.26), We take the positive y axis to be upward, as shown, Each force has only a y component. We sive symbolic labels to the magnitudes of the unknown forces, using 7 to represent the tension in the chai, SOLVE The magnitude of the weight # ofthe reflector is given bby Equation 4.9: (200 kg) (9.80 ms*) = 1960N. force exered on the reflector bythe chain has unknown mag nitude T. Because the cello sin equilibrium, the sur of he ‘ycomponents of force omit mis be 20 BR =T+(-1960N) =0, 0 ‘The chain pulls up on the reflector with a force 7 of magnitude 1960 N. By Newton's third law, the reflector pulls down on the chain with a force of magnitude 1960 N. Continued‘The chain is also in equilibrium, so the vector sum of forees ‘nit must equal ero, For this t0 be true, an upward force with ‘magnitude 1960 N must at on iat its top end. The tension in the chain is T = 1960N. REFLECT Note that we have defined [to be the magnitude of a force, so itis alway’ postive, But the y component of force act- ing on the chain at its lower end is ~7 = ~1960 N. The tension is the same at every point i the chain; imagine cuting a link and then pulling the eu ends together. To hold them together requires 2 force with magnitude Ton each eut end. Irth chain ist mass- less, the situation is diferent, asthe next example shows. Practice Problem: The weight of the reflector (the eath’s grav- itatonal pull) and the force the reflector exerts on the earth form an action-reaction pai, Determine the magnitude and direction of each of these forces. Answers: 1960 N down, 1960.8 up. exampte 4s Tension in a chain with mass 46 Free-Body Diagrams 119 LL) 92200 Ferrin k Pa “Tens () Free-bdy diagrams forthe reflsior andthe hin AFIGURE 426 ‘The diagrams we draw for this problem. a K~ falar (a) The refactor and chain ft Suppose the mass ofthe chain in Example 4.7 is not negligible, but is 10.0 kg. Find the forces at the ends of| the chain SOLUTION SET UP Again we draw separate free-body diagrams for the reflector and the chain (Figure 4.27); each i in equilibrium, We take the y axis to be vertically upward. The weight we of the chain is We body diagrams are different from those in Figure 4.26 because the magnitudes ofthe forces acting on the two ends of the chain ate no longer equal. (Otherwise the chain eouln’t be in equilib rium.) We label these two forces 7, and T; SOLE Note that the two forces labeled T; form an action— reaction par; that’s how we know tht they have the same magni: tude. The equilibrium condition SF, = O forthe reflector is T,+(-1960N) =0, so 1, = 1960, ‘There are now thee forees acting on the chain: ts weight and the forces at the two ends. The equilibrium condition YF, = 0 for 7+ (-f) + (-98N) = Note thatthe y component of 7 is positive because it points in the +y direction, but the y components of both 7; and 98 N are negative, When we substiute the value T; = 1960 N and solve for 7, we find that T= 2058. Alternative Solution: An alterative procedure is to draw a free-body diagram for the composite object consisting of the reflector and the chain together (Figure 4.27b), The two forees on this composite object are the upward force T; atthe top of the ‘chain and the total weight, with magnitude 1960N + 98N = - # Reflectors Chin kk sf We (@) Free-body digras for reflector and chai, () Free-boy diagram for efletor and chain vested ava unit AFIGURE 427 Two ateratve diagrams we could draw for this problem. 20581. Again, we find that 7; = 2058 N. Note that we cannot find 7; by this method; we still need a separate free-body’ dia- gram for one of the objects REFLECT When a composite object ean be broken into two or ‘more component pasts, there are usually several alternative solu- tions. Often, the calculations can be simplified by a clever choice of subsystems, Also, solving a problem in two ar more alterna- tive ways provides a consistency check that's useful in finding Practice Problem: Solve the problem described in this exam- ple by using two free-body diagrams, one for the composite reflector-chain objet, and one for the reflector alone.120 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion cxamtess Weighing yourself in an elevator ‘You stand on a bathroom seale that rests on the loa ofan elevator. (Don't ask why!) Standing on the scale ‘compresses intemal springs and activates adil that indicates yout weight in newtons, When the elevator is ares, the scale reads 600 N. Then the elevator begins to move upward th a constant acceleration 44, = 2.00 ms (a) Determine your mass. (b) Determine the scale reading while the elevator is aecelerat- ing. (€) If you read the scale without realizing that the elevator is accelerating upward, what might you think your mass i SOLUTION ‘SET UP All the forces are vertical; we tak the axis to be vert cally upward. We neglect the weight ofthe scale itself. When the Scale isin equilibrium (not accelerating), te total force acting on it must be zero, When it reads 600 N, forces of magnitude 600 N (orth opposite directions) are applied to its top and bottom sur- faces. Using this analysis, we draw separate free-body diagrams for you and the sale (Figure 4.28) SOLVE Part (a): Atirst, you, the scale, and the elevator are at rest in an inertial system: all three objects are in equilibrium. You push down on the seale witha force of magnitude 600 N, and {from Newton's third law) the scale applies an equal and opposite upward force to your feet, The only other force on you is your weight; you are in equilibrium, so the foal y component of free on you is zero. Your weight is 600 N, and your mass is (about 135 ib. 612 ke ® Part (b}: When the system accelerates upward at 2.00 m/s*, your weight is stil 600 NY, but now the upward force the scale applies to your fect is diferent because you are no longer in ‘equilibrium, We'll call the magnitude of the upward force F (Fi. ure 4.28). We use Newton’s second law to relate the accelera- tion othe net free: F ~ GOON = ma = (61.2 kg)(2.00 m/s") LA AFIGURE 428 Our diagrams for his problem, bs euileten Accalerakin Tey ms @) and man. Part (c): Ifyou think your weight is 722N, then you are likely to ‘conclude that your mass ism = w{g = (722.N){(9.8 m/s*) = "73.7, instead ofthe actual value of 61.2 Kg. REFLECT Relate what we've said here to your own feeling of| ‘being lighter or heavier in an elevator. Do these feelings occur ‘only when the elevator is accelerating?” Practice Problem: Suppose the elevator is accelerating downvsard at 2.00 mjs?. What does the seale read during the acceleration? Answer: 478 N,SUMMARY Summary 121 Force (Section 41) Force, a vector quantity, is a quantitative measure of, the mechanical interaction between two objects. When several forces act on an object, the effect isthe same as when a single fotee, equal tothe vector sum, oF resultant, of the forces, sets on the object. z, zg Fi ~ “Two forces acting on a point have the same effect ate single force qual othe vector sum, ‘A force may be wea asthe ‘yectr sum ofits component Newton's First Law (Section 4.2) Newton's frst law states that when no force ats on an ‘object or when the vector sum ofall forces acting omit s zero, the ‘object isin equilibrium. IF the object is initially a est, it remains a rest i tis italy in motion, it continues to move with constant velocity. This law is valid only in inertial frames of reference, the veto sur ofthe ores ating ona object is er, the objet ‘remains at eat or (shee) in notion with constant veloc, ‘Mass and Newton's Second Law (Section 43) The inertial properties of an object are characterized by its mass. The acceleration of an object under the action of a given se of fores is directly proportional 1 the vector sum of the forces and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This, relationship is Newton's second aw: 8/3 Tsim a objets cen depend ce XP = md, 4.7) as a on thee force acting on ox, in component form, SA, =ma, and SA = ma, Equations 48), ‘Mass and Weight (Section 44) The weight of an object is the gravitational force exerted onit by the earth (or whatever other object exerts the grav- tational force). Weight is force andis therefore a vector quantity ‘The magnitude of the weight ofan abject at any specitic location is ‘equal t the product ofthe mass m ofthe object and the magnitude ofthe acceleration due to gravity, g at that location: w= mg. a9 ‘The weight of an object depends on its location, but the mass is independent of location, vm ‘An object’ weight depends omits mass and on the acceleration dt gravity tits leaton Newton's Third Law (Section 4.5) Newton's third law states that “ation equals reaction”; ‘when two bodies interact, they exert forces on each other that, at cach instant, are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction The two forees in an action-reaction par always act om two diferent bodies: they never at onthe same object. age Anaction-eacion pir Frasca ue ™ —Frtsnb “The two foros representa mua interaction oto objets, and each ats on diferent objet. Free-Body Diagrams {Section 48) In Newton's second a only the Fores acting on object go into SP. To help ideally the relevant forces, daw a free-body diagram. Such a diagram shows the chosen object by itso" fis surounings, with vectors dren to show the forces applied ot bythe various other objets tht interact with Be caefl to incude all the forces acting on the objet, bt be equally careful noo include any fore that the objet exe's on any oter object. In paticulr, te two Fores in an action-eaction Tir mast never appear inthe same free-body diagram, becaose they ever act on the smn object Aree body diagram of aman dragging 2 crate, “The gram shows lhe Fences acting onthe man, a only forces ating om the man, Man (rested as pattile)122. CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion 1. When a car accelerate starting from rest, where isthe force spplied to the ear in onder to cause its acceleration? What object exerts this force onthe car? 2. When a car stops suddenly, the passengers are “thrown for ward” out of their seats (if they are not wearing seat bets) What causes this to happen? Are they really thrown forward? 3. For medical reasons, itis important for astronauts in outer space to determine their body mass at regular intervals Devise a scheme for measuring body mass in a zero-gravity 4 Although in everyday life the earth scems to bean inertial frame of reference, the paths of objets moving freely across the arth’ surface, such as air masses, arillry shells, and even thrown haschlls, have a tendency to curve slightly to thee right (nthe Norther Hemisphere) as seen by an observer on the sur face. Can you explain why this is? 5. A passenger ina bus notes that a ball which has been at rest in the aisle suddenly starts to roll toward the font of the bus. ‘What can the passenger conclude about the motion of the bus from this observation? 6. If you hit the sidewalk with & hammer, the hammer bounces buackat you. How does this process involve Newton's third law? 7. Ina head-on collision between a compact hybrid car ad gs guzzling SUV, which vehicle is acted upon by the greater force? So why are people inthe smaller car more likey to get injured than those inthe large one, assuming that both cars are equally strong? 8, Suppose you ae ina carina very dense fog and cannot see the meters on your dashboard or anything ouside the car, (Maybe you should not be driving under these eondtions}) (a) How can you tll if your car is speeding up or slowing down? (b) Can you ll yourcaris at rest or is moving with uniform velocity? 9. It would be mach easier to itt a bowling ballon the moon than con the earth, Would it be similarly easier to catc the bowling bull on the moon, if someone threw itt you? Explain. 10, You are ina spaceship far from any stars or plants when you notice tht if you release an object it accelerates toward your feet at 9.8 mjs2. (a) What can you conclude about the motion ofthe spaceship? (b) What force if any, do you feel on your feet from the floor? (e) Explain how your observations in pats (@) and (b) lead you to believe that gravity is present. (4) Is gravity realy present inthe spaceship? How has the ship gen- ated antici gravity? 11, When a car is hit fom behind, people in that ear can receive a whiplash injry to their necks, Use Newton's laws of motion to explain why this occur. 12, Ifyour hands are wet and no towel is hands, you can remove excess water by shaking them, Use Newron’s laws to explain why doing this ges ri ofthe water 13. Itis possible wo play catch with a softhal in an siplane in level fight just as though the plane were a ret. Is this stil possible ‘when the plane is making atom? 14, Newtons third law tells us that if you push a box witha 15 N foree, it pushes back on you with a 15 N foree. How can you ever accelerate this box if it always pushes back wits the same force you exert ont? 15. 1F you drop a 10 ib rock and a 10 th pillow from the same height with no air resistance, which one is moving faster when ] sense ains homens 0 we tna they reach the ground? Se why would you rather be hit by the pillow than the rock? 16, Which "fcels” a greater pull duc to gravity, a heavy object or a light object? So why do heavy objects not accelerate faster than Hight objects? 17, IFyou step ard on the accelerator pedal of your ea, your body feels “pushed back” inthe seat. (2) Why do you feel this? Are you realy pushed back? (b) Make a fee-body diggram of your tbody unde these circumstances. Multiple-Choice Problems 1. A force Fis required to push a crate along a rough horizontal floor at a constant speed V with friction present. What force is needed to push this crate along the same floor at a constant speed 3V if fiction is the same as before? A. Aconstaat force Fis needed, B. A force that gradually increases ftom F to 3F is needed, C. A constant force Fis needed. D. No force is needed, since the erate has no acceleration 2. When you're driving on the freeway it’s necessary to keep yout foot on the accelerator fo keep the car moving ata con stant speed In this situation A. the ne force on the cur is in the forward direction B. the net force on the cat is toward the teat ©. the net force on the ear is zero. D. the net force on the car depends on your speed. 3. Assuming you like chocolate cake, which would you rather have: ‘A. apiece of cake that weighs I N on earth, B. apioce of cake that weighs I N on the moon C. apiece of cake that weighs 1 N on Jupiter. D. The weight doesn’t matter; the amount of cake isthe same inall three cases. 4. A golfer tees off and hits the ball with a mighty swing, During the brief time the gol elub sin cont withthe ball, A. the ball pushes just as ard oa the club as the club pushes fn the bal BB. the push of the club on the ball is much greater than the push ofthe ball on the club since the club makes the ball C. the push ofthe ballon the club would be equal t the push ‘ofthe elub on the ball only if the ball did not move. D. the club pushes harder on he ball than the ball does fon the club because the club has a greater mass than the ball 5. Three books are at rest on @ horizontal table, as shown ia Figure 4.29. The net force on Z ‘he middle book is A. SN downward, B. 15 Nupward, C. 1S Ndownwaed. D. ON. 6. In oxter space, where there is no gravity or ir, an astronaut pushes with an equal force of T2N ona 2.N moon rock and cond N moon rock AFIGURE 4.29 Mutiple ‘choice problem 5.10. un 12, Since both rocks are weightless, they will have the same acceleration, B. The 4 N rock pushes hack on the astronaut twice as hard as the 2 N rock, C. Both rocks push back om the astronaut with 12. D. Since both rocks are weightless, they do not push back on the astronaut, ‘A rocket firing its engine and accelerating in outer space (no sravity, no ai resistane) suddenly suns out of fuel. Which of| the following best describes its mation ater burnout? A. Tecontinues to accelerate atthe same rate, B. Itcontinues to accelerate but at a gradually decreasing rate, until it reaches a constat velocity. CC. Itimmediately stops accelerating, and continues moving at the velocity ithad when burnout gecurted D. Ie immediately begins slowing down and gradually ap proaches zero velocity A3 Ib physics book rests on an ordinary scale that is placed on 8 horizontal table, The reaction force to the downward 3 Ib force onthe book is ‘A. an upward 3 Ib force on the scale due othe table 'B. an upward 3 Ib force on the book due tothe seal. CC. an upward 3 Ih foree onthe table due tothe floor. D. an upward 3 Ib force on the earth duc tothe book. ‘A person pushes horizontally with constant force P on a 2S0N box resting on a frictionless horizontal floor. Which of the fol Towing statements about this box is eoreet? ‘A. The box will accelerate no matter how small P is. B. The box will nt acelerate unless P > 250 N. CC. The box will move with constant velocity because P is constant 1D. Once the box is set moving, it will come to rest after P is removed. Suppose the sun, including its gravity, suddenly diseppeared. Which of the following statements best describes the subse- quent motion ofthe earth? A. The earth would continue moving ina straight line tangent ‘oits original direction, but would gradually slow down, B, The earth would speed up because the sun's gravity would ot beable ta slow it down, C. The earth would continue moving in a straight Hine tangent ‘0 its ‘original direction and would not changeit sped. D. The earth would move direlly ‘outward with constant speed away from the sun's original positon a ‘Three weights hang by very light wires as shown in Figure 4.30. What snust be true about the tensions in these wires? (There may be more ¢ than one corect choice) A. The tension in is the greatest. 'B. The tension in Cis the greatest. C. All three wires have the same tension because the system is in cguilibvium, D. The tension in Cis the least, A FIGURE 4.30 ‘A woman normally weighs 125 1b, If Multipl-choice she is standing on a spring scale in problem 11 loke 10 kg 13. 14 15, 16. Multiple-Choice Problems 125 an elevator that is traveling downward, but slowing up, the scale will read A. more than 125 1b B. 12515, (C. Jess than 125 18 D. Icis impossible to answer this question without knowing the acceleration ofthe elevator. ‘A worker pushes horizontally on a 2000 N reftigerator on a kitchen loor with a force of 25N. A. Ihe refrigerator moves forwatd, this person fels it push ing back with less than 25 N, 1B, The person always feels a 25 N push from the refrigerator. (C. The person feels 825 N push from the refrigerator only if it does nat move. . The person feels ¢ 2000 N push from the refrigerator Far from any gravity, en astronaut accidentally releases « metal wrench inside a spaceship tht is traveling ala constant veloc lty of 250 kins away from earth in outer space. What will be the subsequent behavior of that wrench as observed by the astronaut? ‘A. Ic wil allt the floor with constant velocity 'B. Ic wil fall co the floor with constant acceleration, C. It will fall t0 the back of the spaceship with constant velocity, D. It will fall to the back of the spaceship with constant acceleration, E, Tewill remain right where the astronaut released it ‘A worker pulls horizanally on s crate on a rough horizontal ‘oor, causing i to move forward with constant velocity. In Figure 4.3, force Ais the pull of te worker and force Bis the force of fiction due to the floor. Which one ofthe following Statements about hese forces is correct? AASB BA=B CAB __-- AFIGURE 4.31 Mulple choice problem 15, A person pushes two boxes witha horizontal 100 N force on a fictionless floor, as shown in Figure 432. Box A is heavier than box B. Which of che following statements about these boxes is correct? A. Box A pushes on box B with a force of 100 N, and box B pushes on box A with force of 100 N, B. Box A pushes on box B harder than box B pushes on box A. (C. Boxes A and B push on each ther with equal forces of less ‘han 100 N. D. The boxes will not begin ro move unless the total weight of the two boxes is less than 100 N. too AFIGURE 4.32 Muliple choice problem 16,124 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion Problems 4.1 Force +A warehouse worker pushes a crate along the Hoo, a shown in Figure 4.3, by a force of 10 N that points downward at an angle of 45° felow the horizontal, Find the her zonal and vertical components of the push {vo dops pull horizontally on AFIGURE 435 ropes attached to a post; the angle Problem 1. between the ropes is 600" If dog A exerts fore of 270 N an dog exerts a force of 300 N, id the mmgitade ofthe reulant force and the angle it makes with dog as rope + A manis dragging trunk up he loading ramp of amover's trick. The ramp his slope angle of 200 an the man pls tard witha force F of magnitude 375 N whose diction stakes an angle of 30.0" with he ramp (See Figure 438) Find the horizontal and vertical components fthe free F 6. AFIGURE 434 Problem 3 i 10. «© Jaw injury. Due toa jaw injury, a patient must wear astrp (Gee Figure 4.35) that produces a net upward force of $.00 N on his chin, The tension isthe same throughout the strap. To ‘hat tension must the strap be adjusted to provide the neces: sary upward force? h 12, 13. 14, B10 AFIGURE 4.35 Problem 4 ‘+ Workmen are trying to free an SUV stuck in the mud. To extricate the vehicle, they use three horizontal ropes, produe- 15, ing the force vectors shown in Figure 4.36. (a) Find the x and BIO) {y components of each of the tree pulls. (b) Use the compo- rents to find the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant of the thee pulls AFIGURE 4.36 Problem 5. 3 Mass and Newton's Second Law ‘A box rests on a frozen pond, which serves asa frictionless horizontal surface, If @ fisherman applies a horizontal force with magnitude 48,0 N to the box and produces an acceler tion of magnitude 3.00 m/s?, wht isthe mass of the box? ‘In outer space, a constant net force of magnitude 140 N is exerted on 2 32.5 ke probe intially at res, (a) What accelera- tion does this force proiuce? (b) How far does the robe travel in 10.08? fee A 68.5 ke skater moving initially at 2.40 m/s on rough horizontal ice comes to rest uniformly in 3.52 s de to fection from the ie. What force does fiction exer on the skater? ‘ee Animal dynamies, An adult 68 ky cheetah can accelerate fiom rest to 20.1 m/s (45 mph) in 20 s. Assuming constant acceleration, (a) find the et external force causing this accel eration. (6) Where does the foree come from? That is, what exerts the foree on the cheetah? ‘6 A hockey puck with mass 0.160 kg isa rest on the bor zontal, ftctionless surface ofa rink. A player applies a force of (0.250 N to the puck, parallel othe surface of the ice, and con tinues to apply this fore for 2.0 s. What are the positon and speed ofthe puck a the end of tha ime? ‘s+ A dock worker epplies a constant horizontal force of 80.0 N to a block af ice on a smooth horizontal floor. The frictional force is negligible. The block starts from rest and moves 11.0 m in the first 5.00 s. What isthe mas of the block of ice? 4.4 Mass and Weight {© (@) Whats the mass of book that weighs 3.20 N inthe lab- oratory? (b) Inthe same lab, what is the weight of a dog whose sass is 140 kg? ‘© Superman throws a 2400-N boulder at an adversary. What horizontal force must Superman apply’ to the boulder to give i ‘ahorizonal acceleration of 12.0 m/s"? ‘© (a) How many newions does # 130 Ib person weigh? () Spould a veterinarian be skeptical if someone sad that her adult collie weighed 40 N? (c) Should a nurse question a med: ical chart which showed that an average-looking patient had a mass of 200 kg? ‘© (a) An ordinary flea has a mass of 210 ig. How many new: tons does it weigh? (b) The mass of a typical lrophopper is 12.3 mg. How many newtons does it weigh? (€) A house cat typically weighs 45 N. How many pounds does it weigh and ‘what is its mass in kilograms?16, # Caleulate the mass (in Stunts) of (@) 2 160-b human being; BIO (b)a 1.95 cockato. Calculate the weight (in English units) of (€) 4 2300-g thinoceros; () a 22-g song sparrow. 17, e® An astronaut’ pack weighs 17.5 N when she is on earth but only 3.24 N when she is at the surface of an asteroid. (@) What is the acceleration due to gravity on this asteroid? (©) What isthe mass of the pack on the asteroid? Interpreting a medical chart. You, a resident physician, are reading the medical chart of anormal adult female patient. CCarelessy, one of the nurses has entered this woman's weight 38a number without units. Another nurse has offered a sugges- tion for what the units might he. In each of the following cases, decide whether ths nurse's suggestion is physically reason- able: (a) The aumber is 150, andthe nurse suggests that the Units are Klograms, (6) The number i 4.25, and the muse sug- ess that the units are sigs. (e) The number is 65,000, nd the nurse suggests thatthe unis are grams 19. ¢ What does a 138 N rock weigh if it is accelerating (@) upwand at 12 m/s", (b) downward at 35 m/s?” (6) What ‘would he the answers to pats a) and (b) ifthe rock had mass of 138 kg? (&) What would be the answers to parts (a) ad (b) if the rock were moving with a constant upward velocity of 23m/s? At the surface of Jupiter's moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.81 ms! Ia piece of ice weighs 44.0 N a the sur- face of the earth, (a) what is its mass on the earth's surface? () What are its mass and weight on the surface of Io? 21, 40 A scientific instrument that weighs 85.2 N on the earth weighs 32.2 N at the surface of Mercury. (a) What is the acel- eration due t0 gravity on Mercury? (b) What is the inst ‘ment’s mass on earth and on Mercury? 22, #6 Planet X! When venturing forth on Planet X, you throw a 5.24 kg rock upward at 13.0 mjs and find that it returns to the same level 151 slate, What does the rock weigh on Planet X? ‘The driver of @ 1750 kg car traveling on horizontal road at 110 km/h suddenly applies the brakes. Due to a slippery pavement, the fition ofthe road onthe tires ofthe car, which is what slows down the car, is 25% ofthe weight ofthe ca. (@) What is the acceleration of the ear? (b) How many meters does it ravel before stopping under these conditions? 20, 23, 5 Newton's Third Law 24, # You drag a heavy box along a rough horizontal floor by a horizontal rope. Identity the reaction force to each of the fl lowing forces: (athe pall othe roe on the box (he fction force on the box, €) the oemal force on the box, and (A) the ‘weight of the box. 25, « Imagine tat you are hong shook weighing 4 Nat ston the palm of yourhand. Complete the following sentences: (a) downward fore of magnitude 4 N is exerted om the book by ___. An upwad force of magnitude is exerted on bythe hand. (es ibe upward force in part (b) the reaction to the downward force in pat (0? d) The reaction tothe free in pas (a) sa free of magnitude exerted on _ by Its direction is (©) The reaction {o the force in part (b) is forse of magnitude exerted on by 1S direction is (The Forces in parts (@) and (D) are “equal and Problems 125 opposite” because of Newton's law. (g) The forees in parts (b) and (e) are “equal and opposite” because of Newton's Taw. 26, © Suppose now that you exer an upward force of magnitude 5 N on the book in the previous problem. (a) Does the book remain in equilibrium? (b) Is the force exerted om the book by your hand equal and opposite to the force exerted on the book by the earth? (c) Is the foree exerted on the book by the earth equal and opposite to the force exerted on the earth by the ‘book? (@) Is the force exerted on the book by your hand equal and opposite to the force exerted on your had by the book? Finally, suppose that you snatch your hand away while the book is moving upward. (e) How many forees then act on the book? () Is the book in equilieiur? 27. © The upward normal force exerted by the floor is 620 N on an elevator passenger who weighs 650 N. What are the re action forces to Uaese two forces? Is the passenger accel- erating? If so, what are the magnitude and direetion of the acceleration? 4.6 Free-Body Diagrams 28, # A person throws & 2.5 Ip stone into the air with an inital upward speed of 15 fis. Make a free-body diagram for this stone (a) after i is free of the person's hand and is traveling upward, (b) at its highest point, () when it is traveling down- ‘ward, and (@) while it s being thrown upward, but is sil in contact withthe person's hand. 29, ¢ The driver of a car traveling a 65 mph suddenly hits his bakes on a horizontal highway (a) Make fee-body diagram of the car while its slowing down, (b) Make a free-body dia gram ofa passenger in a car that is accelerating on a freeway eatrane ramp. 30, # A tennis ball traveling horizontally at 22 m/s suddenly hits vertical brick wall and bounces back with a horizontal veloc ity of 18 m/s. Make a free-body diagram of this ball (2) just before it hits the wall, (b) just afte it has bounced free of the ‘wall, and (¢) while it isin contact with the wall 31, #6 ‘Too crates, A and B, stat rest side by side ona frictionless horizontal surface. The erates have masses mand my. hore zontal force F is applied to crate A and the two crates move off tthe right. (a) Draw clearly labeled free-body diagrams for erate A and for crate B. Indicate which pairs of forces, if any, arg thind-aw action-reaction pairs. (b) If the magnitude of force F is less than the total weight of the two erates, wil it cause the crates to move? Explain. 32, #6 A ball is hanging fom slong string that se tothe ceiling of © tin car taveling eastward on horizontal wacks. An observer inside the tain car ees the ball hang motionless. Draw a clearly labeled fee-body diagram for the ball if (a) the train has a uniform velocity, an (b) the rain is speeding up wi formly Is the net free on the ball roi either ease? Explain 33, « A person drags her 65 N suitcase along the rough horizontal floor by pulling upward at 30° above the horizontal with a 50 N force. Make a fee-body diagram ofthis suitcase 34, ee A factory worker pushes horizontally on 2 280 N crate With a force of 75 N on a horizontal rough loo. A 135N erate rests on top ofthe one being pushed and moves along with it Make a free-body diagram of each crate ifthe friction force texeried by the floor is ess than the workers push126 CHAPTER 4 Newton's Laws of Motion 35, 26 A dock worker pulls two boxes connected by a rope on & horizontal floor, as shown in Figure 4.37. All the ropes are horizontal, and there is some frieion with the floor, Make a fee-body diagram of each box, a AFIGURE 4:37 Problem 35 ‘A hospital orderly pushes horizontally on two boxes of equipment on arough horizontal floor, as shown in Figure 4.38 Make afree-body diagram of each box. AFIGURE 4.36 Problem 36. 37, © uniform 25.0 kg chain 2.00 m long supports @ $0.0 kg chandelier ins large public building. Find the tension i () the bottom ink ofthe eain (6) the top lnk ofthe chain, and) the ‘middle ink of the chain, 38, # An acrobat is hanging by his fet from a trapeze, while sup porting with his hands second acrobat who hangs below him. Draw separate fee-body diagrams forthe two acrobats 39, # A.275 N bucket is lifted with an acceleration of 2.50 mjs* by a 125 N uniform verical chain, Start each ofthe following pars with a free-body diagram. Find the tension in (a the top Tink ofthe chain, () the Bottom lnk ofthe chain, and (c) the rida lnk of the chain ‘s+ Human biomechanics. World-class sprinters can spring cout of the starting blocks with an acceleration that is essen- tially horizontal and of mageitude 15 mjs'. (2) How much horizontal force must a 55-kg sprinter exert on the stating blocks during a start to produce this acceleration? (b) What exerts the force that propels the sprinter, the blocks oF the sprinter imasel? ‘A chair of mass 12.0 kg is siting on the horizontal floor the floor isnot frictionless, You push onthe chair with aforee F = 400N thats directed at an angle of 370° below the hor- zontal, and the chair slides along the floor.) Draw a clearly labeled free-body diagram forthe chair (6) Use your diagram and Newton's laws to calculate the normal fore that the floor exerts on the chat ‘Human biomechanics. The fastest pitched baseball was seasured at 46 m/s, Typically, a baschall has a mass of 145 . If the pitcher exerted his foree (assumed to be horizontal and constant) over a distance of 1.0m, (a) what force did he pe duce on the ball during this record-setting pitch? (b) Make frce-body diagrams ofthe ball during the pitch and just afer it has lft the pitchers hand, 43, #6 You walk into an elevator, step onto a scale, and push the up” button. You also recall that your normal weight is 625 N. Star each ofthe following parts witha fee-body diagram. (a) the elevator fs an acceleration of magnitude 2:50 m]s2, what docs the scale read? (b) Ifyou sat holding a3 85 kp package by a light vertical string, what wll be the tension in this string once the elevator begins accelerating? 44, 6 A tuck is pulling a car on a horizontal highway using a horizontal rope. The car is in neural gear, so we can assume that there is no appreciable rietion between its tires and the highway. As the truck i accelerating to highway speeds, draw a free-hody diagram of (2) the car and (b the tuck. (e) What fore accelerates this system forward? Explain how this force originates 45, ¢* The space shuttle, During the fist tage of is launch, space shuttle goes from rest to 4973 km/h while rising a vert cal distance of 45 kim. Assume constant acceleration and 20 ‘atiatio in gover this distance (a) What isthe acceleration of the shuttle? (b) If « 55.0 ke astronaut is standing on a scale inside the shute during this launch, how hard will the scale push on her? Start with a free-body diagram of the astronaut (6) Ir this asironau did not realize that the shuttle had lfc the launch pad, what would she tink were her weight and mass? 46, #6 woman is standing in an elevator holding her 25-45 briefcase by its handles. Draw a free-body diagram for the briefcase ifthe elevator is accelerating downward a 1.50 m/s*, sand calculate the downward pull ofthe brieease on the wor an’s arm while the elevator is aceleratin, General Problems 47, ee An advertsement claims at particular automobile can “stop ona dime.” What net force would actually be necessary to sop #850-kg automobile traveling initially at 5.0 keh in a distance equal tothe diameter ofa dime, which s 1.8 em? 48, 66 A rifle shoots a 4.20 g bullet ou ofits barrel The ballet has a muzzle velocity of 965 m/s just asi leaves the barrel Assuming a constant horizontal acelertion over a distance of 45.0 cm starting from rest, with no fiedon betweea the bullet and the bare, a) wha force does there exert onthe bullet while itis im the barrel? ¢b) Draw a ftee-boay diagram ofthe bullet () while tis i he barrel and Gi) jus afer thas Jeftthe bare. (e) How many g's of acceleration does the rifle sive tis bullet? (4) For how long atime i the bulletin the bare? 49, ee A parachutist relies on air resistance (mainly on ber parse chute) to decrease hee downward velocity. She and her para chure have & mas of $5.0 kg, and ata panicular moment air resisince exerts a total upward force of 620 Non her and er parachute. (2) What isthe weight ofthe parachutist? (6) raw 2 fee-body diagram forthe parachutist (se Section 46). Use that diagram to calulate the net force onthe parachutist. I the not free upward or downward? (e) What i the sceleration (magnitude and direction) ofthe parachutist? 50, 06 A spacecraft descends vertically ner the surface of Planet X, ‘An upward thrust of 25.0 KN from its engines slows it down at5h B10 56, arate of 1.20 ms, att speeds up at rate of 080 ms! with a upward trust of 100 KN. (@) In each case, what isthe direction of the acceeaton af the spacerat? (b) Dra a fre boa diagram forthe spocecraf In each eas, speeding up or slowing dow, what isthe diction ofthe net force on the Spacecraft?) Apply Newtons second aw o each ese, sow ing down or speding vp, and use this find the spacera's weight near the surface of Planet X ‘A standing vertical jump. Besketal player Dal Gt fithis on record a ataning & sanding vertical jump of 1.2 m 64. (This means that he moved upward by 1.2 m ater his fos et theo) Gh weighed $90 N (20 I). (2) What was his speed ashe let the lor? () I the time ofthe pat of the jump before his fet lef the Hoor was 0300s, what were the magnitude and ireton of his aeecerton (assuming itt be constant) while be was pushing against the for? () Draw are body diagram of Gris daring th jump.) Use New ton’ laws and he results of pr (bo eaeulat he fore he applied to the ground dung his jump. You lene the doctor's ofce afer your annual checkup fd recall that you weighed 683 Nin er afc. You then gst int an elevator that, convenient. has sal. Find the magn tude and irction ofthe elevators acceleration if the sale reads (a) 725 N, (6) $95. t+ Homan biomechanics. The fastest served tennis ball, served by. "Big Bill” Tilden in 1931, wos measured at 73.14 ms The mass of teas alls 57 andthe als yp cally contac with he tn race for 0.0m, with he ball Staring fom re Assuming constat acceleration, (a) What force did Big Bills tenis racquet exert on the tennis ball fhe hit it esenially horizontally? () Make free-body diagrams of the terns bal daring the serve and ust after it has moved free of the racquet ‘+ Extraterrestrial physies, Yu hve landed onan unknown Plane, Newtonia, and want to now what objets will weigh thee. You ind that wien acer oo is pushed on ton- les horiontl surface by & 12.0 fore, moves 160m in the fs 200 starting fom ret You next observe hai you, seas this too rom rest t 100 m above the ground, it ses, 2158 sto reach the ground: What des the oo weigh on New tenia and what would t weigh on Earth? “An athlete whose mass 90.0 ke is performing weight ling exerises. Staring fom the rest position he ifs, with constant acceleration, barbell that weighs 490 N. He lit the barb a distance of 060 m in 16. a) Draw lary labled free body force diagram for the babel and for the athlete €b) Use the diagrams in pat) and Newtons laws to fd the total force tha the ground exerts on the athlete's feet ashe its the babel ‘+ Jumping to the ground, A 75.0 kg man steps off plat form 3.10 aoe the ground. He keep his gs saight a he fall, bu ste moment his fest touch the ground bis knees bein to bend, and, ueated a a pace, he moves sm ad sina 060m before coming ore (2) What is his speed at Passage Problems 127 tbe instant is feet touch the ground? (b) Treating him as par ticle, what are the magnitude and direction of his acceleration 83s he slows down ifthe acceleration is constant? (¢) Draw a free-body diagram ofthis man as he is slowing down, (@) Use ‘Newton's laws and the results of part () to calculate the foree the ground exerts on him while he is slowing down. Express this force in newtons and also as a multiple of the man's weight (6) What are the magnitude and dtection of the rea: tion force tothe force you found in pat (6)? ‘s+ Amelectron (mass = 9.11 X 10™" kg) leaves one end of TV picture tube with zero initial speed and travels in @ straight line tothe accelerating grid, which is 1.0 em away. I reaches the grid witha speed of 3.00 X 10" mjs. I the accel erating force is constant, compute (a) the acceleration of the electron, (b the time it takes the electron to reac the grid, and (©) the net foree that is accelerating the electron, in newtons. (You ean ignore the gravitational force on the electron.) 3, Passage Problems ‘B10 Bacterial motion. A bacterium using is flagellum as propul- sion can move though liguids at arate of 0.003 ms. Fora 50 sum- Jong bacterium, that isthe equivalent of 60 cell lengths per second. ‘Bacteria of that size have a mass of approximately 1 X 10°" g The viscous drug on a swimming bacterium is so great that if it stops beating its flageliam it will stop within a distance 0f 0.01 am. '58, What is the acceleration that stops the bacterium’? A12% 10" ms? B. SX 10° mst ©. 6X 10% m/s? D. 9X 10% mfst ‘What is average magnitude ofthis viscous force? A4x107N 39, D. 5x10" N What amount of force must the flagellum generate to propel the bacterium at a constant velocity of 0.003 m/s? ALS x ON B.S 107" N 9x 107N D. 18x 107'N 61. If the bacterium wished to accelerate at a rate of 0.001 m) how much addtional force would be necessary’? A 1x 10N, B. 3x 10N 1x 108 N, D.4x 108 N,