It doesn’t just happen in 1984.

History
and impressions have been
manipulated for YEARS
 It’s not just supermodels and famous celebrities who get “photo shopped”
This nearly iconic portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a composite of
Lincoln’s head and the Southern politician John Calhoun’s body. Lincoln’s own
body is thought to have cut a less aesthetically pleasing figure (taller/lankier).
This was just one of the many
propaganda tricks in Stalin’s repertoire.
After Yezhow was
executed, he vanished
from the photos as
well. Just one of the
events that inspires
Orwell’s idea of an
“unperson”.
 Mussolini wanted to look brave and
powerful…he couldn’t do that with a
horse handler in the picture, now could
he?
Another example of deleting your friends from
pics after you guys stop being friends. This
time it’s Hitler and Goebbels.

Goebbels

Not friends Friends

A 9/11 hoax, boasting a photo of someone on the 1st tower when the 1st
plane hit. An elaborate story followed with the photo saying that the
camera was found but that the tourist had died and to live each day to
the fullest. While there’s tons of hoax photos, this one was believed for a
short time (or at least shared like wild fire) and entered into our “history”
for a brief moment in time. It’s important ONLY in the fact that with the
Internet, “news” is no longer “news”.
Heroes don’t smoke…even if they do. In the iconic Abbey Road photo
Paul used to have a cigarette in his hand because he used to smoke.
Now it’s gone…and neither Apple nor Paul McCartney (the owners to
the rights of the photo) approved that change. Why is it gone? Does it
matter that it’s gone? Why? Why not?
 Terms to Know
Utopia from two Greek words that mean “no place” and
“the good place” An ideally perfect place, especially in
its social, political, and moral aspects. An imaginary
island described in Sir Thomas Moore's Utopia (1516).

Dystopia - a society characterized by human misery, as

squalor, oppression, disease, and overcrowding.

Totalitarian- pertaining to a centralized government that

does not tolerate parties of differing opinion and that
exercises dictatorial control over many aspects of life.

Propaganda - information, ideas, or rumors deliberately

spread widely to help or harm a person, group,
movement, institution, nation, etc.
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
 o “The sun never shined on a greater
cause.”

o “Liberty, property and no stamps!”

o “Let us consider ourselves as men -

freemen - Christian freemen - separate
from the rest of the world and bound
together by the same rights, interests
and dangers.”

o “These are the times that try men's

souls.”

These are some of the words that helped

form the United States of America. The
words of Thomas Paine, John Dickinson
and Samuel Adams defined the American
Revolution and in many respects, to this
day, define what means to be an
American.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nancy-snow/positive-propaganda_b_393843.html
©LOVERMOYER2018
 The spreading of ideas, information,
or rumor for the purpose of helping or
injuring an institution, a cause, or a
person.

©LOVERMOYER2018
Name-calling and invective are themselves nothing new
in American political life.
Washington was called a "Whore Master" and would-be-
monarch;
Jefferson a coward and atheist;
Lincoln, a "rail-splitting baboon."

http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=122851
©LOVERMOYER2018
 ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately
to further one's cause or to damage an
opposing cause; also : a public action having
such an effect.
— pro·pa·gan·dist noun or adjective
— pro·pa·gan·dis·tic adjective
— pro·pa·gan·dis·ti·cal·ly adverb

©LOVERMOYER2018
 Propaganda has been around for many centuries, although
the term itself wasn't coined until Pope Gregory XV
established the Congregation of Propaganda in 1622.
The pope created this group for the express purpose of trying
to win back Catholics who'd taken up the Protestant faith
during the Reformation. Missionary work was nothing new, of
course, but people began to realize the possibilities
associated with "spreading the word." The technique became
widely used not only for religious conversions but also for
political
and wartime public persuasion purposes.
An example of Protestant propaganda, this
shows four men killing the Pope and two
other men man — one labeled “hypocrisy”
and the other named “greed” — with stones
made from the Gospels. Catholics then fought
back with their own propaganda!

©LOVERMOYER2018
BANDWAGON

LOADED WORDS
©LOVERMOYER2018
 TESTIMONIALS

PLAIN FOLK

NAME CALLING
©LOVERMOYER2018
 GLITTERING
GENERALITY

TRANSFER

CARD STACKING
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
http://www.writerspulse.org/forms-of-propaganda-emotional-appeals-2/
©LOVERMOYER2018
Religious propaganda was actually the first official
type of propaganda. Missionaries have been working
for centuries to recruit others to their respective
faiths, whether it's through face-to-face
communications, pamphlets, posters or broadcast
media.

Religious propaganda is also used to spread the

word about particular moral and ethical issues,
including abortion and the controversy over religion
in schools. Cults use extreme propaganda to
influence people into accepting particular beliefs,
often through methods of thought reform.

This type of brainwashing is what convinces people

that it's a good idea to drink the poison Kool-Aid or
commit ritualistic murders.

©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
War propaganda debuted during World War I and was
considered critical to the success of the war effort.
Both Great Britain and Germany used propaganda to win U.S.
support.

Germany had been trying to gather the sympathies of U.S.

citizens of German descent but was cut off from
communicating directly with the American public. As a result,
sympathy for Great Britain took over, and support for the war
effort aligned accordingly.

©LOVERMOYER2018
©LOVERMOYER2018
Under Hitler's regime, propaganda was used to its fullest extent.
Information available to the Germans was limited to that which cast the
Nazis in a favorable glow.

The idea was to eliminate opposition through a lack of information --

documents that didn't uphold Nazi philosophies were burned.
Meanwhile, radios were sold at dirt-cheap prices to allow everyone to
hear Hitler speak. Films also facilitated the spread of Nazi goals; in these
movies, Jews were compared to rats, Hitler was made out to be a
godlike figure and Germans in other parts of the world were portrayed as
being horribly abused.

©LOVERMOYER2018
Build Youth Hostels and Rich People Rich FuhrerEurope Win Your Prosperity
Homes

©LOVERMOYER2018
 Double
Double
Double
Double think = Unconscious Orthodoxy

A method of control
Thinking in TWO WAYS
at ONCE!
 Orwell’s Idea

“Doublethink goes on
forever. The lie always
one step ahead of the
truth.”
Orwell 214
 Double Think

War is peace
(x) 2 + 2 =
Freedom is slavery 4
Ignorance is strength
2 +2=5
 “If you tell a LIE big enough
and keep repeating it, people
will eventually come to believe
it.”
Nazi propaganda Minister,
Joseph Goebbels
Work makes you free
 Orwellian
Language
 Oceania : the nation where the story takes place
 Proles : the lowest class and form around 85% of the
population
 Newspeak: the language in Oceania
 Crimestop: control over the people’s thoughts claiming
it is for their own protection “ protective stupidity”
 Thought crime: the act of having negative thoughts
against the party
 INGSOC: English Socialism
 Vaporize: to be erased from existence
 Orwellian
Language
 Pronosec: cheap pornography distributed
among proles
 Airstrip One: London
 The Brotherhood: cult rebelling against the
government
 Facecrime: expression on the face that
shows that a person has something to hide
 Telescreen: device that is used to spy on
citizens
The Author
By George!
 “George Orwell” was the pen name of
Eric Blair.
 Orwell was an Englishman born in India
in 1903. He died at age 47.
 He considered himself a Democratic Socialist
and was critical of Communism
 He hated intellectuals, lying, cruelty, political
authority, and totalitarianism
 He strongly opposed Stalin and Hitler -- he
was very outspoken during WWII
Publishing Period
 1984 was published in 1949.
 Several events of the early 20th century contributed to
Orwell’s mood in writing 1984.
 World War I
 the Great Depression
 Joseph Stalin’s rise to power in the Soviet Union
 World War II
 Dawn of the nuclear era, beginning with the 1945 bombings
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Television which debuted in America at the 1939 World’s Fair
 House (of Representatives) Committee on Un-American
Activities aggressively attacking suspected Communists
As the World Turns…
 Orwell expresses his idea of a DYSTOPIA (or
how the world should NOT be)
 1984 shows a world where integrity, freedom, and
the individual consciousness are forgotten. Fear
and hatred prompted by the government motivate
and unite people.
 It is a political parable narrated in third person. The story
is told from the viewpoint of a single character.
 A parable is a narrative, or story, from which a
moral can be drawn.
 The moral here is that the abuse of power by a
totalitarian regime destroys the individual.
Historical Conditioners
 The main influence for this novel was Stalin
 In the mid 1930s, Stalin started the purging of his enemies in
order to maintain a stronghold on his position of power.
 He first attacked his closest party members by making them
confess in court to fabricated crimes and then executing them.
 He next attacked other party officials, military leaders, industrial
managers, and members of the secret police.
 Eventually he purged artists, university professors, and the
population at large.
 Stalin's aides tried to justify what was happening and ordered
filmmakers to produce Hollywood-style movies to persuade
Soviets that they were living in normal times.
 Many believe he killed 8-13 million and more died from famines
and forced labor camps.
It’s the End of the World as
We Know It
 1984 is set in the near future in a world of new
alliances.
 The year is 1984 (but really just sometime in the
future)
 London, England : a.k.a. “Airstrip One”
 Government = totalitarian dictatorship
 The countries we now know are three huge
super states:
 Oceania
 Eurasia
Air-Strip One
 Oceania is a huge country ruled by The Party,
which is led by a figure called “Big Brother”
 The Inner Party (<2% of pop.) control the country
 The Outer Party (13% of pop.) are controlled by the
Inner Party
 The Proles (85% of pop.) are the
labor power who live in poverty
 The Brotherhood is an underground
rebellion organization lead by
Emmanuel Goldstein
Hi-Ho, Hi-Ho, It’s Off to Work
We Go
Responsible for all Party
 You must work for the state… news, entertainment,
education and fine arts. The
Party's propaganda machine.
 The Ministry of Truth

Responsible for the Party's

 The Ministry of Peace management of issues
surrounding war.

 The Ministry of Love Maintains law and order.

Dissidents are taken here to
be tortured, reformed, or
killed.
 The Ministry of Plenty
Responsible for the Party's
economic affairs.
 Terms in 1984
 Telescreen
 Thought Police
 Two Minutes Hate
 The Brotherhood
 Vaporize
 Ingsoc (political party)
 Doublethink
 Outer Party
 Airstrip One
 Inner Party
 Proles
 Book I
 When the book opens, Winston is at home
during his lunch break. He has returned to
his apartment in the Victory Mansions, a
dilapidated Party housing building, to write
in a diary, a relic of the past he obtained
from an old junk shop.
 Book I
 Winston’s apartment is small, and like
every other Party member’s home,
contains a telescreen.
 The telescreen transmits Party information
and propaganda and also allows the
Thought Police to watch and listen to Party
members at all times. In Oceania, there is
no such thing as privacy.
 Winston is fortunate to have a small niche
in his apartment out of the view of the
telescreen, and it is in this niche that he
begins to write in his diary, despite his
overwhelming fear of being caught.
 Winston wasn’t sure of the date. ( Orwell
Portrays him Skeptical)
 Winston writes of various memories, all
related to the Party and his life. Many
include violent imagery, which is quite
common in the age of Oceania, and
reveal anti-Party feelings. Winston clearly
does not subscribe to Party doctrine.
 Winston is briefly interrupted at one point
by a knock on his door. At first he panics,
thinking he has already been caught, but
it is only his neighbor, Mrs. Parsons, who
needs help unclogging her sink.
 Winston obliges, and interacts briefly with
Mrs. Parsons’ two hellish children who
are members of the Spies and Youth
League, and clearly powerfully
indoctrinated in the ways of the Party.

 Winston predicts that eventually these

children will turn their loyal, simple,
innocent parents into the Thought Police.
Such tragedies, it seems, are quite
common.
 Winston’s Ulcer

 It
is a sign of suppressed
Emotions and anger.

It is a sign of his body telling him

That he isn’t okay( stress related)
Winston Parsons
Thin Burly
Rebellious submissive
Analytical Gullible
Hates the Party Loves the Party and believes their
doctrine

Winston Parsons
Outer Party Outer Party
Ministry of Truth Ministry of Truth

Victory Mansion Victory Mansion

 Winston dreams of being with his mother
on a sinking ship.
 He feels strangely responsible for his
mother’s disappearance in a political purge
almost twenty years ago.
 He then dreams of a place called The Golden
Country, where the dark-haired girl takes off her
clothes and runs toward him in an act of freedom
that annihilates the whole Party.
 He wakes with the word “Shakespeare” on his
lips, not knowing where it came from. A high-
pitched whistle sounds from the telescreen, a
signal that office workers must wake up. It is time
for the Physical Jerks, a round of grotesque
exercise.
 As he exercises, Winston thinks about his
childhood, which he barely remembers. Having
no physical records such as photographs and
documents, he thinks, makes one’s life lose its
outline in one’s memory.
 Winston considers Oceania’s relationship to the
other countries in the world, Eurasia and
Eastasia. According to official history, Oceania
has always been at war with Eurasia and in
alliance with Eastasia, but Winston knows that the
records have been changed.
 Winston remembers that no one had heard of Big
Brother, the leader of the Party, before 1960, but
stories about him now appear in histories going
back to the 1930s.
 As Winston has these thoughts, a
voice from the telescreen suddenly
calls out his name, reprimanding him
for not working hard enough at the
Physical Jerks.

 Winston breaks out into a hot sweat

and tries harder to touch his toes.
 Winston returns to his diary, and in one of
his reveries reflecting on the past and his
memories and dreams, finds himself
writing “DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER” in
large letters over and over on the page.
 Winston goes to his job
in the Records section of
the Ministry of Truth,
where he works with a
“speakwrite” (a machine
that types as he dictates
into it) and destroys
obsolete documents.

 He updates Big
Brother’s orders and
Party records so that
they match new
developments—Big
Brother can never be
wrong.
 Even when the citizens of
Airstrip One are forced to
live with less food, they
are told that they are
being given more than
ever and, by and large,
they believe it.

 This day, Winston must

alter the record of a
speech made in
December 1983, which
referred to Comrade
Withers, one of Big
Brother’s former officials
who has since been
vaporized.
 At the Ministry of Truth Winston is
surrounded by loyal Party members,
and is always on guard to prevent his
true feelings from being perceived by
others.
 At work, Winston sits through the daily
Two Minutes Hate, which rails against
Oceania’s enemy, Eurasia, and the
supposed leader of the opposition
movement, Emmanuel Goldstein.
 The propaganda is powerful, and the
people around him begin shouting at
the screen. Of course, Winston must
join in to avoid suspicion.
 Since Comrade Withers was executed as an enemy
of the Party, it is unacceptable to have a document on
file praising him as a loyal Party member.

 Winston invents a person named Comrade Ogilvy

and substitutes him for Comrade Withers in the
records. Comrade Ogilvy, though a product of
Winston’s imagination, is an ideal Party man,
opposed to sex and suspicious of everyone. Comrade
Withers has become an “unperson:” he has ceased to
exist.
 Watching a man named Comrade
Tillotson in the cubicle across the way,
Winston reflects on the activity in the
Ministry of Truth, where thousands of
workers correct the flow of history to
make it match party ideology, and churn
out endless drivel—even pornography—
to pacify the brutally destitute proletariat.
 Winston has lunch with a man named Syme,
an intelligent Party member who works on a
revised dictionary of Newspeak, the official
language of Oceania.

 Syme tells Winston that Newspeak aims to

narrow the range of thought to render
thoughtcrime impossible. If there are no
words in a language that are capable of
expressing independent, rebellious thoughts,
no one will ever be able to rebel, or even to
conceive of the idea of rebellion.
 Winston thinks that Syme’s intelligence will
get him vaporized one day. Parsons, a
pudgy and fervent Party official and the
husband of the woman whose plumbing
Winston fixed in Chapter II,
 Comes into the canteen Parsons and elicits a
contribution from Winston for neighborhood Hate
Week. He apologizes to Winston for his children’s
harassment the day before, but is openly proud of
their spirit.
 Suddenly, an lively message from the Ministry of
Plenty announces increases in production over the
loudspeakers. Winston reflects that the alleged
increase in the chocolate ration to twenty grams
was actually a reduction from the day before, but
those around him seem to accept the
announcement joyfully and without suspicion.
Winston feels that he is being watched; he looks up
and sees the dark-haired girl staring at him. He
worries again that she is a Party agent.
 Winston writes in his diary that any hope for
revolution against the Party must come from the
proles.

 He believes that the Party cannot be destroyed

from within, and that even the Brotherhood, a
legendary revolutionary group, lacks the
wherewithal to defeat the mighty Thought Police.
The proles, on the other hand make up eighty-
five percent of the population of Oceania, and
could easily muster the strength and manpower
to overcome the Police.
 However, the proles lead brutish, ignorant,
animalistic lives, and lack both the energy and
interest to revolt; most of them do not even
understand that the Party is oppressing them.
 Winston looks through a children’s history book to
get a feeling for what has really happened in the
world.

 The Party claims to have built ideal cities, but

London, where Winston lives, is a wreck: the
electricity seldom works, buildings decay, and
people live in poverty and fear. Lacking a reliable
official record, Winston does not know what to
think about the past.
 The Party’s claims that it has increased the literacy
rate, reduced the infant mortality rate, and given
everyone better food and shelter could all be
fantasy. Winston suspects that these claims are
untrue, but he has no way to know for sure, since
history has been written entirely by the Party.
 In the end the Party would announce that two and
two made five, and you would have to believe it.
 Winston remembers an occasion when he caught
the Party in a lie. In the mid-1960s, a cultural
backlash caused the original leaders of the
Revolution to be arrested.

 One day, Winston saw a few of these deposed

leaders sitting at the Chestnut Tree Café, a
gathering place for out-of-favor Party members. A
song played—“Under the spreading chestnut tree
/ I sold you and you sold me”—and one of the
Party members, Rutherford, began to weep.
 Winston never forgot the incident, and one day
came upon a photograph that proved that the
Party members had been in New York at the time
that they were allegedly committing treason in
Eurasia. Terrified, Winston destroyed the
photograph, but it remains embedded in his
memory as a concrete example of Party
dishonesty.
 Winston thinks of his writing in his diary as
a kind of letter to O’Brien.

 Though Winston knows almost nothing

about O’Brien beyond his name, he is sure
that he detects a strain of independence
and rebellion in him, a consciousness of
oppression similar to Winston’s own.
 Thinking about the Party’s control
of every record of the truth,
Winston realizes that the Party
requires its members to deny the
evidence of their eyes and ears.
He believes that true freedom lies
in the ability to interpret reality as
one perceives it, to be able to say
“2 + 2 = 4.”
 Winston goes for a walk through the prole
district, and envies the simple lives of the
common people. He enters a pub where
he sees an old man—a possible link to the
past.
 He talks to the old man and tries to ascertain
whether, in the days before the Party, people were
really exploited by bloated capitalists, as the Party
records claim.
 The old man’s memory is too vague to provide an
answer. Winston laments that the past has been left
to the proles, who will inevitably forget it.
 Winston walks to the secondhand store in
which he bought the diary and buys a
clear glass paperweight with a pink coral
center from Mr. Charrington, the
proprietor.
 Mr. Charrington takes him upstairs to a
private room with no telescreen, where a
print of St. Clement’s Church looks down
from the wall, evoking the old rhyme:
“Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St.
Clement’s / You owe me three farthings, say
the bells of St. Martin’s.”
 When he left
the store he
saw the dark
haired girl and
thought she
was watching
him.