PRADEEP P Conductance G Value in Transmission Line and Cables

G → Shunt conductance: Shunt conductance accounts for V2G line losses caused by leakage
currents between conductors and the ground. Overhead line shunt conductance is generally
neglected.
Conductance G is the leakage current flowing through the system's supporting
insulators and other insulating materials represented by conductance parameters (G). Its
value is very small & hence practically neglected in the case of short and medium transmission
lines and also considered in the long transmission line.

In practice, there's not an ideal insulator without any electric current. As a result, a
leak current flowing across the insulation between the two wires also appears at an isolated
two-wire line. G is the value of the conducting ability, also known as cross-resistance or
derivation. The S ("Siemens") is a conductance measuring unit 𝐺 = 1/𝑅

i. Real power loss between phases or between phases and ground is accounted for by
conductance. Leakage currents at insulators and corona cause overhead line power
loss. The amount of dirt, salt, and other pollutants deposited on insulators and
weather conditions, especially the presence of moisture, affect the insulator leakage
current.
ii. Corona happens when a large electric field at the surface of a conductor causes the
air to become electrically ionized and conduct. Corona loss, or actual power loss due
to corona, is affected by weather conditions, mainly rain and conductor surface
imperfections.
iii. Insulator leakage and corona losses are generally small compared to conductor I2R
loss. Because conductance is such a small component of shunt admittance, it is
usually ignored in power system studies.

Figure 1: Transmission line model

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PRADEEP P Conductance G Value in Transmission Line and Cables

𝑰
The leakage conductance is expressed as 𝑮=
𝑽

Where:

I - Leakage Current; V - Line Voltage.

In Over headlines:

Air is the insulation medium between phases in overhead lines because any insulation
does not cover conductors. Current may flow from phase to phase or from phase to earth.

The leakage current will either flow through the air and cause losses between phases
or pass through insulator strings to the ground (which will also cause losses). As a result, the
current leakage here may be:

✓ The air between the insulators or between phases.

✓ The suspension insulator or the air between phases and the earth.

The distance between the phases is quite large, resulting

in a minimum and negligible leakage current. Because of the
large distances, the leakage current through the earth might be
neglected.

As a result, the total leakage current in an overhead

power line is negligible. And as previously said, reduced leakage
current suggests that the conductance is very small, and hence
the losses caused by it (V2G) are minimal. As a result, we may
neglect it.

Because of the large distance between each phase in an

overhead line, as shown in figure 2, the leakage current between
phases will be quite small. Because the suspension insulator is
long, it is challenging to have a phase-to-ground leakage current.
Figure 2: Transmission line
In underground cables:

Underground cables have pretty close phases, are insulated with PVC or XLPE, and so
on. Because of the distance, the leakage current in the insulators between phases increases.

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PRADEEP P Conductance G Value in Transmission Line and Cables

The more the leakage current, the higher the

𝐼
conductance 𝐺= 𝑉 .As a result, the higher the conductance, the

higher the losses V2G. Higher losses cannot be neglected; hence,

conductance cannot be ignored in this scenario.

However, inspect the cables and phase distances and

direct insulated conductors (extremely short distances) as
Figure 3: Cable
shown in figure 3.

Conductance (G) value inserted by way of using Digsilent power factory simulation software
→ Transmission line→ Load flow→ Ins. Factor or Conductance G→

Figure 4: Option for inserting Conductance G value

For example:

Here I have taken a 400 kV transmission line with a length of 300 km shown in figure5
5 & 6. The insulation factor is 1, resulting in real power losses. If the insulation factor is 1, it
implies that if the susceptance value is 3.6, it is taken as 0.1, resulting in 3.6 s/km.

The insulation factor is default 0, as shown in figure 4. The Insulation Factor (Ins.
factor) is nothing but the Insulation Factor, and as the Ins. factor increases, as have the real
power losses, as below shown in figure 6.

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PRADEEP P Conductance G Value in Transmission Line and Cables

Figure 5: Ins.factor 0 Figure 6: Ins.factor 1

Note: The insulation isn't perfect, and the resistance is measured in Mega ohms. Current flows
through the insulator, causing losses. Increased losses will also increase the insulation
temperature, causing it to break down over time. In both cases, the voltage is considered to
be constant.

Reference:
1. Power System Analysis and Design 6th Edition by J. Duncan Glover, Thomas Overbye,
Mulukutla S. Sarma
2. Power System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur