BS en 12952-15 - 2003

BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
12952-15:2003
Water-tube boilers
and auxiliary
installations —
Part 15: Acceptance tests
The European Standard EN 12952-15:2003 has the status of a

British Standard
ICS 27.040
12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
BS EN 12952-15:2003
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 12952-15:2003. It supersedes BS 2885:1974 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
PVE/2, Water-tube boilers, which has the responsibility to:
— aid enquirers to understand the text;
— present to the responsible international/European committee any

enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;
— monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British
Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard, was Summary of pages

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
Strategy Committee on pages 2 to 89 and a back cover.
14 October 2003
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Comments

© BSI 14 October 2003
ISBN 0 580 42757 9

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12952-15
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2003
ICS 27.040
English version
Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 15:

Acceptance tests
Chaudières à tubes d'eau et à tubes de fumée - Partie 15: Wasserrohrkessel und Anlagenkomponenten - Teil 15:
Essais de réception Abnahmeversuche
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 June 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12952-15:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1 Scope and field of application ......................................................................................................................4
1.1 Field of application ........................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4
1.3 General information .......................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................5
3 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................6
4 Symbols and abbreviations and coefficients..............................................................................................6
4.1 Symbols and abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................6
4.2 Coefficients...................................................................................................................................................10
5 Guaranteed parameters...............................................................................................................................11
5.1 Basis for determining guaranteed parameters .........................................................................................11
5.2 Parameters subject to guarantee ...............................................................................................................12
5.3 Additional measurements ...........................................................................................................................12
5.4 Supply of steam generator components by several manufacturers ......................................................12
6 Basic test conditions...................................................................................................................................13
6.1 Methods of determining efficiency.............................................................................................................13
6.2 General conditions ......................................................................................................................................13
6.3 Preliminary test runs ...................................................................................................................................13
6.4 Condition of steam generator.....................................................................................................................13
6.5 Steady-state conditions ..............................................................................................................................13
6.6 Performance of test .....................................................................................................................................14
6.7 Other information.........................................................................................................................................17
7 Instrumentation and methods of measurement .......................................................................................17
7.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................17
7.2 Pressure measurements .............................................................................................................................18
7.3 Temperature measurements.......................................................................................................................18
7.4 Mass and mass flow ....................................................................................................................................18
7.5 Calorific values.............................................................................................................................................19
7.6 Chemical composition.................................................................................................................................20
7.7 Electric power...............................................................................................................................................21
8 Heat balance and thermal efficiency..........................................................................................................21
8.1 Heat balance and envelope boundary .......................................................................................................21
8.2 Reference temperature................................................................................................................................27
8.3 Heat input, heat output and losses ............................................................................................................27
8.4 Thermal efficiency........................................................................................................................................53
9 Corrections to guarantee conditions .........................................................................................................59
9.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................59
9.2 Correction for deviations of water/steam side inlet parameters.............................................................61
9.3 Correction of efficiency by input-output method to guarantee conditions ...........................................61
9.4 Correction of efficiency by heat loss method to guarantee conditions via heat balance....................62
9.5 Correction of efficiency by heat loss method to guarantee conditions with change in flue gas
temperature ..................................................................................................................................................65
9.6 Efficiency under guarantee conditions .....................................................................................................69
10 Averaging and uncertainty of measurement.............................................................................................70
10.1 General..........................................................................................................................................................70
10.2 Averaging and corrections .........................................................................................................................70
10.3 Fundamentals of calculating uncertainty..................................................................................................71
10.4 Guide values for measurement uncertainties...........................................................................................73
10.5 Calculation of uncertainty...........................................................................................................................82
Annex A (normative) Statistical Combustion Calculation.....................................................................................85
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................87
2
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Foreword
This document EN 12952-15:2003 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 269 “Shell and water-tube
boilers”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by March 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
March 2004.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association. This European Standard is considered as a supporting standard to other application and
product standards which in themselves support an essential safety requirement of a New Approach Directive and
should appear as a normative reference in them.
The European Standard series EN 12952 concerning water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations consists of the
following parts:
 Part 1: General.
 Part 2: Materials for pressure parts of boilers and accessories.
 Part 3: Design and calculation for pressure parts.
 Part 4: In-service boiler life expectancy calculations.
 Part 5: Workmanship and construction of pressure parts of the boiler.
 Part 6: Inspection during construction, documentation and marking of pressure parts of the boiler.
 Part 7: Requirements for equipment for the boiler.
 Part 8: Requirements for firing systems for liquid and gaseous fuels for the boiler.
 Part 9: Requirements for firing systems for pulverized solid fuels for the boiler.
 Part 10: Requirements for safeguards against excessive pressure.
 Part 11: Requirements for limiting devices of the boiler and accessories.
 Part 12: Requirements for boiler feedwater and boiler water quality.
 Part 13: Requirements for flue gas cleaning systems.
 Part 14: Requirements for flue gas DENOX-systems.
 Part 15: Acceptance tests.
 Part 16: Requirements for grate and fluidized-bed firing systems for solid fuels for the boiler.
CR 12952 Part 17: Guideline for the involvement of an inspection body independent of the manufacturer.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognized that the Parts are interdependent. As such,
the design and manufacture of water-tube boilers requires the application of more than one Part in order for the
requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
NOTE Part 4 and 15 are not applicable during the design, construction and installation stages.
Annex A is normative.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following coun-
tries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
3
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
1 Scope and field of application
1.1 Field of application
This European Standard covers direct-fired steam boilers and hot water generators, including the auxiliaries. For the
purposes of this standard, steam boilers and hot water generators are vessels and pipework systems in which:
 steam at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure is generated for use external to the system;
 water is heated to a temperature higher than the saturation temperature at atmospheric pressure for use ex-
ternal to the system.
A steam generator normally consists of the flue gas-heated evaporator, the superheater, the reheater, the feedwater
heater, the air heater, the fuel heater, if any, and the fuel burning equipment.
The term 'direct-fired' relates to equipment by means of which the chemical heat in the fuel of known composition is
converted to sensible heat. Such equipment can involve stoker firing, fluidized-bed combustion or burner systems.
The auxiliaries include the fuel feeders, the pulverizer, the FD (forced draught) fan, the ID (induced draught) fan, the
facilities for removal of the refuse (combustion residues), the steam air heater, the main air heater, the fuel heater, if
any, and the dust collector.
This standard does not cover:
 units fired with special fuels (e.g. refuse);
 pressurized steam generators (e.g. pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) boilers);
 steam generators in combined cycle systems.
This standard can be applied by analogy to the acceptance testing of:
 indirect-fired units (e.g. waste heat boilers);
 units operated using other heat carriers (e.g. gases, thermal oils, sodium).
Where this standard is to serve as the basis for the acceptance testing of heat-transfer systems, an agreement should
have been reached by the time the contract has been concluded with regard to any special features which may have
an effect on the measurements and interpretation of test results.
1.2 Scope
This standard is intended as the basis for the thermal performance (acceptance) testing of direct-fired steam boilers
and hot water generators. Such tests are designed to demonstrate that the guarantees with respect to efficiency and
output or other parameters have been met.
This standard includes (among other things):
 recommendations for the performance of acceptance tests (see clause 6);
 a definition of the envelope boundary of the steam generating unit and of the efficiency (see clause 8);
 details on the uncertainty of measurement (see clause 10).
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
1.3 General information
The standard provides information on agreements relating to the type and scope of acceptance tests. Such agree-
ments should be made prior to testing or at the time when the steam or hot water generator is ordered.
The agreements can refer to the following:
 scope of supply, envelope boundary, reference temperature;
 method of determining thermal efficiency, direct (input-output) method or indirect (heat loss) method;
 additional measurements;
 test conditions, such as degree of cleanliness, time to reach steady-state condition and test duration;
 any deviating test conditions;
 blowdown and sootblowing;
 functional use of instrumentation other than specified in clause 6;
 steam table and tables for other thermodynamic properties to be used;
 any special correction methods;
 location and position of measuring points.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 837-1, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, requirements and
testing.
EN 12952-1:2001, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations — Part 1: General.
EN 26801, Rubber or plastics hoses — Determination of volumetric expansion (ISO 6801:1983).
EN 60584-1, Thermocouples — Part 1: Reference tables (IEC 60584-1:1995).
EN 60584-2, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances (IEC 60584-2:1982 + A1:1989).
EN 60751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometer sensors (IEC 60751:1983 + A1:1986).
EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling (ISO 3170:1988, including Amendment 1:1998).
EN ISO 3993, Liquefied petroleum gas and light hydrocarbons — Determination of density or relative density —
Pressure hydrometer method (ISO 3993:1984).
EN ISO 5167-1, Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices — Part 1: Orifice plates,
nozzles and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full (ISO 5167-1:1991).
ISO 157, Coal — Determination of forms of sulfur.
ISO 334, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of total sulfur — Eschka method.
5
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
ISO 589, Hard coal — Determination of total moisture.
ISO 609, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of carbon and hydrogen — High temperature combustion method.
ISO 625, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of carbon and hydrogen — Liebig method.
ISO 1217, Displacement compressors — Acceptance tests.
ISO 1928, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calcula-
tion of net calorific value.
ISO 1988, Hard coal — Sampling.
ISO 5389, Turbocompressors — Performance test code.
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 12952-1 and the following apply.
3.1
direct method
input-output method
efficiency is determined as the ratio of heat absorbed by the working fluids (water and steam) to the heat input
(chemical heat plus heat credits added to the steam generator)
3.2
indirect method
heat loss method
determination of all accountable heat losses, heat credits and the heat in the fuel. The efficiency is then equal to
100 minus the ratio of the sum of all heat losses to the sum of heat in the fuel plus heat credits
3.3
standard condition
embraces the condition at pn = 1,01325 bar and tn = 0 °C
3.4
refuse
combustion residues that are obtained in the form of flue dust or in the molten and/or agglomerated solid state
(slag), including the fuel contained in them
4 Symbols and abbreviations and coefficients
4.1 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purpose of this part, the symbols given in EN 12952-1:2001, Table 4-1 and those given in Table 4.1-1 and
Table 4-1-2 shall apply.
6
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 4.1-1 — Latin Letters
Symbol Description Unit

A Ash content of fuel related to daf-based fuel —
AU Influence factor —
c Specific heat capacitya kJ/(kgK)
c Integral specific heat capacitya kJ/(kgK)
f factor (transient fraction of heat output) —
f Limit of (permissible) error —
H Calorific value (CV) kJ/kg
h Specific enthalpy kJ/kg
i Number of samples —
J Enthalpy of flue gas or combustion air related to fuel mass flow kJ/kg
L Latent heat (heat of vaporization) kJ/kg
l Single loss —
l Inflow length m
lu Ratio of unburned combustibles to supplied fuel mass flow —
M Molar mass —
m Mass flow (rate) kg/s
n Air factor at boiler outlet —
n Lime ratio —
P Power kW
2
p Pressure N/mm
Q Heat flow kW
T Thermodynamic temperature K
t Temperature Celsius °C
u Unburned combustibles content (by mass) kg/kg
uM Uncertainty of measurement —
3
V Combustion air and flue gas volume (per unit mass of fuel) m /kg
3
V Volume flow (rate) m /h
3
v Specific volume m /kg
w Velocity m/s
W Moisture content of fuel related to dry, ash free based fuel —
x Flue gas/combustion air components content by mass kg/kg
xAd Combustion air content by mass kg/kg
3 3
y Content by volume m /m
3 3
yAd Combustion air content by volume m /m
2 2
NOTE 1 1 N/mm = 1 MN/m = 1 MPa
NOTE 2 The units shown are those normally used. Conversion can be necessary for use in the dimensionless equations.
a "specific heat", for short.
7
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 4.1-2 — Greek letters
Symbol Quantity Unit

2
α Heat transfer coefficient W/(m /K)
∂ Partial differential —
∆ Difference —
ε Relative uncertainty of measurement —
ε Emissivity —
η Thermal efficiency —
ηS'L Ash collection efficiency —
ηS Desulfurization efficiency —
γ Fuel content (by mass) kg/kg
υ Volatile matter content of ash kg/kg
3
ρ Density kg/m
σ Standard deviation —
µ Combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratio kg/kg
τ test duration h or s
8
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 4.1-3 — Subscripts
Symbol Description
A Air
Ash Ash
AS Atomizing steam or air
B Boiler
BD Blowdown water
c corrected
Cn Convection
C Carbon
Ca Calcium (lime)
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
d Dry (basis)
daf Dry, ash-free
DC Dust collector
e Final value
EC External cooling
FA Flue dust (fly ash)
F Fuel, burned fuel
Fo Fuel supplied
FW Feedwater
G Flue gas (combustion gas)
(G) Gross value
g Guaranteed
H Hydrogen
H2O Water
K Lime (when used as additive)
L Loss
LA Leakage (infiltrated) air / tramp air
M Pulverizer
m Average
meas Measured
min Minimum
N Useful, effective
N Nitrogen
(N) Net value
n Standard condition
o Stoichiometric
O; O2 Oxygen
p Constant pressure
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
Symbol Description
r Reference
R Radiation
RC Radiation and convection
RH Reheat steam
S Sulfur
SS Spray water
SA Steam air heater
SL Slag
Sam Sampling
Sen Sensor
ST Live steam
tot Total
tr True (value)
u Unburned matter
U Circulating pump or recirculating fan
VM Volatile matter
W Wall
Z Heat input
0 At 0 °C
1 Upstream, inlet
2 Downstream, outlet
I, II Reheater stages
^ Maximum
4.2 Coefficients
For the purpose of this part, the coefficients given in Table 4.2-1 shall apply.
10
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 4.2-1 — Coefficients
Designation Symbol Value Unit

Specific latent heat at 25 °C Lr 2442,5 kJ/kg
Specific heat of steam between 25 °C and 150 °C c pSt 1,884 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of water between 25 °C and 150 °C c pW 4,21 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of air between 25 °C and 150 °C c pA 1,011 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of ash and flue dust between 25 °C and 200 °C c Ash, c FA 0,84 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of slag

Dry-bottom furnace c SL 1,0 kJ/(kg K)
Slag-tap furnace c SL 1,26 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of additives between 25 °C and 200 °C c Ca
CaCO3 0,97 kJ/(kg K)

Ca(HO)2 1,32 kJ/(kg K)
CaO 0,84 kJ/(kg K)
Specific heat of dry and ash-free coal between 25 °C and 150 °C c Fdaf 1,03 (1 + γVm)
kJ/(kg K)
3
CV of carbon monoxide HCOn 12,633 MJ/m
CV of unburned matter:
Hard coal Huu 33,0 MJ/kg
Brown coal Huu 27,2 MJ/kg
CV of total organic carbon (10 °C) Huu 33,0 MJ/kg
5 Guaranteed parameters
5.1 Basis for determining guaranteed parameters
The following factors shall be considered when establishing the guaranteed parameters:
 fuel properties (composition, net calorific value (NCV), grindability, ash fusibility) and fuel group, if relevant;
 feedwater and spray water characteristics (pressure, temperature);
 cold reheat steam pressure, temperature and mass flow;
 air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, negative-pressure condition at boiler outlet.
Parameters and thermodynamic properties relate to the envelope boundary (see 8.1) only.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
5.2 Parameters subject to guarantee
An acceptance test of a steam generator shall be carried out to verify compliance with the guarantees.
The main parameters that shall be guaranteed are:
 the maximum continuous rating (MCR);
 the pressure and temperature of the generated live and reheat steam;
 the efficiency or losses, or the flue gas temperature.
The following parameters may also be subject to guarantee:
 the efficiency or losses for given fuels and/or partial loads;
 the steam condition for given fuels and at partial loads;
 the pressure drop across boiler high pressure (HP) system and reheater;
 the pressure loss in the combustion air and flue gas flows at agreed points;
 the air factor (ratio of actual to stoichiometric combustion air masses) at agreed points;
 the maximum throughput of reheater spray water;
 the unburned combustibles content of flue dust;
 the emission of flue gas.
Unless otherwise agreed, guarantees shall relate to steady-state conditions.
5.3 Additional measurements
The following parameters may also be taken into consideration when evaluating the steam generating unit:
 pressure and temperature of water and steam at different points;
 combustion air pressure, temperature and velocity (flow rate) at different points along the ducting system;
 flue gas composition, pressure, temperature and velocity (flow rate) at different points along the ducting sys-
tem.
5.4 Supply of steam generator components by several manufacturers
If steam generator components are supplied by several manufacturers, additional measurements may be neces-
sary in order to provide proof of conformance to the guarantees.
12
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
6 Basic test conditions
6.1 Methods of determining efficiency
The thermal efficiency of steam generators shall be determined using the direct or indirect method (see clause 3).
It is recommended that the major heat losses also should be determined when using the direct method.
Which method is to be given preference depends on the technical resources. Where solid fuels are used, for ex-
ample, it is not possible or extremely difficult to accurately measure large mass flows. Here, the only viable choice
is the indirect method, which should also be adopted when the fuel properties are subject to large fluctuations. If it
is possible to take accurate measurements of fuel flow, the direct method may be the better choice, especially for
small steam generators, owing to the uncertainty involved in the measurement of radiation and convection losses.
The two methods have different levels of uncertainty. The method with the highest accuracy should always be em-
ployed.
The method shall be agreed with the purchaser, and stated in the contract.
6.2 General conditions
The parameters listed in 5.1 shall be determined before carrying out acceptance tests. If the operating conditions
do not allow this, the tests may, subject to prior agreement, be performed under different conditions. However, de-
viations shall be kept to a minimum. It shall then be necessary to correct the efficiency to the guaranteed condi-
tions. See clause 9 for details.
6.3 Preliminary test runs
Prior to the regular acceptance test, the supplier shall be given the opportunity to conduct preliminary test runs
which serve to check the accuracy of test equipment and methods and to train test personnel.
If a preliminary test yields satisfactory results, it may be declared an acceptance test, subject to agreement of all
parties involved.
6.4 Condition of steam generator
It shall be assumed that a steam generator is so designed that the guaranteed values can be attained with normal
fouling. The supplier shall be given the opportunity to inspect the heating surface prior to the acceptance test. The
time of the acceptance test shall be agreed between the operator and supplier. However the test should be carried
out after optimization and the test run being carried out.
Where the steam generator has been supplied with cleaning equipment (e.g. sootblowers or a shot cleaning plant),
such equipment shall be employed for cleaning before the acceptance test.
6.5 Steady-state conditions
6.5.1 Attaining steady-state conditions
As the guaranteed values refer to steady-state conditions only, it shall be ensured that the steam generator has
reached equilibrium.
The time required to attain equilibrium shall vary widely with the boiler design. Normally, the steam generator shall
have been in continuous operation for several days prior to the test.
Equilibrium shall have been reached before the test starts, which shall be established by all parties to the test.
For certain firing systems (e.g. slag-tap furnaces, fluidized-bed combustion systems) it may take an extremely long
time to reach steady-state conditions.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
6.5.2 Monitoring the steady-state condition
During the test, particular characteristic and significant measured values shall be continually monitored to verify
that steady-state conditions have been maintained. Interim evaluation of results shall be recommended when de-
termining efficiency by the direct method.
6.5.3 Adjustment of firing system
The test fuel shall be made available well in advance so that the supplier has sufficient time to adjust the fuel-
burning equipment and to ensure that steady-state conditions with respect to the fuel are reached.
6.6 Performance of test
6.6.1 Test duration
For the direct method, the duration of testing depends on the type of boiler and firing system as well as on the level
of measurement accuracy desired.
For the indirect method, the duration of testing is usually governed by the extent of traverse measurements ('trav-
erses', for short) of flue gas losses or, in the case of fluidized-bed combustion systems, the time it takes to deter-
mine losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles.
The recommended duration of the test shall be in accordance with Table 6.6-1.
Table 6.6.1 — Recommended duration of tests
Direct tests Duration
Solid fuel equipment giving steady burning rates 4h

Solid fuel equipment giving possible cyclic variations in the Not less than 8 h and at least one full cycle of
mass of fuel present (e.g. underfeed, gravity feed stokers, firing or de-ashing operations, beginning and
a
hand de-ashed units) ending at the same points on the cycle
Solid fuel equipment burning bagasse and other solid fuels 6h
of variable calorific value
Liquid and gaseous fuels (including waste heat boilers) 2h
Electric boilers 1h
Indirect tests
Solid fuel 4h
Liquid and gaseous fuels (including waste heat boilers) 2h
a
If the unit has to be taken off load for de-ashing, the period between de-ashing operations is the duration of
the test.
6.6.2 Conditions at beginning and end of test
At the beginning and end of the test, values for the following shall be as close as practicable:
 water level and steam pressure;
 steam and feed water flows, and combustion conditions if possible;
 pressure drop across fluidized bed as a measure of the content of inert material;
 excess air.
14
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
For stoker firing, and particularly when using the direct method, the quantity of fuel on the grate shall be the same
at the beginning and end of the test. For mechanical grates, the average grate speed and the depth of fuel bed, at
least during the period of one pass of the fuel on the grate, shall be the same at the beginning and end of the test.
The time for which measurements are taken shall be longer than the actual duration of the test. It is recommended
that the above-mentioned values be monitored before commencement and after completion of the test in order to
reliably establish that steady-state conditions have been attained.
6.6.3 Frequency of readings
All readings shall be taken as often as necessary to minimize the integration error (see also [1]).
This can be achieved by using automatic data recording equipment. When data are recorded manually, the follow-
ing frequency of readings shall be observed:
flow measurements 03 min;
flue gas analyses 05 min;
pressure and temperature measurements 10 min;
sampling 15 min.
6.6.4 Permissible fluctuations
6.6.4.1 Steam boilers
Operationally induced fluctuations of steam mass flow (throughput) shall not exceed 3 % to 10 % of the average
test results (they shall, however, be not greater than the maximum continuous rating); for details refer to
Figure 6.6-1. See Figure 6.6-2 for the maximum permissible pressure fluctuations. Flue gas temperature shall be in
steady state conditions. The fluctuations of the difference between
 the temperature of flue gas at the generator outlet and
 the temperature of cold fluid (water or air) at the last exchanger inlet
shall not exceed ± 3 %.
If the limit values specified in Figures 6.6-1 and 6.6-2 are exceeded, the test may be rejected.
15
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
a Maximum mass flow deviations
b Steam mass flow, m St
Figure 6.6-1 — Maximum permissible deviations in steam mass flow
Key
a Maximum pressure deviation
b Pressure, p
Figure 6.6-2 — Maximum permissible deviations in steam pressure

16
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
6.6.4.2 Hot water generators
During the acceptance test on a hot water generator, a situation can arise where the useful generator output is
greater or less than the energy supplied to the heating system. This is accompanied by a gradual increase or de-
crease of the average hot water temperature and, consequently, also by a change in the average water tempera-
ture in the generator. Therefore, a transient fraction of the useful heat, which can be computed from the water
content and the generator mass, shall be taken into account. As this calculation method involves errors, the hourly
temperature change rate, ∆tτ/τ, should not exceed the following value:
∆tτ V (t 2 − t1 ) K
< 0,03 in (6.6-1)
τ 1,15 V B h
where
V
3
is the volume flow of water measured during the acceptance test, in m /h;
3
VB is the content of water in hot water generator, in m ;
t1 is the average generator inlet temperature during the test (t1 = 0,5 (t1END + t1BEGIN)), in °C;
t2 is the average outlet temperature during the test (t2 = 0,5 (t2END + t2BEGIN)), in °C;
τ is the test duration, in h;
∆tτ is the change in average hot water temperature during the test period
(∆tτ = tmEND - tmBEGIN = 0,5 ((t1END + t2END) - (t1BEGIN + t2BEGIN)), in °C.
where subscript BEGIN denotes start of test and subscript END, end of test.
The acceptance test can be rejected where there is a greater increase in temperature.
6.7 Other information
Care shall be taken to avoid any leakages in lines and shutoff devices on the water/steam side, or any bypass
flows which can cause errors in the mass flow measurement. Disused lines shall, therefore, be fitted with blind
flanges, or where this is not practicable, provisions shall be made for continuous observation.
No blowdown should take place during the test. Where this cannot be avoided, the volumetric quantity of dis-
charged boiler water shall be determined. Unless otherwise agreed, the quantity of heat absorbed in the boiler from
the discharged water shall be added to the useful output of the steam boiler.
Whenever possible, sootblowers shall not be activated during the test.
7 Instrumentation and methods of measurement
7.1 General
Only such measuring instruments and/or transducers shall be used whose indicated and/or output values are veri-
fiable and whose limits of error are known. Included are:
a) instruments for which a verification certificate (calibration certificate issued by an authority) is submitted;
b) verifiable instruments which have been calibrated before and after the test with the readings both rising and
falling, preferably under conditions simulating those existing during the test, and compared with the instru-
ments as per item a) above;
17
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
c) standard instruments with known limits of error;
d) other approved instruments with known limits of error, the use of which has been agreed upon by the parties to
the test.
The measuring equipment shall not be subject to any appreciable permanent changes during the test.
Analog or digital readings can be taken, and the data recorded manually or automatically. The test report shall
detail the instruments used and their limits of error.
If the data are recorded by automatic equipment, random checks shall be made to verify that the signals are
correctly processed.
7.2 Pressure measurements
Pressure measurements shall be made using suitable pressure gauges or transducers. As far as possible, differ-
ential pressures shall be directly measured by means of suitable gauges and instruments (e.g. U-tube manome-
ters, inclined-tube micromanometers or differential pressure transducers). Mercury, water or other liquids of suit-
able density shall be used as indicating fluid.
NOTE For measurement assembly details, it should be referred to [2].
The pressure measuring instruments shall be calibrated, with the reading both rising and falling, before and after
the test. Further recommendations for pressure measurements for air or other gases are outlined in ISO 1217,
ISO 5389 and EN 26801.
7.3 Temperature measurements
Measurements of temperature shall be taken using instruments in accordance with 7.1, items a) and b) (e.g. mer-
cury-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples and resistance thermometers, the latter in conjunction with appropriate
measuring circuits or transducers), (see also [3]).
When measurements taken in tubes of large diameter yield varying values at different points of the same cross
section at the same time, a check shall be made as to whether such temperature differences are acceptable. Oth-
erwise, the average temperature value shall be determined by a traverse. To that end, the cross section shall be
divided into equal sub-areas, making sure that there is no cross flow or backflow in the measured section, (see also
[4] and [5]). Normally, the arithmetic average of the measured values shall be taken as the average temperature.
By special agreement, the velocity or differential pressure may be measured and the weighted average then em-
ployed. Since the influence of variations in density and specific heat is minimal, it may be neglected.
7.4 Mass and mass flow
7.4.1 Weighing
The weighing machines used shall be checked prior to testing for compliance with the relevant regulations on
weights and measures.
The following calibration limits of error apply, (see also [6]):
a) Decimal scales: 0,5 g for each kg of load, but not less than one-fifth of the error limit at maximum load. The in-
service limit of error is double the calibration limit of error.
b) Track scales: 3 to 4 g for each kg of load. The in-service limit of error is 1,5 times the calibration limit of error.
c) Rope-traction weighers, weighing the full and empty container: 1 to 2 g for each kg of load, but not less than
half the error limit at maximum load. The in-service limit of error is 1,5 times the calibration limit of error.
The use of bucket-elevator, belt, tipping and spring-scale weighers shall be permitted, provided they are checked
before and after the test by weighing the transported quantities at approximately equal capacity.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
7.4.2 Volumetric measurements
Measurements of volume flow shall be carried out by volumetric meters which shall be calibrated prior to and,
where possible, after the test. Only genuine volumetric meters (i.e. no vane-type meters) shall be permitted down-
stream of reciprocating pumps. A uniform specific volume or density shall be maintained throughout the test.
The volume may also be determined by means of tanks that have been filled from verified tanks or containers and
checked by metering or calibrated with weighed increments of water.
In the use of volumetric tanks, density corrections shall be made for differences in water temperature during testing
and calibration. Corrections shall also be made for the thermal expansion of the tank. (The volume of a steel tank,
for example, increases by roughly 0,4 % when heated by 100 K).
7.4.3 Flow measurement
7.4.3.1 Flow measurement with orifices and nozzles
EN ISO 5167-1 shall apply in the case of flow measurements with orifices and nozzles. Where the application limits
specified in EN ISO 5167-1 are exceeded in large-capacity steam boilers other specifications shall be applied (see
also [7] and [8]).
For flow measurements with weld-in orifices, the following shall be observed.
Since dimensions cannot be checked and measurements taken prior to the acceptance test, this shall be carried
out before the welding operations, and the results recorded. Inconsistencies of inflow are dealt with in
EN ISO 5167-1. Where flow rate transducers are used, the working characteristics under test conditions shall be
determined before the test or a calibration graph plotted.
7.4.3.2 Flow measurement with velocity probes
Flow measurements using velocity probes (pitot tubes or anemometers) shall be made in accordance with
ISO 1217, ISO 5389 or EN 26801.
7.4.4 Measurement of flue dust flow
A suitable method shall be agreed for measuring the flue dust flow through a particular cross section (see also [4]
and [9]).
7.4.5 Determination of density
For the determination of mass flow, the density shall be taken from the appropriate tables (see also [10]), em-
ploying the variables, i.e. pressure and temperature, and the composition.
For gases of unknown composition, the density shall be determined using a gas densimeter (e.g. in accordance
with 'Bunsen-Schilling') as specified in EN ISO 3993.
7.5 Calorific values
7.5.1 Calorific values of fuel
The gross calorific value, H(G), and net calorific value, H(N), of solid and liquid fuels shall be determined on the basis
of ISO 1928. Using ISO 6976, the GCV and NCV can be determined from an analysis of gases of known and fixed
composition. For certain gaseous fuels (natural and refinery gases), the determination of the NCV from a gas
analysis can involve errors (e.g. in cases where small fractions of heavy hydrocarbons are excluded from the gas
analysis). In such cases, the GCV and NCV shall be continually determined manually by means of a calorimeter.
Automatic calorimeters that are capable of being verified may also be used in order to determine the GCV.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
7.5.2 Sampling of fuels
Solid fuel samples shall be taken and prepared in accordance with ISO 1988. The sampling of liquid and gaseous
fuels shall be carried out, respectively, in accordance with EN ISO 3170 (see also [11]). The samples taken shall
adequately represent the grade, composition and quality of the fuel fired during the test. This applies particularly to
fuels of fluctuating composition. The composition of the samples shall be similar to that at the envelope boundary.
7.5.3 Net calorific value and sampling of refuse
The NCV of refuse required for calculating the loss due to unburned combustibles shall be determined in accor-
dance with ISO 1928.
The parties to the test may agree upon a simplified method for determining the NCV from the carbon content or
loss on ignition. If the method of determination of the NCV has not been agreed upon, the values specified in 4.2
shall be employed as the NCV of total organic carbon.
Refuse sampling shall be carried out as described in ISO 1988 as for solid fuel. When refuse is weighed in the wet
condition, it shall be ensured that the moisture carried by the sample corresponds to the average moisture content
of the refuse. If the refuse quantity measurements serve to determine the efficiency by the heat loss method, it is
recommended that the recorded amounts be checked against an ash balance.
7.6 Chemical composition
7.6.1 Fuels
If required, the ultimate analysis of solid and liquid fuels shall be made in accordance with ISO 157, ISO 334,
ISO 589, ISO 609 and ISO 625 (see also [12]), and of gaseous fuels by means of a gas analysis.
7.6.2 Flue dust and ash
When determining the efficiency by the heat loss method, the flue dust and slag shall be analysed for their com-
bustibles content, the method of determination being the subject of agreement. This shall apply particularly to total
organic carbon in the ash from fluidized-bed combustion systems, where, the test temperature level is a major
factor. Relevant information is provided in ISO 609 and ISO 625.
7.6.3 Flue gas
The composition of flue gas shall be determined by means of analysing equipment which operates on chemical,
physicochemical or purely physical principles, either intermittently or continuously. The instruments shall be
designed so that the scatter of measured values, with a confidence level 95 %, conforms to the following:
carbon dioxide: ± 0,2 percentage points;
oxygen: ± 0,15 percentage points;
carbon monoxide content by volume: ± 1 % of the full-scale value of the measurement range, but not less than
± 0,01 percentage points.
Where automatically operating gas analysers are used, the zero and sensitivity adjustments made prior to the test
shall be checked (e.g. by the admission of test gases) after the test.
When making CO2 measurements with chemical analysers, it shall be taken into account that the CO2 and SO2
contents shall be measured in relation to dry flue gas.
The ambient temperature local to the sensor shall be kept constant. For traverses, 7.3 shall apply accordingly.
20
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
7.7 Electric power
The power consumed by electric drives shall be determined using verified meters or by power input measurements
employing the 3-wattmeter or 2-wattmeter method. For the determination of power output, the supplier shall make
available the motor characteristics.
8 Heat balance and thermal efficiency
8.1 Heat balance and envelope boundary
8.1.1 General
The main prerequisite for calculating the efficiency is the identification of the envelope boundary covered by the
heat balance of the steam generator.
The boundary of the envelope relevant to the heat account shall coincide with the boundary of the steam generator
'as supplied' and it shall be possible for the heat input, output and losses essential for determining the efficiency to
be established with certainty. Where it is not possible to take satisfactory measurements at the boundary 'as sup-
plied', the boundary can be redefined by agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser. In certain cases,
this may require the correction of measured values to the conditions at the boundary 'as supplied'.
8.1.2 Normal envelope
The normal envelope shall encompass the entire steam-water system with circulating pumps, the firing system
complete with the pulverizer (for coal-fired systems), the recirculating flue gas fan, the flue dust return system and
the steam air heater. This envelope shall not include oil or gas heating installations, the dust collector, and FD and
ID fans and normally forms the basis for acceptance testing in most cases. If a return of flue dust across the
boundary of this particular envelope occurs, it would then become necessary, in accordance with the definition of
'input' and 'output', to consider the enthalpy of flue dust upstream of the dust collector as heat loss and that of the
returned ash as input. This approach, although being formally correct, should be somewhat impractical. As the
temperature of the returned ash deviates only slightly from that of the flue gas temperature, it is recommended that
the recirculated flue dust always be assumed to be separated upstream of the dust collector (i.e. still inside the
envelope boundary), and that recirculation always takes place inside the boundary. If this assumption cannot be
made, the dust collector shall be integrated into the unit (see 8.1.3.4).
Figure 8.1-1 shows a diagram of a steam generator, complete with the envelope boundary and all associated mass
flows, input and losses, as determined based on the quantities measured during the test.
8.1.3 Other envelopes
8.1.3.1 General
For practical reasons, it may be necessary to define a boundary which is different from that described in 8.12 for
establishing the heat balance. If this alternative approach is adopted, it shall be established in each case which
heat input and losses, in addition to those dealt with in 8.3, shall be taken into account.
Some possible alternative envelope boundaries are presented below.
8.1.3.2 Envelope without steam air heater
The steam air heater shall be located outside the envelope, which corresponds to the envelope specified in the
ASME test code (see Figure 8.1-2).
NOTE ANSI Power test code 4.1 [13].
Where the steam air heater is heated with auxiliary steam, the output is only indirectly allowed for in the heat bal-
ance since the output of the steam air heater is added to the enthalpy of combustion air. If, by contrast, the air
heater is supplied with steam from an internal source, the output of the steam air heater shall be added to the use-
ful heat (see 8.3.1).
21
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.1.3.3 Envelope with FD fan
By including the FD fan within the boundary, the measurement of hot air flows is no longer necessary, although the
input shall then include the FD fan shaft power (cf. chain line in Figure 8.1-1). This envelope is useful when meas-
urements cannot be taken at any point between the FD fan and air heater, or when hot air recirculation is em-
ployed.
8.1.3.4 Envelope with dust collector or with dust collector and ID fan
This envelope shall be used if the flue gas duct upstream of dust collector or up to the ID fan fails to provide a suit-
able plane for the flue gas measurement. In such cases, the electric power of an electrostatic precipitator (PDC) and
the heat losses of the dust collector (QDC) or the ID fan shaft power (PG) shall be added as extra input. In the ab-
sence of any empirical values, an agreement shall be reached prior to the test as to the power of the dust collector.
For this envelope, the measured flue gas temperature shall be corrected to the boundary on which the guarantees
have been based.
8.1.3.5 Envelope with mill vapour separation
For brown coal with a relatively high moisture content it may be necessary to employ mill vapour separation, i.e.
only part of the vapours produced in the combined drying and pulverizing process is fed to the steam generator.
For this reason, vapour separation shall be included. The same applies when the flue gas is recirculated to the
boiler outlet, in which case the withdrawal point shall also be within the boundary (see Figure 8.1-3). If this is not
possible, any necessary corrections shall be agreed upon before defining the boundaries. In mill vapour separation,
the flue gas flow to the stack is considered a 'further loss' (see 8.3.3.5). Therefore, the composition, inherent mass
flow and dust burden of the flue gas shall also be measured.
8.1.3.6 Envelope for integral flue gas desulfurization and DENOX plants
If components of the flue gas desulfurization plant or the DENOX plant are located within flue gas or air ducts be-
tween the air heater and the steam generator, the normal heat balance including the air heater cannot be estab-
lished. The envelope boundary for such a steam generator shall be defined as running along the hot air and flue
gas ducts. In this case, a calculation or guarantee of the efficiency cannot be made; rather, guarantees shall be
restricted to flue gas temperature at the steam generator outlet at an agreed capacity level.
8.1.3.7 Special envelopes
Envelope boundaries other than those described above may be practical for certain steam generator types. Here,
the envelope boundary shall be identified together with the guarantee conditions in the supply contract and an
agreement reached in respect of measurements or calculations of input and losses not covered by this standard.
22
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
see Table 8.1-1
Figure 8.1-1 — Steam generator diagram with input, losses and mass flows (normal envelope)
23
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 8.1-1 — Numbers in Figure 8.1-1
No Description No Description
1 Spray water (m SS, hSS ) 22 Steam air heater
2 Pump cooling Q U( ) 23 External steam
3 Circulating pump (PU) 24 Hot air recirculation

4 Blowdown (m BD , hBD ) 25 Condensate (hSA2)
5 (
External cooling Q EC ) 26 FD fan (PFD)
6 Atomizing steam (m AS , hAS ) 27 Steam (m AS , hAS )
7 (
Oil, gas m H , H (N)H , hH ) 28 ID fan (PG)
8 (
Coal m Fo , H (N)F , hF ) 29 (
Loss due to flue dust Q FA )
9 Pulverizer and fan power (PM) 30 (
Dust collector Q DC , PDC )
10 Pulverizer 31 Loss due to carbon monoxide (m F , hG )
11 Auxiliary pulverizer firing system (oil, gas) Q M ( ) 32 Recirculating gas fan (PUG)
12 ( )
Loss due to slag Q SL 33 Leakage air (m LA , hLA )
13 Pulverizer tempering air 34 Other electric power (P)

14 Secondary air 35 Feed water (m FW , hFW )
14a Pulverizer hot air 36 RH steam inlet I (m RHI1, hRHI1 )
15 either 37 RH steam inlet II (m RHII1, hRHII1 )
16 or 38 Loss due to radiation and convection Q RC ( )

17 Internal steam 39 Spray water RH steam II (m SRII1, hSRII1 )
18 or 40 Spray water RH steam I (m SRI1, hSRI1 )
18a Q N
' 41 Normal envelope boundary
19 Air heater 42 RH steam outlet II (m RHII 2 , hRHII 2 )
20 Flue dust return 43 RH steam outlet I (m RHI2 , hRHI2 )
21 Injection air for (m ALa ) 44 Main steam (m ST , hST )
24
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
see Table 8.1-2
Figure 8.1-2 — Envelope without steam air heater
Table 8.1-2: Numbers of Figure 8.1-2
No Description No Description
1 Secondary air 12 External steam
2 Pulverizer hot air 13 ID fan (PG)
3 Pulverizer tempering air 14 Loss due to flue dust
4 Envelope boundary 15 Injection air for m LA
5 Air heater 16 (
Dust collector Q DC , PDC )
6 Flue dust return 17 Loss due to carbonmonoxide (m G , hG )
7 Internal steam 18 Recirculating gas fan (PUG)
8 Steam air heater 20 Leakage air (m LA , hLA )
9 Condensate (hSA2) 21 Other electric power (P)
10 FD fan (PFD) 22 or
11 Steam (m SA , hSA1 ) 23 or
25
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
see Table 8.1-3
Figure 8.1-3 — Envelope with vapour separation
Table 8.1-3 — Numbers in Figure 8.1-3
No Description
1 (
External cooling Q EC )
2 Atomizing steam (m AS , h AS )
3 (
Oil, gas m H , H (N)H , hH )
4 (
Coal m Fo , H (N)F , hF )
5 Flue gas
6 Pulverizer and fan power (PM)
7 Pulverizers
8 Vapours
9 ( )
Loss due to slag Q SL
10 Envelope boundary
11 Vapour burner
12 Secondary air
13 Hot gas
26
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.2 Reference temperature
For calculating input and losses, a zero level shall be established. Since the effect of pressure on enthalpies of
mass flows on the flue gas side under service pressure conditions is minimal, specifying the temperature only is
sufficient in this case. For acceptance testing, the reference temperature, tr, should be 25 °C, although other
temperatures may be agreed upon, in which case a correction of the calorific value (CV) need to be made using
equation (8.2-1):
[ ]
H (N)r = H (N) + (1− γ Ash − γ H 2O ) c Fdaf + µ Aod c pAd − µ God c pGod + γ H 2O c W − µ H 2OF c pST (t r − 25 °C) (8.2-1N)
[ ]
H (G)r = H (G) + (1− γ Ash − γ H 2O ) c Fdaf + µ Aod c pAd − µ God c pGod + γ H 2O c W − µ H 2OF c W (t r − 25 °C) (8.2-1G)
where
H(N) is the NCV at 25 °C;
H(N)r is the NCV at the selected reference temperature, tr;
H(G) is the GCV at 25 °C;
H(G)r is the GCV at the selected reference temperature, tr;
Since the reference temperatures lie in a fairly narrow range, the following values can be used for the integral spe-
cific heat, in kJ/(kgK), at 25 °C:
water: cW = 4,19 kJ/(kg K);
vapour: cpST = 1,86 kJ/(kg K);
dry air: cpAd = 1,005 kJ/(kg K);
dry flue gas: cpGod = 1,0 kJ/(kg K);
hard coal: cFdaf = (1 +VF) 0,877 kJ/(kg K);
brown coal: cFdaf = 1,7 kJ/(kg K);
type S fuel oil: cF = 1,7 kJ/(kg K);
methane: cF = 2,2 kJ/(kg K).
As the boiler efficiency (as defined in 8.4) is a function of the reference temperature selected, any temperature
other than 25 °C shall be specified by the manufacturer of the steam generator before the guarantee is submitted.
It should be noted that since the zero level is based on the reference temperature, this level shall be a random
figure, which bears no relation to the ambient temperature.
8.3 Heat input, heat output and losses
8.3.1 Useful heat output
8.3.1.1 Steam Boiler
The useful heat output, Q , is the total heat which is transferred in the steam boiler to the water and/or steam, the
enthalpy of blowdown water being added to the useful heat output, unless otherwise agreed upon. This is ex-
pressed by equation (8.3-1):
Q N = m ST (hST − hFW ) + m SS (h FW − hSS ) + m RHI1 (hRHI 2 − hRHI1 ) + m SRI (hRHI 2 − hSRI )

(8.3-1)
+ m RHII1 (hRHII 2 − hRHII1 ) + m SRII (hRHII 2 − hSRII ) + m BD (hBD − hFW ) + m SA (hSA − h ))
27
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
m ST is the live steam mass flow;
m RHI1, m RHII1 is the RH steam mass flow at RH inlet I or II;
m SS is the spray water mass flow for main steam attemperator;
m SRI, m SRII is the spray water flow by mass for RH steam attemperator I or II;
m BD is the blowdown water mass flow, averaged over the test period (see 6.7);
h FW is the enthalpy of feed water;
hST is the enthalpy of live steam;
hSS is the enthalpy of spray water upstream of main steam attemperator;
h BD is the enthalpy of blowdown water;
h RHI 2, hRHII 2 is the enthalpy of steam at reheater I or II outlet;
h RHI1, hRHII1 is the enthalpy of steam at reheater I or II inlet;
hSRI, hSRII is the enthalpy of spray water for RH steam attemperator I or II;
m SA is the steam air heater mass flow;
hSA is the enthalpy of steam air heater water coming from an internal source at the envelope
boundary;
hSA1 is the enthalpy of steam coming from an internal source at steam air heater inlet;
hSA 2 is the enthalpy of discharged condensate at outlet of steam air heater supplied by an internal
source;
h is the enthalpy at HP or RH system inlet depending from which internal source the steam for
the steam air heater is drawn off:
h = hFW for heating steam from the HP system;

h = hRHI1 for heating steam from the RH I system;
h = hRHII1 for heating steam from the RH II system.
Reheated steam mass flow is obtained by an energy and mass flow balance of the turbine.
If the steam air heater is located inside the envelope boundary (see Figure 8.1-1):
hSA = hSA 2 (8.3-2)
If the steam air heater is located outside the envelope boundary (see Figure 8.1-2):
hSA = hSA 2 (8.3-3)
If the steam air heater is supplied with steam from a source external to the unit, equation (8.3-18) shall apply.
If the feed water mass flow, m FW , is measured instead of the ST steam mass flow, m ST , the latter shall be deter-
mined from the following relationship:
m ST = m FW − m BD if the spray water mass flow, m SS ,

is taken off downstream of the orifice for m FW ; (8.3-4a)
m ST = m FW − m BD + m SS if m SS is taken off upstream of the orifice for m FW . (8.3-4b)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Flow measurements taken in accordance with 7.4.3.1 quite often yield unacceptable results with respect to the
spray water mass flows, as the orifices and nozzles cannot be designed for the conditions of the acceptance test.
In such cases, m S may be determined via the heat and mass balances for the attemperators, provided that the
temperatures and pressures upstream and downstream of the attemperator are measured and the evaporation of
the spray water up to the measuring point downstream of attemperator is completed (cf. equations (8.3-5) and
(8.3-6)).
m S = m ST1 (hST1 − hST 2 ) / (hST 2 − h S ) (8.3-5)
or
m S = m ST 2 (hST1 − hST 2 ) / (hST1 − h S ) (8.3-6)
where
m S is the spray water massflow of the attemperator;
hST1 is the enthalpy of steam upstream of attemperator;
hST2 is the enthalpy of steam downstream of attemperator;
m ST1 is the steam mass flow upstream of attemperator;
m ST2 is the steam mass flow downstream of attemperator.
If the RH steam flow is not measured in accordance with 7.4.3.1, it may be derived from the SH steam mass flow
by deducting the measured or calculated bled steam mass flows for the HP feed heaters as well as the calculated,
measured or estimated gland steam mass flows for the HP turbine stage.
8.3.1.2 Hot water generators
For hot water generators:
Q N sta = m (h2 − h1 ) (8.3-7)
where
Q N sta is the steady-state useful heat flow;
m is the hot water mass flow;
h1 is the enthalpy at average inlet temperature, t1;
h2 is the enthalpy at average outlet temperature, t2.
For any change in average water temperature during the acceptance test of a hot water generator requires that an
allowance shall also be made, apart from the steady-state useful heat flow, for a transient fraction which is:
Q N = Q N sta (1 + f ) = Q N sta k N (8.3-8)
V 1,15 ∆tτ
with f = B (8.3-9)

V t 2 − t1 τ
where
kN is a correction factor allowing for a transient fraction of the useful heat.
Refer to 6.6.4.2 for other symbols.
29
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
For heat carrier installations, the following shall apply by analogy:
Q N = m (h2 − h1 ) (8.3-10)
where
m is the mass flow of heat carrier;
h1 is the enthalpy at inlet;
h2 is the enthalpy at outlet.
8.3.2 Heat input
8.3.2.1 General
The specifications and equations given in 8.3.2 to 8.3.4 shall apply to acceptance tests in which only a single fuel is
being fired. The mass flow of this fuel shall be measured when efficiency is determined by the direct method, but
need not be measured when the indirect method is used. In the latter case, however, a distinction shall be made
between the heat input which is proportional to the mass flow of fuel burned and that which is not.
Where acceptance tests are conducted with a combination of fuels being burned (multi-fuel firing system), the
specifications of 8.3.6 shall be observed.
8.3.2.2 Heat input proportional to fuel burned
The heat input proportional to fuel burned includes the heat in fuel (chemical heat), heat in atomizing steam and air
and heat in combustion air. This is expresssed by equation (8.3-11):
Q (N)ZF = m F [ (H (N) + hF )/(1 − l u ) + µ AS h(N)AS + J (N)A ] (8.3-11N)
Q (N)ZF = m F H (N)tot
Q (G)ZF = m F [ (H (G) + hF )/(1 − l u ) + µ AS h(G)AS + J (G)A ] (8.3-11G)
Q (G)ZF = m F H (G)tot
where
m F is the fuel mass flow;
H(N) is the NCV of fuel at reference temperature tr;
H(G) is the GCV of fuel at reference temperature tr;
hF is the enthalpy of fuel
(hF = c F (t F − t r )) ; (8.3-12)
lu is the ratio of unburned to supplied fuel mass flows
l u = m Fu / m Fo (cf. 8.3.3.4);
J(N)A is the enthalpy of combustion air due to NCV calculation
J (N)A = µ A c pA (t A − t r ) ; (8.3-13N)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
J(G)A is the enthalpy of combustion air due to GCV calculation
[ ( )]
J (G)A = µ Ad c pAd (t A − t r ) + x H 2OAd Lr + c pSt (t A − t r ) ; (8.3-13G)
Lr is the latent heat at reference temperature t r ; c pST = 1,86 KJ/(kgK) ;
µA is the combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio;
µAd is the dry combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio;
tA is the air temperature at envelope boundary;
µAS is the mass of atomizing steam;
h(N)AS is the enthalpy of atomizing steam due to NCV calculation;
h(G)AS is the enthalpy of atomizing steam due to GCV calculation;
ho(tr) is the enthalpy of atomizing steam as per steam tables for p → 0 at reference temperature (see
Table 8.3-1);
h'(tr) is the enthalpy of saturated steam;
hASS IFC is the enthalpy of atomising steam as per steam tables (IFC) [10].
For steam supplied from an external source:
h(N)AS = hAS IFC − ho (t r ) (8.3-14N)
h(G)AS = hAS IFC − h' (t r ) (8.3-14G)
where
hAS IFC is the enthalpy of atomizing steam as per steam tables (IFC) [10].
For steam supplied from an internal source, i.e. when the atomizing steam is drawn directly from the steam boiler
and brought, by flow restriction and spray attemperation, to the desired state:
h(N)AS = hFW IFC − ho (t r ) (8.3-15N)
h(G)AS = hFW IFC − h' (t r ) (8.3-15G)
where
hFW IFC is the enthalpy of feed water as per steam tables (IFC) [10].
Table 8.3-1 — Specific enthalpy of steam as a function of temperature for p → 0 as per steam tables
t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 °C
ho 2501,8 2511,0 2520,3 2529,6 2538,9 2548,2 2557,5 2566,8 2576,1 kJ/kg
h' 0,0 21,0 42,0 62,9 83,9 104,8 125,7 146,6 167,5 kJ/kg
31
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
If the air temperature, tA, is substantially higher than temperature tLA at which air leaks into the boiler (the injection
air for the flue dust return system being included in the leakage air flow), and if the leakage air content, xLA, is high,
this circumstance may have to be allowed for when determining JA.
The correction factor for JA, zLA would then be:
Z LA = 1 − x LA (t A − t LA ) / (t A − t r ) (8.3-16)
8.3.2.3 Heat credits
Heat credits, i.e. amounts of heat other than chemical heat (cf. 8.3.2.2), include the pulverizer power, recirculating
gas fan power, power of circulating pumps and any other drive motors (like those for air heater, sealing air fan and
flue dust return system).
Furthermore, the heat in the atomizing steam shall be added if the atomizing steam flow is measured directly.
The total heat credit, Q z , shall be expressed by:
Q (N)Z = PM + PUG + P + Q SAE + m AS h(N)AS (8.3-17N)
Q (G)Z = PM PUG + PU + P + Q SAE + m AS h(G)AS (8.3-17G)
where
PM is the pulverizer power;
PUG is the recirculating gas fan power;
PU is the circulating pump power;
P is the power of any other motors;
m AS is the atomizing mass steam flow;
h(N)AS is the enthalpy of atomizing steam due to NCV calculation (see 8.3.2.2).
h(G)AS is the enthalpy of atomizing steam due to GCV calculation (see 8.3.2.2).
The relevant power values shall be determined from the electric power consumed, taking into consideration the
motor efficiency and the efficiency of any gear unit.
Since the power of any auxiliary motors is usually very small, it can often be neglected, or estimated from the motor
performance data.
The heat input by steam from an external source supplying steam air heater inside the envelope boundary, Q SAE ,
is:
Q SAE = m SAE (hSAE1 − hSAE 2 ) (8.3-18)
where
hSAE1 is the enthalpy of steam coming from an external source at steam air heater inlet;
hSAE2 is the enthalpy of discharged condensate at outlet of steam air heater supplied by an external source.
32
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.3.2.4 Total heat input
The total heat input, Q Ztot , is composed of Q ZF and Q Z , i..e.:
Q (N)Ztot = Q (N)ZF + Q (N)Z = m F H (N)tot + Q (N)Z (8.3-19N)
Q (G)Ztot = Q (G)ZF + Q (G)Z = m F H (G)tot + Q (G)Z (8.3-19G)
The steam boiler efficiency is related to this quantity.
8.3.3 Losses
8.3.3.1 General
When determining the efficiency by the input-output method, losses which require a guarantee (cf. 5.2) shall be
calculated, but others need not. When using the heat-loss method, a similar distinction shall be made between
losses which are proportional to the fuel flow and those which are not and are measured directly.
8.3.3.2 Flue gas losses
The flue gas losses shall be calculated using the following equation:
( ) [ ]
Q (N)G = m F J ( N)G − J (N)Gr = m F µ Gd c pGd (t G − t r ) + µ H 2O c pST (t G − t r ) = m F µ G c pG (t G − t r ) (8-3-20N)
( ) [
Q (G)G = m F J (G )G − J (G)Gr = m F µ Gd c pGd (t G − t r ) + µ H 2O (hH 2OG − h H 2Or ) ] (8.3-20G)
or, if the flue gas mass flow, m G , is measured directly;
Q (N)G = m G [ (1− x H2O ) c pGd (t G − t r ) + x H2O cpST (t G − t r )] = m G cpG (t G − t r ) (8.3-21N)
Q (G)G = m G [ (1− x H2O ) c pGd (t G − t r ) + x H2O (hH2OG − hH2Or )] (8.3-21G)
with
µ H 2O = µ H 2OF + µ AD x H 2OAd + µ AS
where
µ H 2OF = γ H 2O + 8,937 γ H
and
x H 2O = µ H 2O / µ G
where
J(N)G is the enthalpy of flue gas at flue gas temperature, tG due to NCV calculation (no condensing of
steam);
J(N)Gr is the enthalpy of flue gas at reference temperature, tr due to NCV calculation (no condensing of
steam);
J(G)G is the enthalpy of flue gas at flue gas temperature, tG due to GCV calculation (condensing of
steam);
33
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
J(G)Gr is the enthalpy of flue gas at reference temperature, tr due to GCV calculation (condensing of
steam);
µG is the flue gas mass to fuel mass ratio;
µGd is the mass of dry flue gas to fuel mass ratio; µGd = µGi - µ H20;
µ H2O is the mass of water in flue gas to fuel mass ratio;
µ H2OF is the mass of water coming from fuel (water stored and produced by combustion) to fuel mass
ratio;
γ H2O is the mass of H2O in fuel by fuel mass;
γH is the mass of H in fuel by fuel mass;
µAS is the atomising steam mass to fuel mass ratio;
c pG is the integral specific heat between tG and tr of flue gas;
c pGd is the integral specific heat between tG and tr of dry flue gas;
m G is the flue gas mass flow;
tG is the flue gas temperature;
tr is the reference temperature;
hH2OG is the enthalpy of steam or water at pG ≈ 1 bar and flue gas temperature tG;
h H2Or is the enthalpy of water at pr ≈ 1 bar and flue gas temperature tr;
CpST is the integral specific heat between tG and tr of steam;
X H2O is the moisture content of flue gas, in kg/kg;
X H2OAd is the moisture content of air in kg/kg;
µAd is the dry combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio.
34
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.3.3.3 Loss due to unburned CO
This loss due to unburned, CO, Q CO shall be calculated from:
Q CO = m FVGd y COd H COn (8.3-22)
where
VGd is the dry flue gas volume;
yCOd is the CO content by volume of dry flue gas;

3
HCOn is the CV per m of carbon monoxide, related to standard conditions.
8.3.3.4 Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust
Case 1: Where slag and flue dust mass flows are measured, the losses, Q SF equal to Q SL and Q FA , shall be:
Q SL = m SL [ cSL (t SL − t r ) + u SL H uu ] = m SL hSL (8.3-23)
Q FA = m FA [ c FA (t G − t r ) + u FA H uu ] = m FA hFA (8.3-24)
and the ratio of unburned combustibles to supplied fuel mass flows, lu, shall be:
γ Ash (1− v ) m SL u SL + m FA u FA
lu = (8.3-25)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O mSL (1 − u SL ) + m FA (1 − u FA )

Case 2: Where only the flue dust mass flow shall be measured and the slag mass flow determined from the ash
balance, the loss, Q SF , shall be:
Q SF = m F J SL
*
+ Q FA
*
(8.3-26)
with
* γ Ash (1− v )
J SL = h (8.3-27)
(1 - l u ) (1− u SL ) SL
and
 1 − u FA 
Q FA
*
= m FA h FA − hSL  (8.3-28)
 1 − u SL 
and
γ Ash (1 − v )  m FA 
u SL + (u FA − u SL )
1
lu =  (8.3-29)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O 1 − u SL  m Fo γ Ash (1 − v 
For the direct method, it is:
m Fo as the measured fuel flow
35
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
and for the indirect method:
Q N / η (N)B − Q (N)Z Q N / µ (G)B − Q (G)Z

m Fo = = (8.3-30)
H (N)tot (1− l u ) H (G)tot (1 − l u )
an iterative method of calculation having to be employed, as lu shall be known for the calculation of m Fo .
The flue dust mass flow is composed of the dust separated out in the dust collector and that arising downstream of
it, the latter quantity normally being negligible.
Bearing in mind that the two quantities J SL*

and Q FA
*
(see equations (8.3-27) and (8.3-28)) are interrelated, they
shall not be treated separately in the calculation of errors. Accordingly, 9.4.6 specifies uncertainty values for
J * which also over the uncertainty for Q * .
SL FA
Case 3: Where only the slag mass flow is measured and the flue dust mass flow determined from the ash balance,
the loss, Q * ,shall be:
SF
Q SF = QSL
* *
+ m F J FA (8.3-31)
with
 1 − u SL 
Q SL
*
= m SL hSL − hFA  (8.3-32)
 1 − u FA 
and
* γ Ash (1 − v )
J FA = h (8.3-33)
(1− l u ) (1− u FA ) FA
and
γ Ash (1 − v )  m SL 
u FA + (u SL − u FA )
1
lu =  (8.3-34)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O 1 − u FA  m γ
Fo Ash (1 − v 
Refer to case 2 for calculating m Fo .
For the calculation of errors, observe the information provided for case 2. Hence, 10.4.6 only specifies uncertainty
values for JFA.
Case 4: Where the slag and flue dust mass flows are determined from the ash balance and the estimated ash
collection efficiency, ηSL (see case 4.1) or from the flue dust retention efficiency; ηFA (see case 4.2), on the basis of
the dust burden, the loss, Q * , shall be:
SF
Q SF = QSL
*
+ Q FA = m F J SF
*
(8.3-35)
with
* γ (1− v )  η SL η FA 
J SF = Ash  h SL + h FA  (8.3-36)
(1− l u ) 1− u SL 1 − u FA 
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
and
γ Ash (1− v )  u SL u FA 
l u* =  η SL + η FA  (8.3-37)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O  1 − u SL 1 − u FA 
In case 4.1, ηSL is estimated and
η FA = 1 − η SL (8.3-38)
(1− l u ) (1− u FA )
In case 4.2, η FA = x FA µ G (8.3-39)
γ Ash (1 − v )
and
η SL = 1 − η FA (8.3-40)
ηSL is defined as the ratio of collected furnace bottom-ash mass to the mass of ash in fuel minus its volatile fraction.
m SL (1 − u SL )
η SL = (8.3-41)
m Fo γ Ash (1 − v )
In equations (8.3-23) to (8.3-41).
m SL is the slag mass flow;
m FA is the flue dust mass flow;
cSL is the specific heat of slag;
c FA is the specific heat of flue dust;
tSL is the slag temperature;
tr is the reference temperature;
uSL is the unburned combustibles content of slag;
uFA is the unburned combustibles content of flue dust;
Huu is the NCV of unburned combustibles;
γAsh is the ash content of fuel;
γ H2O is the moisture content of fuel;
µG is the flue gas mass to fuel mass ratio;
xFA is the dust content by mass of flue gas, in kg/kg;
v is the volatile matter content of ash.
As opposed to the determination of ash, v has been introduced here in order to allow for the fact that a further
amount of ash is known to be volatilized at higher furnace temperatures. As yet, it has not been determined to what
degree v is a function of coal grade and type of firing system. For acceptance testing it is suggested that a value of
5 % for burner and stoker firing systems and of 0 % for fluidized-bed combustion systems be assumed.
37
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Where results from special measurements are available, then such information should be known at the time of
contract award and set forth in the conditions of guarantee.
8.3.3.5 Other, time-related losses
Included are the losses due to external cooling systems, Q EC (e.g. cooling of burners, circulating pumps, air heater
and recirculating gas fan). These losses shall be determined individually by measuring the cooling water flow and
the difference in inlet/outlet temperature. They also include the vapour losses in steam generators with mill vapour
separation. Cooling circuits connected to the boiler HP system shall not be considered to be external cooling
systems.
8.3.3.6 Losses due to radiation and convection
Since, normally, it is not possible to measure heat losses due to radiation and convection ('radiation and convection
losses', for short), empirical values shall be used.
The radiation and convection heat loss, Q RC , in MW, for the most common steam boiler designs as a function of
the maximum useful heat output shall be in accordance with Figure 8.3-1.
For steam boilers with multi-fuel firing systems, the boiler type used for the calculation shall be selected on the
basis of the fuel for which the steam boiler is designed (e.g. for a combined hard coal/fuel oil boiler, the Q RC value
shall be calculated with respect to the coal-fired unit).
38
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
a Radiation and convection losses, Q RC
b Maximum useful heat output, Q N
1 Brown coal, blastfurnace gas and fluidized-bed boilers

2 Hard coal boilers
3 Fuel oil and natural gas boilers
Figure 8.3-1 — Radiation and convection losses as a function of maximum useful heat output
The diagram in Figure 8.3-1 is based on the following equation:
Q RC = C Q N
0,7
(8.3-42)
where
C = 0,0113 for fuel oil and natural gas boilers,
0,0220 for hard coal boilers and
0,0315 for brown coal and fluidized-bed combustion boilers;
Q N is the maximum useful heat output, in MW.
39
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.3.3.7 Total losses
When using the heat loss method, the losses shall be summed up in accordance with 8.3.3.1. The group to which
the individual losses are to be assigned depends on the magnitude of losses measured in any single case. The
losses shall be classified into three groups.
a) Losses proportional to fuel flow, Q LF
Q (N)LF = m F J (N)LF (8.3-43N)
Q (G)LF = m F J (G)LF (8.3-43G)
As a rule, this group includes the flue gas loss (see 8.3.3.2), the loss due to unburned combustibles (see
8.3.3.3) and the losses due to enthalpies of slag and flue dust, JSL, JFA or JSF (see 8.3.3.4).
b) Losses independent of fuel flow, Q L
This group normally includes the losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust Q FA
and Q , or Q , or Q
SL SL (see 8.3.3.4) and other, time-related losses (see 8.3.3.5).
FA
c) Radiation and convection losses, Q RC
See 8.3.3.6.
Hence, the total loss amounts to:
Q (N)tot = m F J (N)LF + Q L + Q RC (8.3-44N)
Q (G)tot = m F J (G)LF + Q L + Q RC (8.3-44G)
8.3.4 Calculation of combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios and specific heat
8.3.4.1 Combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios
The combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios ('combustion air content' and 'flue gas content', for short) shall
be calculated either on the basis of the ultimate analysis (see 8.3.4.2) or by statistical methods (see 8.3.4.3). Given
the uncertainty in the measurement it is necessary, first of all, to determine the following stoichiometric parameters:
µAod combustion air content, in kg/kg
µGod flue gas content, in kg/kg

3
VGod flue gas volume (STP condition), in m /kg
µ CO2o carbon dioxide content, in kg/kg
µ H2OF water vapour content, in kg/kg
The following shall also be known:
µASS atomizing steam content, in kg/kg
x H2OAd moisture content of flue gas, in kg/kg
40
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
This gives:
VCO2o = µ CO2o / ρ nCO2 (8.3-45)
yˆ CO2d = VCO2o / VGod (8.3-46)
yˆ CO2d − y CO2d y O 2d
µ Ad = µ Aod + ρ nAdVGod = µ Aod + ρ nAdVGod (8.3-47)
y CO2d − y CO2Ad y O 2Ad − y O2d
yˆ CO2d − y CO2d yˆ − y CO2Ad y O 2d

VGd = VGod + VGod = VGod CO2d = VGod + VGod
y CO2d − y CO2Ad y CO2d − y CO2Ad y O 2Ad − y O2d
(8.3-48)
y O 2d
= VGod
y O2Ad − y O 2d
yˆ CO2d − y CO2d y O 2d
µ CO2 = µ CO2o + ρ nAdVGod x CO2AD = µ CO2o + ρ nAdVGod (8.3-49)
y CO2d − y CO2Ad y O2Ad − y O2d
µ H 2O = µ H 2OF + µ Ad x H 2OAd + µ AS (8.3-50)
µ A = µ Ad (1 + x H 2OAd ) (8.3-51)
µ G = µ A + 1− γ Ash (1 − v ) + µ AS (8.3-52)
x CO2 = µ CO2 / µ G (8.3-53)
x H 2O = µ H 2O / µ G (8.3-54)
c pG = f (x H 2O , x CO2 , t ) (8.3-55)
where
3 3
y CO2Ad is the carbon dioxide content of dry air (= 0,00033 m /m )
3 3
y O2Ad is the oxygen content of dry air (= 0,20938 m /m )
ρ nCO2
3
is the standard density of carbon dioxide (= 1,9770 kg/m )
ρ nAd
3
is the standard density of dry air (= 1,2930 kg/m )
x CO2Ad is the carbon dioxide content of dry air (= 0,000505 kg/kg)
NOTE According to DIN 1871 [14].
8.3.4.2 Ultimate analysis
8.3.4.2.1 Solid fuels and fuel oil
The composition of solid and liquid fuels is to be expressed in terms of the following contents, in kg/kg:
γC carbon content
γH hydrogen content
γS sulfur content
41
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
γO oxygen content
γN nitrogen content
γ H2O water content
γAsh ash content
The sum of the constituents shall be equal to unity, i.e.:
∑γ i = 1 (8.3-56)
If γON is given also for a solid fuel, the calculation shall be made using γN, daf = 1,5 %:
γ N = 0,015 (1 − γ A − γ H 2O )
(8.3-57)
γ O = γ ON − γ N
The following parameters shall be calculated:
µ Aod = 11,5122γ C + 34,2974γ H + 4,3129γ S − 4,3212γ O (8.3-58)
µ God = 12,5122γ C + 26,3604γ H + 5,3129γ S − 3,3212γ O + 1,0γ N (8.3-59)
VGod = 8,8930γ C + 20,9724γ H + 3,3190γ S − 2,6424γ O + 0,7997γ N (8.3-60)
µ CO2o = 3,6699γ C + 0,0173γ H + 0,0022γ S − 0,0022γ O (8.3-61)
µ H 2OF = 8,9370 γ H + 1,0γ H 2O (8.3.62)
8.3.4.2.2 Fuel gases
The calorific value shall be determined by experiment or analysis of the fuel gas composition.
3 3
The composition of fuel gases, yi, in m /m is given in Table 8.3-2.
Table 8.3-2 — Composition of fuel gases

Gas type Molar Molar Density Gas GCV NCV GCV NCV
mass volume constant
Com- M Vmn ρ ni R H(G)n H(N)n H(G) H(N)
position Description 3 3 3 3
kg/kmol m /kmol kg/m kJ/kg/K MJ/m MJ/m MJ/kg MJ/kg
y CO carbon monoxide content 28,0104 22,400 1,25050 0,29665 12,633 12,633 10,103 10,103
y H2 hydrogen content 2,0158 22,428 0,08998 4,12723 12,745 10,783 141,800 119,971
y CH 4 methane content 16,0428 22,360 0,71750 0,51703 39,819 36,883 55,499 50,013
y C2H 4 ethene content 28,0536 22,245 1,26110 0,29414 63,414 59,458 50,284 47,147
y C2H 6 ethane content 30,0693 22,191 1,35500 0,27376 64,293 64,345 51,876 47,486
y C3H 6 propene content 44,0962 21,928 2,01100 0,18446 101,242 93,215 50,346 46,354
y C3H8 propane content 42,0804 21,998 1,91290 0,19392 93,575 87,575 48,918 45,781
y C 4H10 butane content 58,1230 21,461 2,70830 0,13697 134,061 123,809 49,500 45,715
y N2 nitrogen content 28,0134 22,403 1,25040 0,29666 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
y CO 2 carbon dioxide content 44,0098 22,261 1,97700 0,18763 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
y O2 oxygen content 31,9988 22,392 1,42900 0,25968 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
y H2S hydrogen sulfide content 34,0760 22,192 1,53550 0,24168 25,336 23,353 16,500 15,209
NOTE Based on the standard density [14], [15].

The sum of the constituents shall be equal to unity, i.e.:
∑γ i = 1 (8.3-63)
3
The standard density of fuel gas, in kg/m , shall expressed by:
ρn = ∑ γ i ρ ni (8.3-64)
The mass fractions shall be calculated by:
x i = y i ρ ni / ρ n (8.3-65)
Calculation of the calorific value:
H (G)n = ∑ H (G)ni yi (8.3-65aG)
H (N)n = ∑ H (N)ni yi (8.3-65aN)
H (G) = ∑ H (G)i xi (8.3-65bG)
H (N) = ∑ H (N)i xi (8.3-65bN)
Conversion of NCV to GCV:
H (N) = H (N)n / ρ n (8.3-66)
H (G) = H (N) + µ H 2OF Lr (8.3-67)
with
L r = 2442,5 kJ/kg
H (N) = H (N)n / ρ n (8.3-68)
[ ] [
H (N)n MJ/m 3 = H (N)n kWh/m 3 3,6 ] (8.3-69)
where
3 3
H(N)n is the NCV, in kJ/m or MJ/m ;
H(N) is the NCV, in kJ/kg or MJ/kg;

3 3
H(G)n is the GCV, in kJ/m or MJ/m ;
H(G) is the GVC, in kJ/kg or MJ/kg;
Lr is the specific latent heat, in kJ/kg at 25 °C.
If CmHn is the sum of higher hydrocarbons for a particular fuel gas, the values for propene (C3H6) shall be used in
the calculation.
µ Aod = ∑ µ Aodi xi (8.3-70)
43
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
µ God = ∑ µ Godi xi (8.3-71)
VGod = ∑ VGodi xi (8.3-72)
µ CO2o = ∑ µ CO2oi xi (8.3-73)
µ H 2OF = ∑ µ H2OFi xi (8.3-74)
Values for these parameters shall be in accordance with Table 8.3-3.
Table 8.3-3 — Combustion air and flue gas contents, flue gas volume,
CO2 and water vapour contents of a fuel gas
µAodi µGodi VGodi^ µCO2oi µ H2OFi

3
kg/kg kg/kg m /kg kg/kg kg/kg
CO 2,46825 3,46825 2,30404 1,57244 —
H2 34,29736 26,36036 20,97240 0,01731 8,93700
CH4 17,23826 15,99234 11,92859 2,75201 2,24592
C2H4 14,78668 14,50234 10,62890 3,14501 1,28434
C2H6 16,09464 15,29728 11,32231 2,93534 1,79736
C3H8 15,67859 15,04442 11,10174 3,00203 1,63417
C4H10 15,46334 14,91360 10,98763 3,03654 1,54975
C3H6 14,78668 14,50234 10,62890 3,14501 1,28434
H2S 6,08668 6,55801 4,36332 0,00307 0,52868
O2 - 4,32120 - 3,32120 - 2,64236 - 0,00218 —
N2 — 1,00000 0,79972 — —
CO2 — 1,00000 0,50582 1,00000 —
8.3.4.3 Statistical analysis
The statistical equations are listed in annex A. They are necessary to calculate the statistical combustion values.
8.3.4.4 Specific heat of flue gas and combustion air
The specific heat of flue gas and combustion air shall be calculated by
c pG 0 = c pAd0 + P1m x H 2O + P2m x CO2 (8.3-75)
c pA 0 = c pAd0 + P1m x H 2OA (8.3-76a)
c pGd0 = c pAd0 + P2m x CO2 (8.3-76b)
where
c pG 0 is the integral specific heat between 0 °C and t °C, in kJ/(kg K);
c pAd0 is the integral specific heat of dry air between 0 °C and t °C, in kJ/(kg K);
44
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
c pA 0 is the integral specific heat of moist air between 0 ° C and t °C, in kJ/(kg K);
c pGd0 is the integral specific heat of dry flue gas between 0 °C and t °C, in kJ/(kg K);
x H2OA is the water content of moist air, in kg/kg, x H 2OA = x H 2OAd / (1 + x H 2OAd ) .
b c d e f
c pAd0 = a + t + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 (8.3-77)
2 3 4 5 6
b c d e
P1m = a1 + 1 t + 1 t 2 + 1 t 3 + 1 t 4 (8.3-78)
2 3 4 5
b c d e
P2m = a 2 + 2 t + 2 t 2 + 2 t 3 + 2 t 4 (8.3-79)
2 3 4 5
See Table 8.3-4 for polynomial coefficients and Figure 8.3-2.
The integral specific heat between temperatures t1 and t2 shall be given by:
c p0 (t1 ) t1 − c p0 (t 2 ) t 2
cp = (8.3-80)
t1 − t 2
Table 8.3-4 — Polynomial coefficients for determining integral specific heat values
Polynom (8.3-77) Polynom (8.3-78) Polynom (8.3-79)

a 0,1004173 E + 01 a1 0,8554535 a2 - 0,1002311
b 0,1919210 E - 04 b1 0,2036005 E - 03 b2 0,7661864 E - 03
c 0,5883483 E - 06 c1 0,4583082 E - 06 c1 - 0,9259622 E - 06
d - 0,7011184 E - 09 d1 - 0,2798080 E - 09 d2 0,5293496 E - 09
e 0,3309525 E - 12 e1 0,5634413 E - 13 e2 - 0,1093573 E - 12
f - 0,5673876 E - 16
45
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
a Integral specific heat of flue gas, c pG , and combustion air, c pA , in kJ/(kg K)
b Temperature; t
Figure 8.3-2 — Integral specific heat of flue gas and combustion air as a function of temperature
8.3.5 Direct desulfurization
8.3.5.1 General
Lime in the form of calcium carbonate (limestone, lime spar), CaCO3, calcium oxide, CaO, or calcium hydrate,
Ca(OH)2, is added to the coal in the direct desulfurization process, in which calcium oxide, introduced into or pro-
duced inside the furnace, reacts with the sulfur dioxide from the combustion of sulfur in coal to form calcium sulfate,
CaSO4.
The following parameters shall be quantified in order to make the necessary corrections to the efficiency calculation
and heat and mass balances:
1. Lime ratio
actual quantity of lime added

n Ca =
stoichomet ric quantity of lime
2. The desulfurization efficiency
sulfated sulfur
ηS =
total sulfur
46
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
The following reactions cause changes to the combustion air and flue gas composition:
a) When calcium carbonate is used as an additive, the CO2 dissociates, which results in an increased CO2 con-
tent of the flue gas.
b) Water dissociates when calcium hydrate is used as an additive so that the vapour content of the flue gas will
increase.
c) The sulfur dioxide content of the flue gas decreases by the chemically bound fraction.
d) Sulfation necessitates the use of oxygen, i.e. air. This additional air contains carbon dioxide, argon and nitro-
gen, which in turn increases the carbon dioxide content. Furthermore, the flue gas contents by volume are
affected.
Extra data to be used for the mass balance are the mass flow of additive, m K , and the mass of ash extracted from
the boiler increased by that of the unbound calcium oxide and the calcium sulfate that has formed.
The air factor, n, is related here to the actual mass of combustion air from the coal.
The equations shown in 8.3.5.2 to 8.3.5.5 shall be formulated in a standard manner for all additives when the
quantities specified in Table 8.3-5 are introduced.
Table 8.3-5 — Constants for additives
Additive CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH)2

a = MO2/2MS 0,49904 0,49904 0,49904
av = VmnO2/2MS 0,34922 0,34922 0,34922
b = MCO2/MS 1,37272 0 0
bv = VmnCO2/MS 0,69435 0 0
c = MH2O/MS 0 0 0,56192
cv = VmnH2O/MS 0 0 0,69912
hCa kJ/kg - 5583 0 - 3416
hCaSO4 kJ/kg 15652 15652 15652
8.3.5.2 Lime ratio and desulfurization efficiency
For calculating the lime ratio, the mass of flow of the additive, m K , and fuel, m Fo , has to be known. The former is
to be determined via the batching equipment. In the input-output method, the fuel mass flow is measured, or it is
determined via the efficiency when employing the heat loss method, in which case an iterative approach shall be
adopted:
µ K = m K / m Fo (8.3-81)
µK
n Ca = (8.3-82)
γ s (1,74919 + b + c )
VSO 2K V y
ηS = = 1 − GdK SO2d (8.3-83)
VSO 2 γ S 0,68172
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
m Fo is the fuel mass flow, in kg/s;
m K is the mass flow of additive, in kg/s;
γS is the sulfur content of fuel, in kg/kg;
3
VGdK is the flue gas volume, in m /kg;
3 3
ySO2d is the measured SO2 content of flue gas, in m /m .
3
If the SO2 content of the flue gas is expressed in mg/m , then
y SO 2d y SO 2d
= 0,3412 10 − 6 (8.3-84)
3 3 3
m /m mg/m
The calculated desulfurization efficiency is required for determining the combustion parameters in direct desulfuri-
zation systems. This standard does not cover any guarantee of the desulfurization efficiency.
8.3.5.3 Ultimate analysis
In the case of direct desulfurization, the parameters dealt with in 8.3.4.1 shall be given the subscript K. If γS is the
sulfur content of the fuel:
µ AodK = µ Aod + γ S η S a 4,32120 (8.3-85)
µ GodK = µ God + γ S [n Ca b + η S (a 3,32120 − 1,99808 )] (8.3-86)
VGodK = VGod + γ S [n Ca b v + η S (a v 3,77601 − 0,68172 )] (8.3-87)
µ CO2oK = µ CO2o + γ S (n Ca b + η S a 0,00218 ) (8.3-88)
µ H 2OFK = µ H 2OF + γ S n Ca c (8.3-89)
From this, it is derived:
VCO2oK = µ CO2oK / ρ nCO2 (8.3-90)
yˆ CO2dK = VCO2oK / VGodK (8.3-91)
yˆ CO2dK − y CO2d
µ AdK = µ AodK + ρ nAdVGodK
y CO2d − y CO2Ad
(8.3-92)
YO 2d
= µ AodK + ρ nAdVGodK
y O 2Ad − y O2d
VGdK = VGodK
y CO2d − y CO2Ad
(8.3-93)
YO2Ad
= VGodK
y O 2Ad − y O2d
µ CO2K = µ CO2oK + ρ nAdVGodK x CO2Ad
y CO2d − y CO2Ad
(8.3-94)
YO 2d
= µ CO2oK + ρ nAdVGodK x CO2Ad
y O2Ad − y O2d
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
yCO2d is the CO2 content measured in dry flue gas;
yO2d is the O2 content measured in dry flue gas.
µ H 2OK = µ H 2OK + µ AdK x H 2OAd (8.3-95)
µ AK = µ AdK (1 + x H 2OAd ) (8.3-96)
µ GK = µ AK + 1 − γ AshK + µ K (8.3-97)
x CO2K = µ CO2K / µ GK (8.3-98)
x H 2OK = µ H 2OK / µ GK (8.3-99)
The values for y CO2Ad , y O2Ad , ρ nAd and x CO2Ad can be taken from 8.3.4.1.
The parameters without subscript K may be calculated in accordance with 8.3.4.2.1 or 8.3.4.2.2.
8.3.5.4 Heat and mass balances
The dissociation of calcium carbonate and/or calcium anhydride involves endothermic reactions, for which the input
of energy is required. Conversely, CaSO4 is formed by exothermic reaction in which energy is gained. It is:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 - 178,98 kJ/mol (8.3-100)
Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O - 109,53 kJ/mol (8.3-101)
SO2 + CaO + 0,5 O2 → CaSO4 + 501,83 kJ/mol (8.3-102)
Relating these energies to 1 kg of sulfur (with MS = 0,0320602 kg/mol), the enthalpies per kg of sulfur, hCa and
hCaSO 4 are obtained, shall be in accordance with Table 8.3-5.
The calorific value shall be to be corrected as follows:
H (N )K = H (N ) + γ S (η S hCaSO4 + n Ca (hCa − Lr )) kJ/kg (8.3-103N)
H (G )K = H (G ) + γ S (η S hCaSO 4 + n Ca hCa ) kJ/kg (8.3-103G)
The additives content of fuel, µK, in kg/kg, shall be given by:
µ K = γ S n Ca (1,74919 + b + c ) (8.3-104)
The quantity of ash plus the residue of inert material per kg of fuel, γAshK shall be given by:
γ AshK = γ Ash + γ S [(n Ca − η S ) 1,74919 + η S 4,24632 ]

(8.3-105)
= γ Ash + γ S (n Ca 1,74919 + η S 2,49713 )
Here, the residue of inert material is composed of calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4), i.e.:
γ AshCaO = γ S (n Ca − η S ) 1,74919 (8.3-106)
γ AshCaSO4 = γ S η S 4,24632 (8.3-107)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
The following total net calorific value shall be obtained:
[ ]
H (N)totK = H (N ) + γ S (η S hCaSO 4 + n Ca (hCa − cLr )) + hF + µ K hK / (1 − l u ) + J (N )AK (8.3-108N)
[ ]
H (G)totK = H (G ) + γ S (η S hCaSO 4 + nCa hCa ) + hF + µ K hK / (1 − l u ) + J (G )AK (8.3-108G)
where
h K is the specific enthalpy of the additive
h K = c Ca (t Ca − t r ) (8.3-109)
and
J (N )AK is the enthalpy of combustion air
J (N )AK = µ AK c pA (t A − t r ) (8.3-110N)
[ (
J (G )AK = µ AdK c pAd (t A − t r ) + x H 2OAdK Lr + c pST (t A − t r ) )] (8.3-110G)
8.3.5.5 Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles
For direct desulfurization in a burner firing system, calculation shall be based on 8.3.3.4, case 1.
During the acceptance testing of a fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) system it is unlikely that equilibrium between
the quantity of discharge entering and being extracted from the system will be reached, because the FBC furnace
holds significant amounts of inert material. Therefore, the calculation of losses due to the quantities of extracted
discharge (bed drawdown) shall be based on the mass flow of discharge entering the system, thus ignoring any
quantities of discharge extracted accidentally. To that end, agreement shall be reached prior to testing regarding
the amounts of ash plus the residue of inert material m Fo γ AshK in bed discharge and collected discharge. In this
context, the term 'discharge' embraces the solid's mass flow discharged of the bed, m SL , or avised before the filter,
m FA , respectively. It includes the fuel ash, the residue of inert material and the unburned combustibles.
xSL Proportion of m Fo γ AshK in bed discharge;
x FA Proportion of m Fo γ AshK in collected discharge;
u SL Unburned matter in bed discharge by m SL ;
u FA Unburned matter in collected discharge by m FA ;
u SC Unburned matter in bed discharge by m Fo γ Ash ;
u FC Unburned matter in collected discharge by m Fo γ Ash .
Then:
Q SL = m SL [cSL (t SL − t r ) + u SL H uu ] (8.3-111)
Q FA = m FA [c FA (t FA − t r ) + u FA H uu ] (8.3-112)
50
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
with
xSL
m SL = m Fo γ AshK (8.3-113)
1 − u SL
xFA
m FA = m Foγ AshK (8.3-114)
1 − u FA
Assuming a volatile matter content of ash, v, equal to zero in FBC systems, then:
γ AshK  u SL u FA 
lu =  xSL +  (8.3-115)
1 − γ Ash − y H 2O 1 − u SL 1 − u FA 
The unburned combustibles contents, uSL and uFa, here refer to the total quantity of extracted discharge. If, for the
sake of comparison, the unburned combustibles content is related only to the actual mass of fuel ash, then:
γ u SL
u SC = AshK
γ Ash 1 - u SL
(8.3-116)
 γ  u SL
= 1 + S (n Ca 1,74919 + η S 2,49713 )
 γ Ash  1 - u SL
The same equation is used for uFC.
8.3.6 Heat input and losses for multi-fuel firing systems
8.3.6.1 General
Where acceptance tests are to be carried out with a combination of fuels being fired in the steam generator, the
mass flow of the second and all further fuels shall always be measured, irrespective of whether the efficiency is
determined by the input-output method or the heat loss method. Measurement of the mass flow of one fuel may be
dispensed with when the heat loss method is employed. This fuel flow may be designated m F1 (main fuel mass
flow).
The specifications and equations given in 8.3.2 to 8.3.4 remain valid where all statements concerning the fuel mass
flow in the heat loss method are related to the fuel mass flow that has not been measured, i.e. m F is to be substi-
tuted for m F1 in the equations given in these subclauses.
The heat input provided by the second and any further fuel is independent of the main fuel mass flow and shall thus
be assumed to be included in quantity Q Z (see 8.3.2.3).
8.3.6.2 Heat input
The following equations apply to the heat input:
Q (N)ZF = m F1H (N)1tot (8.3-117N)
Q (G)ZF = m F1H (G)1tot (8.3-117G)
Q (N)Z = ∑ P + Q SA + Q (N)AS + Q (N)F (8.3-118N)
Q (G)Z = ∑ P + Q SA + Q (G)AS + Q (G)F (8.3-118G)
Q (N)Ztot = Q (N)ZF + Q (N)Z (8.3-119N)
Q (G)Ztot = Q (G)ZF + Q (G)Z (8.3-119G)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where Q F is the input from a second or further fuel-firing system, which would also include an auxiliary mill firing
plant. It is expressed by
Q (N)F = ∑ m Fi H (N)i tot (8.3-120N)
Q (G)F = ∑ m Fi H (G)i tot (8.3-120G)
By analogy with 8.3.2.2, Hi tot shall be determined for each type of fuel, with the combustion air content of each type
of fuel having to be entered (see 8.3.6.3) for the same (measured) O2 content by volume in the dry flue gas.
8.3.6.3 Losses
The equations for losses as per 8.3.3 also remain valid, if m F1 is substituted for m F and the parameters A, G,
CO2, H2O , as well as VGd are calculated in accordance with 8.3.6.4.
Since m F1 , initially being unknown, is to be introduced into the calculation of A, etc., calculation of the efficiency by
the heat loss method can be made by iteration only.
If one of the fuels is a solid fuel, the fuel mass flow will usually not be measured. Otherwise, the loss due to slag
and flue dust, Q SF = Q SL + Q FA , can be measured directly only (see 8.3.3.4, case 1).
8.3.6.4 Calculation of combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios
When calculating the combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios for multi-fuel firing systems, it is not neces-
sary to know how the total combustion air mass flow is distributed in the calculation among the individual burners.
The equations for the variables related to the main fuel mass flow will obtain the most simple form if the same O2
content of the dry flue gas is assumed for each type of fuel fired.
Therefore, µCO2i, µH2Ofi, µAdi, VGdi, µH2Oi and µGi are to be determined in accordance with 8.3.4.1 for any fuel having
the same yO2d value (as measured value in the flue gas):
Based on the above, it is:
µ Ai = µ Adi (1 + x H 2OAd ) (8.3-121)
µ Ad = ∑ z i µ Ai (8.3-122)
µA = ∑ z i µ Ai = µ Ad (1 + x H2OAd ) (8.3-123)
µG = ∑ z i µ Gi (8.3-124)
µ CO2 = ∑ z i µ CO2i (8.3-125)
µ H 2OF = ∑ z i µ H2OFi (8.3-126)
µ H 2O = ∑ z i µ H2Oi (8.3-127)
VGd = z iVGdi (8.3-128)
x CO2 = µ CO2 / µ G (8.3-129)
x H 2O = µ H 2O / µ G (8.3-130)
c pG = f (x H 2OF , x CO2 , t ) (8.3-131)
52
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
m F1 is the main fuel mass flow;
m Fi is the other fuel mass flows;
z i = m Fi / m F1 is the mass flow ratios.
8.4 Thermal efficiency
8.4.1 Definition
The efficiency of a steam generator shall be the ratio of useful heat output to heat input, i.e.:
Q N
η (N)B = (8.4-1N)
Q (N)Ztot
Q N
η (G)B = (8.4-1G)

Q(G)Ztot
Furthermore, the heat account yields the following:
Q (N)Ztot = Q N + Q (N)Ltot (8.4-2N)
Q (G)Ztot = Q N + Q (G)Ltot (8.4-2G)
Using this relationship, the efficiency may also be determined by the following equations:
Q N 1
µ (N)B = = (8.4-3N)
Q N + Q (N)Ltot 1 + Q(N)Ltot / Q N

Q N 1
µ (G)B = = (8.4-3G)
Q N + Q (G)Ltot 1 + Q (G)Ltot / Q N
or
Q (N)Ltot
η (N)B = 1 − (8.4-4N)
Q(N)Ztot
Q (G)Ltot
η (G)B = 1 − (8.4-4G)
Q(G)Ztot
Equation (8.4-1) is used for the efficiency determination by the direct method and equation (8.4-4) for the indirect
method. For an acceptance test, only such quantities are measured as are required for calculating the efficiency.
An acceptance test is not intended to verify the measured values against a heat account.
53
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.4.2 Determination of efficiency by direct method
8.4.2.1 Determined quantities
For the determination of efficiency by the direct method, the following quantities shall be determined:
a) live steam mass flow or feed water mass flow, spray water mass flows into the SH steam attemperators, blow-
down water mass flow;
b) bled steam mass flows and gland steam mass flows at the turbine for calculating the RH steam mass flows,
spray water mass flows into the RH steam attemperators;
c) temperature and pressure of all steam and water flows entering and leaving the steam generator;
d) fuel mass flow;
e) NCV or GCV, ash and moisture content and, if required, the ultimate analysis of fuel;
f) temperature of fuel and combustion air;
g) moisture content of combustion air;
h) pressure, temperature and mass flow of atomizing medium;
i) flue gas analysis (CO2 or O2 and CO contents).
For information, some other quantities may also be determined:
j) ambient air temperature, temperature inside boiler-house and barometric pressure;
k) flue gas temperature;
l) mass flow and composition of combustion residues.
If the steam boiler acceptance test is conducted after the turbine acceptance test, the RH steam mass flows may
be derived from the results of the latter test.
8.4.2.2 Calculation of efficiency
Q N
η (N)B = (8.4-5N)
Q (N)Ztot
Q N
η (G)B = (8.4-5G)
Q (G)Ztot
where the following are to be calculated:
Q N as per 8.3.1;
Q Ztot as per 8.3.2.4.
Where, for verification purposes, it is required also to determine the flue gas loss (cf. 5.2), this parameter will be
obtained in accordance with 8.3.3.2.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.4.3 Determination of efficiency by indirect method
8.4.3.1 Determined quantities
For the determination of efficiency by the indirect method, the following quantities shall generally be determined:
a) NCV or GCV, ash and moisture contents and, if required, ultimate analysis of fuel;
b) flue gas analysis (CO2 and O2 and CO contents);
c) exit flue gas temperature;
d) temperature of fuel and combustion air;
e) moisture content of combustion air;
f) pressure, temperature and mass flow of atomizing medium;
g) power of pulverizers, recirculating gas fan, circulating pumps and any other electric drives;
h) temperature and mass flow of air used for the return of flue dust;
i) NCV or GCV, temperature and mass flow of fuel from a second or any further firing system or from auxiliary
pulverizer firing system;
j) pressure, temperature and steam flow of steam air heater (inlet and outlet);
k) temperature and mass flow of slag discharged;
l) unburned combustibles or carbon content of slag or NCV or GCV of slag;
m) unburned combustibles or carbon content of flue dust;
n) mass flow of flue dust leaving the stack;
o) inlet and outlet temperature and mass flow of cooling water;
p) live steam or feed water mass flows, spray water mass flows into SH steam attemperators, blowdown water
mass flows;
q) spray water mass flows into RH steam attemperators;
r) temperature and pressure of all steam and water mass flows;
s) ambient air temperature, temperature inside boiler-house and barometric pressure.
8.4.2.1 applies when the RH steam mass flows are determined.
The greater the losses Q RC and Q L and the heat input, which is not proportional to the quantity of fuel burned, the
more important it is to determine the useful heat flow, Q N , from the measurements of the quantities listed under
items q), r) and s) more accurately.
When a fuel gas is being fired, its ultimate analysis should always be known. In the case of solid fuels, fuel oil and
natural gas, such analytical data are only required in so far as the combustion air and flue gas contents cannot be
established statistically.
When calculating lu and the slag and flue dust mass flows via the ash balance, it shall be taken into account that
ash evaporates. The values given in 8.3.3.4 should be substituted for the evaporated fraction.
55
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
8.4.3.2 Calculation of efficiency
Q Ltot m F J LF + Q L + Q RC
η (N)B = 1 − = 1− (8.4-6N)
Q (N)Ztot Q
(N)Ztot
Q Ltot m F J LF + Q L + Q RC
η (G)B = 1 − = 1− (8.4-6G)
Q (G)Ztot Q
(G)Ztot
or
η (N)B =
1− ∑
l (N)F
(

1 + QRC + Q L − Q(N)Z ∑ l (N)F )/ Q N
(8.4-7N)
η (G)B =
1− ∑
l (G)F
(

1 + QRC + Q L − Q(G)Z ∑ l (G)F )/ Q N
(8.4-7G)
with
∑l (N)F = l (N)GF + l (N)COF + l (N)SF F (8.4-8N)
∑l (G)F = l (G)GF + l (G)COF + l (G)SF F (8.4-8G)
where
l GF is the flue gas loss related to Q ZF (cf. 8.3.3.2), given by:
µG
l(N)GF = cpG (t G − t r ) (8.4-9N)
H ( N)tot
l (G)GF =
1
H (G)tot
[µ Gd c pGd (t G − t r ) + µ H2O (hG − hr )] (8.4-9G)
The loss due to unburned combustibles (cf. 8.3.3.3) related to Q ZF is given by:
VGd
l (N)COF = y COd H COn (8.4-10N)
H (N)tot
VGd
l (G)COF = y COd H COn (8.4-10G)
H (G)tot
and
lSF F, the loss due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust (cf. 8.3.3.4) related to Q ZF , by:
J SF
l (N)SF F = (8.4-11N)
H (N)tot
J SF
l (G)SF F = (8.4-11G)
H (G)tot
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
when deriving slag and flue dust mass flow from the ash balance and ηS, or
*
J SL
l (N)SF = (8.4-12N)
H (N)tot
*
J SL
l (G)SF = (8.4-12G)
H (G)tot
when measuring the flue dust mass flow and determining the slag mass flow from the ash balance, or
*
J FA
l (N)FAF = (8.4-13N)
H (N)tot
*
J FA
l (G)FAF = (8.4-13G)
H (G)tot
when measuring the slag mass flow and determining the flue dust mass flow from the ash balance.
The following are then to be calculated:
Q RC as in 8.3.3.6, Q Z as in 8.3.2.3 and Q L as in 8.3.3.7, and J SL

* *
, J FA , Q SL
*
, and Q FA
*
as in 8.3.3.4.
Q FA
*
or Q SL
*
would here be included in Q L .
It also follows from equation (8.4-7) that in the heat-loss method Q N is to be measured if Q RC + Q L − Q Z ∑ l F
does not equal zero. As the numerical value of this expression is generally small, there is no need to impose any
special requirements with respect to the accuracy of measurements in determining Q N .
The losses related to the total heat input, Q Ztot , are:
Flue gas loss:
 Q (N)Z 
l (N)G = l (N)GF 1 − η (N)B  (8.4-14N)

QN 
 Q (G)Z 
l (G)G = l (G)GF 1 − η (G)B  (8.4-14G)
 Q 
N
Loss due to unburned combustibles:
 Q (N)Z 
l (N)CO = l (N)COF 1 − η (N)B  (8.4-15N)
 Q 
N
 Q (G)Z 
l (G)CO = l (G)COF 1 − η (G)B  (8.4-15G)
 Q 
N
Radiation and convection loss:
Q (N)RC
l (N)RC = η (N)B (8.4-16N)
Q
N
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Q (G)RC
l (G)RC = η (G)B (8.4-16G)
Q
N
Losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the slag and flue dust depending on the method of loss
measurement employed (see 8.3.3.4):
Q SL + Q FA
Case 1 : l (N)SF = η (N)B (8.4-17N)
Q
N
Q SL + Q FA
l (G)SF = η (G)B (8.4-17G)
QN
 Q (N)Z  Q *
Case 2 : l (N)SF = l (N)SLF 1 − η (N)B  + FA η (N)B (8.4-18N)
 Q N  Q N
 Q (G)Z  Q *
l (G)SF = l (G)SLF 1 − η (G)B  + FA η (G)B (8.4-18G)
 Q N  Q N
 Q (N)Z  Q *
Case 3 : l (N)SF = l (N)FAF 1 − η (N)B  + SL η (N)B (8.4-19N)
 Q N  Q N
 Q (G)Z  Q *
l (G)SF = l (G)FAF 1 − η (G)B  + SL η (G)B (8.4-19G)
 Q N  Q N
 Q (N)Z 
Case 4 : l (N)SF = l (N)SF F 1 − η (N)B  (8.4-20N)
 Q N 
 Q (G)Z 
l (G)SF = l (G)SF F 1 − η (G)B  (8.4-20G)
 Q N 
Any other losses (depending on how the losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the slag and flue
dust were measured):
Q L − Q SL − Q FA
Case 1 : l (N)L = η (N)B (8.4-21N)
Q N
Q L − Q SL − Q FA
l (G)L = η (G)B (8.4-21G)
Q N
Q L − Q FA
*
Case 2 : l (N)L = η (N)B (8.4-22N)
Q
N
Q L − Q FA
*
l (G)L = η (G)B (8.4-22G)
Q
N
Q L − Q SL
*
Case 3 : l (N)L = η (N)B (8.4-23N)
QN
Q L − Q SL
*
l (G)L = η (G)B (8.4-23G)
QN
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Q L
Case 4 : l (N)L = η (N)B (8.4-24N)
QN
Q L
l (G)L = η (G)B (8.4-24G)
QN
with
η (N)B = 1 − l (N)G − l (N)CO − l (N)RC − l (N)SF − l (N)L (8.4-25N)
η (G)B = 1 − l (G)G − l (G)CO − l (G)RC − l (G)SF − l (G)L (8.4-25G)
9 Corrections to guarantee conditions
9.1 General
The guarantees given by the manufacturer with respect to efficiency and output, or any other technical conditions,
are valid only if certain boundary conditions shall be satisfied (see 5.1).
Where, in the course of acceptance testing it is impossible, for reasons beyond the manufacturer's control, to es-
tablish the guaranteed boundary conditions, then the measured efficiency shall be corrected to guarantee condi-
tions.
The values of the following parameters (relating to the envelope boundary only) may prevent the guarantee condi-
tions being satisfied during the acceptance test:
calorific value of fuel, H(N), H(G);
moisture content of fuel, γH2O;
ash content of fuel, γAsh;
fuel temperature, tF;
combustion air temperature, tA;
moisture content of flue gas, xH2OAd;
feed water pressure and temperature, pFW and tFW;
temperature and pressure at reheater inlet, tR and pR;
spray water pressure and temperature, pS and tS;
RH steam mass flow, m R .
Where there is a deviation from the boundary conditions as agreed, two factors shall be taken into consideration.
First, any fluctuations in the mass flows, the temperatures and the pressures affect the input and losses (via the
enthalpies); second, differing temperatures and mass flows have a bearing on the heat transfer conditions in the
steam generator which, in turn, influences both flue gas temperature and boiler efficiency.
The influence exerted by fluctuating parameters on the heat transfer may often be ignored to a limited extent. Un-
der these circumstances, efficiency corrections can be made solely on the basis of the heat account.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
In other cases, correction equations may be formulated to allow for any fluctuations in the flue gas temperature. A
typical case exists, for example, if, in the presence of feed water temperature variations, the final boiler heating
surface is an economizer and if, in the presence of combustion air temperature variations, the final boiler heating
surface is an air heater. Under such circumstances, the correction always relates to the inlet temperature of the
heat exchange unit, irrespective of the temperature at the envelope boundary.
Since H(N), H(G), γAsh and γH2O are interrelated, the correction is best accomplished using the CV of fuel, the ash
content related to daf-based fuel, A, and the moisture content of fuel related to daf-based fuel, W.
These parameters can be 'intercorrected', since:
H (N) + γ H 2O L r
H (N)daf = (9.1-1N)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
H (G)
H (G)daf = (9.1-1G)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
γ Ash
A= (9.1-2)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
γ H 2O
W = (9.1-3)
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
or
H (N)daf − W Lr
H (N) = (9.1-4N)
1+ A + W
H (G)daf
H (G) = (9.1-4G)
1+ A +W
A
γ Ash = (9.1-5)
1+ A +W
W
γ H 2O = (9.1-6)
1+ A + W
For the correction, it generally applies:
η (N)Bc = η (N)B + ∑ ∆η (N)BX (9.1-7N)
η (G)Bc = η (G)B + ∑ ∆η (G)BX (9.1-7G)
X g = X + ∆X (9.1-8)
with

∆η (N)BX = − 1 −
Q (N)Z 
η (N)B 
η (N)B ∑ ∂ l (N)F
∆X (9.1-9N)

QN ∑
 1 − l (N)F ∂X

∆η (G)BX = − 1 −
Q (G)Z 
η (G)B 
η (G)B ∑ ∂ l (G)F
∆X (9.1-9G)

QN ∑
 1 − l (G)F ∂X
where ∆X is the difference between the guaranteed value, Xg, and the value measured in the acceptance test, X.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
9.2 Correction for deviations of water/steam side inlet parameters
9.2.1 Influence of deviations on output
If the pressures and temperatures of the inlet mass flows and the RH steam mass flows deviate from the guaran-
teed parameters, the useful heat output, Q N , shall to be calculated using the measured values and compared with
that specified in the guarantee; a correction need not be made as the influence of temperature and mass flow de-
viations on the heat transfer can generally be ignored.
This assumption cannot be made if the temperature deviates by more than 35 °C. This applies, for example, to a
variation in feed water inlet temperature if the final boiler heating surface is an economizer (see 9.5.1).
The influence of RH steam mass flow fluctuations on the heat transfer can normally be neglected. In some cases,
however, a reduced mass flow may require a higher spray water mass flow, m SR . RH steam attemperation is
thermodynamically unfavourable so that the guarantee often imposes a maximum for the spray water mass flow.
The spray water mass flow under guarantee conditions, m SRg , shall be given by:
hRH 2 − hSR  hRH 2g − h RH1g h − hRH1 

m SRg = m SR −  m RH1g − m SR1 RH 2 (9.2-1)
hRH 2g − hSRg  hSR 2g − hSRg hRH 2g − hSRg 
The correction shall only be applied if the RH steam mass flow does not depart from the guaranteed figure by more
than ± 5 %.
9.2.2 Influence of deviations on reheater pressure drop
As the reheater pressure drop signifies a thermodynamic loss it is frequently backed up by a guarantee. Deviations
in temperatures and pressures will alter the mean specific volume of the steam, on which depends not only the
mass flow density, but also the pressure drop. With pm = (pRH1 + pRH2)/2; tm = (tRH1 + tRH2)/2 and vm = f (pm, tm), the
pressure drop under guarantee conditions, ∆pLg will result to:
2
m RHg V mg
∆p Lg = ∆p L (9.2-2)
m RH
2
Vm
where
m RHg is the mass flow under guarantee conditions;
m RH is the mass flow measured during the acceptance test.
9.3 Correction of efficiency by input-output method to guarantee conditions
For efficiency determination by input-output method, there is no need to make any corrections provided the follow-
ing condition shall be satisfied:
µ (N)Gg H (N)tot
1− ≤ 0,005 (9.3-1N)
H (N)totg µ (N)G
µ (G)Gg H (G)tot
1− ≤ 0,005 (9.3-1G)
H (G)totg µ (G)G
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
since it may be inferred from the above that the heat transfer conditions in the steam generator will only be sub-
jected to insignificant changes.
Where this condition has not been satisfied, an acceptance test shall only be carried out with the consent of the
manufacturer and the operator.
9.4 Correction of efficiency by heat loss method to guarantee conditions via heat balance
9.4.1 Correction for deviations in NCV/GVC of fuel (dry, ash-free)
Any deviation of the NCV/GVC for fuel oil and gas or dry and ash-free coal from that specified in the guarantee will
influence the overall net calorific value, H(N)tot, and the flue gas and combustion air enthalpies, JGdaf and JAdaf.
In the equation for efficiency correction, the two influences virtually cancel each other out so that no correction
need be made.
Deviations in H(N),H(G) (fuel gas, fuel oil) or H(N)daf, H(G)daf (coal) normally indicate a change in the type of fuel fired. An
acceptance test may be rejected if the values deviate by more than ± 0,5 MJ/kg from those specified in the guar-
antee.
9.4.2 Correction for deviations in ash content
Any deviation of the fuel ash content from the guaranteed values will affect the loss due to the enthalpy and the
unburned combustibles in slag and flue dust.
The correction is made using the following equations:
∂ ∑ l (N)F ∆X =
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
K ∆A (9.4-1N)
∂X (1 − l u ) H (N)tot A
where
 
[
K A = hAshSF − hAshF ∑ l (N)F ]+ (1 − γ Ash − SFγ H20 )  hSF + H (N)γ H2O
(1 − m )u  h
 L r + (N)STG + J (N)A
 (1− l u ) ∑ l (N)F − J (N)G   (9.4-2N)
  
or
∂ ∑ l (G)F ∆X =
1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
K ∆A (9.4-1G)
∂X (1 − l u ) H (G)tot A
where
H (G) γ H 2O h(G)WG
[
K A = hAshSF − h AshF ∑ l (G)F ]+ (1 − γ Ash − SFγ H20 )  hSF +
(1 − m )u 
(1− l u )
+ J (G)A

∑ l (G)F − J (G)G  (9.4-2G)
 
with
h AshSF = η SL c Ash (t S − t r ) + η FA c Ash (t G − t r ) (9.4-3)
h AshF = c Ash (t F − t r ) (9.4-4)
h(N)STG = c pST (t G − t r ) (9.4-5N)
h(G)WG = c pST (t G − t r ) + Lr (9.4-5G)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
η u η u
u SF = SL SL + FA FA (9.4-6)
1 − u SL 1 − u FA
η u η u  1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
hSF =  SL SL c Fdaf (tSL − tr ) + FA FA c Fdaf (tG − tr )  (9.4-7)
 1 − u SL 1 − u FA  u SF
where
c Ash is the integral specific heat of ash (slag or flue dust);
c Fdaf is the integral specific heat of the unburned combustibles.
The first term of equation (9.4-2) allows for the influence of the thermal energy of ash in the slag, flue dust and fuel,
the second term being proportional to the unburned combustibles content.
The quantity m allows for the fact that the fraction of unburned combustibles diminishes as the ash content in-
creases. The numerical value of m shall be specified by the manufacturer or agreed upon by the operator and
manufacturer. Where no such value has been specified or agreed upon, then m shall be taken as equal to unity.
In order to compute uSF, hAshSF and hSF, the slag removal efficiency, ηSL, and flue dust retention efficiency, ηFA, shall
be known, the computation procedure used depending on how the losses as per 8.3.3.4 are determined for the ef-
ficiency calculation.
m SL (1 − u SL )
Case 1 : η SL = (9.4-8)
mSL (1 − u SL ) + m FA (1 − u FA )

m FA (1 − u FA )
η FA = (9.4-9)
m SL (1 − u SL ) + m FA (1 − u FA )
m FA (1 − u FA ) m FA (1 − u FA ) (1 − l u ) H (N)tot
Case 2 : η FA = =
m Fo γ Ash (
γ Ash Q (N)Ztot − Q (N)Z ) (9.4-10N)
m FA (1 − u FA ) m FA (1 − u FA ) (1 − l u ) H (G)tot
η FA = =
m Fo γ Ash (
γ Ash Q (G)Ztot − Q (G)Z ) (9.4-10G)
η SL = 1 − η FA (9.4-11)
m SL (1 − u SL ) m SL (1 − u SL ) (1 − l u ) H (N)tot
Case 3 : η SL = =
m Fo γ Ash (
γ Ash Q (N)Ztot − Q (N)Z ) (9.4-12N)
m SL (1 − u SL ) m SL (1 − u SL ) (1 − l u ) H (G)tot
η SL = =
m Fo γ Ash (
γ Ash Q (G)Ztot − Q (G)Z ) (9.4-12G)
η FA = 1 − η SL (9.4-13)
Case 4.1 : η SL : estimated value
η FA = 1 − η SL (9.4-14)
Case 4.2 : η FA : see equation (8.3-39).
η SL = 1 − η FA (9.4-15)
The correction may be made providing γAsh does not deviate by more than ± 15 % from the guaranteed value.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
9.4.3 Correction for deviations in moisture content of fuel
Since any moisture content other than that guaranteed has an effect on the net calorific value and thermal energy
of the flue gas, a correction need be made using the following equation:
∂ ∑ l (N)F ( ∑ l (N)F )∆W

1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
∆X = h + (L r − h WF ) (9.4-16N)
∂X (1 − l u ) H (N)tot (N)STG
∂ ∑ l (G)F ( ∑ l(G)F )∆W

1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O
∆X = h −h (9.4-16G)
∂X (1 − l u ) H (G)tot (G)WG WF
with
h(N)STG = c pST (t G − t r ) (9.4-17N)
and
h WF = c W (t F − t r ) (9.4-18)
in which
c pST is the integral specific heat of steam;
cW is the integral specific heat of water.
The correction may be made providing γH2O does not deviate from the guaranteed value by more than ± 10 %.
9.4.4 Correction for deviations in fuel temperature
Any fuel temperature other than that guaranteed has but little influence on the efficiency because the thermal
energy of the fuel normally is small in relation to the net calorific value.
The equation for correction reads as follows:
∂ ∑ l (N)F −1
∂X
∆X =
(1 − l u ) H (N)tot
cF ∑ l (N)F ∆ t F (9.4-19N)
∂ ∑ l (G)F −1
∂X
∆X = c
(1 − l u ) H (G)tot F ∑ l (G)F ∆ t F (9.4-19G)
where
c F is the integral specific heat of fuel (ash and moisture content inclusive).
The effect of any change in fuel temperature on the efficiency is slight so that no threshold for correction need be
imposed. However, fuel icing-up must be avoided.
9.4.5 Correction for deviations in combustion air temperature
Any combustion air temperature (at envelope boundary) other than that guaranteed has an effect on the overall
calorific value, H(N)tot, H(G)tot.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
∂ ∑ l (N)F − µA
∂X
∆X =
H (N)tot
c pA ∑ l (N)F ∆ t A (9.4-20N)
∂ ∑ l (G)F − µA
∂X
∆X =
H (G)tot
c pA ∑ l (G)F ∆ t A (9.4-20G)
With respect to the correction threshold, the statement in 9.4.4 applies by analogy.
9.4.6 Correction for deviations in moisture content of combustion air
Any moisture content of the combustion air other than that guaranteed will alter the flue gas mass flow and, in con-
sequence, the flue gas loss.
∂ ∑ l (N)F ( ∑ l(N)F ) ∆ x H2OAd

1
∆X = µ Ad h(N)STG − h(N)STA (9.4-21N)
∂X H (N)tot
∂ ∑ l (G)F ( ∑ l(G)F ) ∆ xH2OAd

1
∆X = µ Ad h(G)WG − h(G)WA (9.4-21G)
∂X H (G)tot
where
h(N)STG = c pST (t G − t r ) (9.4-22N)
h(N)STA = c pST (t A − t r ) (9.4-23N)
h(G)WA = c pST (t A − t r ) + Lr (9.4-23G)
in which c pST is the integral specific heat of steam.
With respect to the correction threshold, the statement in 9.4.4 applies by analogy.
9.5 Correction of efficiency by heat loss method to guarantee conditions with change in flue
gas temperature
9.5.1 Correction for deviations in feed water temperature
If the last heating surface in the steam boiler is an economizer, a correction to guarantee conditions may be made,
using equation (9.5-1) or (9.5-2), provided the flue gas inlet temperature is known (see Figure 9.5-1).
(
t Gg = t G1 − t FWg ) tt G− t FW
+ t FWg (9.5-1)
G1 − t FW
or
t G1 − t G
∆ t G = ∆ t FWg (9.5-2)
t G1 − t FW
with t Gg = t G + ∆ t G and ∆ t FWg = t FWg − t FW
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
tG is the flue gas temperature measured at the envelope boundary during the acceptance test;
tFW is the economizer feed water inlet temperature measured during the acceptance test;
tFWg is the designed economizer feed water inlet temperature;
tGg is the flue gas temperature under guarentee conditions;
tG1 is the temperature of the flue gas entering economizer.
An uncertainty results from the fact that the flue gas temperature upstream of the economizer normally is not
measured, but rather taken from the design calculation. Accordingly, equations (9.5-1) and (9.5-2) shall be used
only if tFW, as measured during the acceptance test, does not deviate by more than 10 °C from tFWg, i.e.:
∆ t FW ≤ 10 °C
The equation for correcting ∆ t G to ∆ ηB (change in efficiency) is as follows:
∂ ∑ l (N)F ∆X =
1 
 µ G c pG +
γ Ash η FA 
c Ash  ∆ t G (9.5-3N)
∂X (1 − l u ) H (N)tot  (1 − l u ) 1 − u FA 
∂ ∑ l (G)F ∆X =
1 
 µ G c pG +
γ Ash η FA 
c FA  ∆ t G (9.5-3G)
∂X H (G) tot  (1 − l u ) 1 − u FA 
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
a Feed water temperature/flue gas temperature, t, in °C
b Parameters X
1 Guarantee
2 Acceptance
Figure 9.5-1 — Economizer temperature pattern (X represents any parameter)
9.5.2 Correction for deviations in combustion air temperature
If the last heating surface in the steam generator is an air heater, a correction to guarantee conditions may be
made, using equation (9.5-4) or (9.5-5), provided the flue gas inlet temperature is known (see Figure 9.5-2).
(
t Gg = t G1 − t Ag ) tt G −− ttA + t Ag (9.5-4)
G1 A
or
t G1 − t G
∆ tG = ∆ tA (9.5-5)
t G1 − t A
with t Gg = t G + ∆ t G and ∆ t A = t Ag − t A
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
tG is the flue gas temperature measured at the develope boundary during the acceptance test;
tA is the combustion air temperature at air heater inlet measured during the acceptance test;
tAg is the designed combustion air temperature at air heater inlet;
tGg is the flue gas temperature under guarantee conditions;
tG1 is the temperature of the flue gas entering air heater.
It can be seen from equation (9.5-4) or (9.5-5) that the correction is neither a function of the combustion air and flue
gas mass flows at the air heater nor the leakage air flow.
9.5.1 applies by analogy to the flue gas temperature, tG1. Here:
∆ t A ≤ 20 °C
The last equation in 9.5.1 also applies to the correction of ∆ t G to ∆ηB.
Key
a Air heater inlet/flue gas temperature, t, in °C
b Parameters X
1 Guarantee
2 Acceptance
Figure 9.5-2 — Air heater temperature pattern (X represents any parameter)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
9.5.3 Correction for deviations in feed water temperature and combustion air temperature
If the last heating surfaces in the steam generator are an economizer and an air heater, a correction to guarantee
conditions may be made, using equation (9.5-6) or (9.5-7), provided the flue gas inlet temperatures for economizer
and air heater are known.
t − tA 
t Gg = G (
 t G 0 − t FWg
t G1 − t A 
)
t G1 − t FW
t G 0 − t FW

+ t FWg − t Ag  + t Ag (9.5-6)

or
t G − t A t G0 − t G1 t − tG
∆ t G = ∆ t FW + ∆ t A G1 (9.5-7)
t G1 − t A t G0 − t FW t G1 − t A
with t Gg = t G + ∆ t G and ∆ t A = t Ag − t A and ∆ t FWg = t FWg − t FW .
tG0 is the temperature of the flue gas entering economizer;
tG1 is the temperature of the flue gas entering air heater;
tG is the flue gas temperature measured at the envelope boundary during the acceptance test;
tA is the combustion air temperature at air heater inlet measured during the acceptance test;
tAg is the designed combustion air temperature at air heater inlet;
tFW is the economizer feed water inlet temperature measured during the acceptance test;
tFWg is the designed economizer feed water inlet temperature;
tGg is the flue gas temperature under guarentee conditions.
It can be seen from equation (9.5-6) or (9.5-7) that the correction is neither a function of the combustion air and flue
gas mass flows at the air heater nor the leakage air flow.
9.5.1 applies by analogy to the flue gas temperature, tG1 and tG0. Here:
∆ t A ≤ 20 °C and ∆ t FW ≤ 10 °C
The last equation in 9.5.1 also applies to the correction of ∆ t G to ∆ηB.
9.6 Efficiency under guarantee conditions
9.6.1 Input-output method
A correction need not be made, i.e. the efficiency computed from the measurements taken during the acceptance
test is directly compared with the guaranteed efficiency. 9.6.3 applies if the measured useful output deviates from
that guaranteed.
9.6.2 Heat-loss method
Correction curves or equations shall be presented for conditions not covered in 9.4 and 9.5. For example, this may
be the case if there is a fluctuation in the inlet feed water temperature and the economizer is arranged downstream
of the air heater. The correction curves or equations shall have the following form:
η Bg − η B = ∆η B = f ( X ) (9.6-1)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
It then follows that the efficiency corrected to guarantee conditions, ηBc, shall be equal to the calculated efficiency
plus the sum of all corrections, i.e.
η Bc = η B + ∑ ∆η BX (9.6-2)
9.6.3 applies if the measured useful heat output deviates from that guaranteed.
In cases where the correction thresholds stated above are exceeded, the acceptance test may be conducted only
subject to agreement between manufacturer and operator. For example, the parties may agree that
1) both parties will accept the thresholds being slightly exceeded;
2) in case of any threshold being exceeded, an additional uncertainty of 0,1 percentage points will have to be
applied.
9.6.3 Comparison of efficiencies
The comparison of the efficiency corrected to guarantee conditions, ηBc, with the guaranteed efficiency, ηBg, shall
be made in terms of the same useful output.
Where the guaranteed efficiency is not presented in the form of a curve as a function of the useful output, but only
established for specific load points, then a linear interpolation shall be made for intermediate values in order to de-
termine the guaranteed efficiency.
If the measured load point is located outside the range defined by the load points, then a linear extrapolation may
be made, provided that the points do not lie outside the range by more than 7 %. Where there is only one load
point, it may be assumed that the efficiency is constant over a range of ± 5 % of the useful output.
If ηBc is the measured quantity that has been corrected to guarantee conditions and ηBg the guaranteed value, then
the guarantee shall be considered satisfied, on condition that
η Bc + u ηB ≥ η Bg (9.6-3)
10 Averaging and uncertainty of measurement
10.1 General
The test results required for comparison with the guaranteed values shall to be calculated from the measured val-
ues, the uncertainty of measurement ('uncertainty', for short) being established in accordance with [1].
The most essential information needed for applying [1] is provided in 10.3 below.
Prior to the acceptance tests — preferably, before the contract has been concluded — an agreement should be
reached with respect to the acceptable level of uncertainty and to the accuracy classes or permissible limits of error
of the measuring systems for the pertinent measured quantities. The extent of acceptance testing (which depends
on the size of the steam generator) shall also be established, taking all quantities or parameters relevant to the final
results into consideration.
10.2 Averaging and corrections
10.2.1 Averaging from measured values
For the evaluation of test results, the readings for each quantity taken during the test period shall be averaged. For
quantities having a more or less linear effect on the evaluation, the arithmetic mean of the measured values shall
be established for each instrument.
For flow measurements made using throttles, the arithmetic mean shall be derived from the roots of the measured
values of the differential pressure.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
10.2.2 Correction of averaged measured values
When correcting the averaged measured values, allowance shall be made for
 the constants of instruments used;
 the corrections due to the calibration of instruments;
 additional effects on the measuring equipment and reference values of measurands.
10.3 Fundamentals of calculating uncertainty
10.3.1 Errors of measurement
Every measured value and thus every measurement result for a specific measurand is influenced by the measuring
instruments and system, the measurement procedure and the measuring object.
A distinction should be made between systematic errors1) and random errors [16].
Systematic errors shall render any measurement incorrect and should be avoided by employing experienced test
personnel.
10.3.2 Standard deviations, confidence limit and uncertainty
The standard deviation is the mean square variability for the random errors. If a single measured value xi is ob-
tained using a particular measuring system then, for a known standard deviation, σ, the true value, xtr, is within a
range of xi ± 2 σ around the measured value xi, with a confidence level of 95 %.
Therefore, the double standard deviation, 2 σ, is the confidence limit.
All general information on errors in this standard shall be considered as confidence limits with a confidence level of
95 % of the estimated random errors of measuring systems and measurement procedures.
The geometric sum of all confidence limits of individual errors is the uncertainty of measurement.
10.3.3 Uncertainties for thermodynamic parameters and coefficients
In this standard, the uncertainties for thermodynamic parameters and coefficients are considered as random errors.
It should be noted, however, that for measurands composed of several measured values (e.g. where the same pa-
rameter is used repeatedly), the confidence limit for each parameter is to be treated separately, since the parame-
ter included in the individual measured values is always subject to the same error.
Furthermore, prerequisite to the application of the law of error propagation is that the variables of a function are not
interdependent. In the majority of cases, however, parameters and coefficients themselves are a function of the
measured values so that the above law can only be applied if the laws governing the relationship between pa-
rameters, coefficients and measured values are introduced into the function. Here, it suffices to linearize this rela-
tionship in the range around the measured value.
1) Errors for short instead of errors of measurement.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
10.3.4 Limited error distribution
The accuracy of series-produced instruments is expressed in terms of their limit of error, G2). Thus, the error distri-
bution (curve) which, based on experience, may also be assumed to be part of a Gaussian distribution, is truncated
in such a way that G shall be assigned a confidence level of 100 %. Since it cannot be safely assumed that the in-
struments have an approximately normal distribution, error limits are treated in this standard in the same manner as
confidence limits. For any indicated limit of error which, for electrical instruments and pressure gauges, is ex-
pressed in terms of the accuracy class, it should be taken into account that this value generally does not relate to
the measured value, xi, but rather to the full-scale value, xe. In this case, it is:
G
u Mx = xe (10.3-1)
100 %
Where different quantities are measured using the same instrument via a selector switch, it is to be borne in mind
that, when calculating the total uncertainty, the uncertainties for the various measurands shall not be added geo-
metrically since the instrument has the same error in each measurement.
10.3.5 Uncertainty of a calculated result
If the calculated result is a function of n independent quantities (measurands, parameters, coefficients), i.e.
y = F (x1; x2; ...; xn), (10.3-2)
then, the uncertainty of the result, according to the law of error propagation, shall be:
2
 ∂y 
u My = ± ∑ 
 ∂x i
u Mxi 

(10.3-3)
and the relative uncertainty shall be:
2
u My  ∂y x i u Mxi 
εy =
y
= ∑ 
 ∂x i y xi 
 (10.3-4)
10.3.6 Multiple measurement of a measurand
Random errors can only be reduced by separate measurements of the same measurand. For such a multiple
measurement, it shall be
xg = ∑ (xi γ i ) / ∑ γ i (10.3-5)
as the weighted average and
u Mx = 1 / ∑γ i (10.3-6)
as the uncertainty of the weighted average and
2
γ i = 1/ u M x (10.3-7)
as the weight of the measurand used in the average.
In addition, a check shall be made to decide whether the deviations of the measured values from their weighted
average are consistent with uncertainties assumed.
2) It should be referred to EN 837-1 and EN 837-3 'Limits of error'.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
10.4 Guide values for measurement uncertainties
10.4.1 General
The uncertainty values listed in the following subclauses shall be taken as confidence limits, in accordance with
10.3.2. These limits for individual measuring systems cannot be derived from the readings obtained in the course of
acceptance testing.
Hence, they shall to be determined
a) following the procedure relevant to certain individual measurements (e.g. flow measurements);
b) from known limits of error (classes) of instruments (e.g. electrical instruments, pressure gauges);
c) from the results of calibration using measuring systems of known accuracy;
d) on the basis of experience in the field of metrology.
The uncertainties are denoted by uMx and the relative uncertainties, by x = uMx/x (see Figure 10.4-1 for temperature
measuring devices).
Table 10.4-1 — Limits of error of temperature measuring devices
Sensor Limit of error, uMt
Thermocouples to EN 60584, class 1a

Platinum — 10 % rhodium/platinum 1,0 °C or 1 + (t - 1000) 0,0003b
Iron — copper/nickel 1,5 °C or 0,004 tb
Nickel — chromium/nickel 1,5 °C or 0,004 tb
Calibrated thermocouples 1,2 °Cc
Resistance thermometers:
Pt 100 to EN 60751 0,15 + 0,002 t (up to 650 °C)d
Ni 100 to EN 60751 0,40 + 0,007 t (up to 250 °C)
Glass thermometers, with 1/10 scale divisions, verified or
calibrated for t < 100 °C 0,1 °C
a Classes 2 and 3 thermocouples as per EN 60584 should not be used for acceptance tests.
b Whichever is higher.
c Unless a smaller error has been confirmed by calibration.
d The limit of error specified applies to PT 100 resistance thermometers of class A (see EN 60751).
Class B thermometers should not be used.
10.4.2 Uncertainty for pressure and temperature
10.4.2.1 Pressure
For pressure measurements with Bourdon-type gauges, the uncertainty is a function of the instrument's accuracy
class, it being assumed that systematic errors are precluded by proper handling and regular calibration of the in-
struments.
Where pressure and differential pressure are measured by means of liquid columns, the uncertainty is a function of
the fluctuations in column height, the form of the meniscus and the accuracy of the adjusting device. There may be
non-recordable systematic errors if the columns cannot be directly observed (owing to the sealing fluid being con-
taminated, adhering droplets or the influence of external fields on magnetic instruments).
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Normally, the following uncertainties may be assumed:
a) piston gauges for p > 5 bar: εp = 0,002;
b) Bourdon-type gauges of classes 0,2 to 0,6: εp = (G1)/100 %) (pe/p);
c) Bourdon-type gauges of classes 0,2 to 0,6, calibrated before and after testing: εp = 0,5 (G1)/100 %) (pe/p);
d) liquid manometers for p < 2,5 bar:
U-tube filled with Hg: uMp = 1 mm;
U-tube with sealing fluid ρ < ρ Hg: uMp = 2 mm.
Bourdon-type gauges shall comply with EN 837-1.
10.4.2.2 Temperature
With respect to the uncertainty in temperature measurements, the following shall be distinguished:
a) the instrument's limits of error: for analog instruments these are a function of the accuracy class, for mercury-
in-glass thermometers, a function of the calibration error and for digital voltmeters, they may be ignored;
b) the sensor's limits of error;
c) installation error (error resulting from failure to place instruments at the required point of measurement).
When taking measurements in flue gas and air ducts, installation errors result from the fact that there is radiation
from the colder duct walling to the sensor and vice versa. Installation errors encountered in the case of measure-
ments in the water/steam pipework system are due to heat being conducted from the thermometer pocket to the
pipe wall. Such heat conduction should be precluded by insulating the pipe around the thermometer pocket.
It is not always possible to avoid installation errors when measurements are taken in flue gas and air ducts. Such
errors can be estimated, using the following relationship:
αR
t G − t Sen = ∆ t = (t G − t W ) (10.4-1)
αC + αR
where
tSen is the sensor temperature;
tW is the wall temperature;
αR is the coefficient of heat transfer by radiation (sensor-to-wall);
αC is the coefficient of heat transfer by convection (flue gas-to-sensor).
αR may be calculated for small values of (tG - tW) using the following equation:
3
T  W
α R = 0,04 ⋅ 5,67 ε  Sen  (10.4-2)
 100  m2K
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where
ε is the emissivity (here, ε = 0,7).
TSen = tSen + 273 K. (10.4-3)
By approximation, the sensor temperature may assumed as being equal to the gas temperature.
αC may be calculated using the following equation:
wρ
α C = f (t ) (10.4-4)
l
where
wρ is the density of mass flow rate, in kg/(m s);

2
l is the flow approach length, in m;
with
l = π /2 d for a cross-flow pipe (d = pipe diameter);

l = L for a longitudinal-flow pipe (L = length from tip of sensor to thermocouple installation point);
f(t) is a function which varies with the temperature and type of medium.
The corresponding value can be taken from Figure 10.4-1.
Key
a f(t)
b Temperature, t
Figure 10.4-1 — Function for calculating coefficient of heat transfer by convection
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
It is recommended that sensors be protected from radiant heat in order to minimize such installation errors. These
errors are to be allowed for in the corrections as per 10.2.2. They shall not be considered when using the law of
error propagation. However, the correction itself involves an uncertainty, for which a minimum of 0,5 °C is to be
assumed when calculating the uncertainty of temperature measurement.
tG = 350 °C; (w ρ) = 4,0 kg/(m s); l = 9 mm; flue gas.

2
EXAMPLE
f(t) = 5,5; TSen = 623,3 K.
( )
α C = 5,5 4,0 / 0,009 = 116 W / m 2 K .
αR = 0,04 - 5,67 - 0,7 - 6,233 = 38,4 W/(m K).
3 2
∆t = 38,4/(116 + 38,4) (tG - tW) = 0,25 (tG - tW) °C.
NOTE See [16] for terminology relating to thermometers [17].
10.4.2.3 Enthalpy, enthalpy difference and specific volume of steam
The enthalpy shall be determined on the basis of steam tables from the measured values of pressure and tem-
perature. The uncertainty for the enthalpy is thus a function of the uncertainties of these parameters.
Given h = F(t,p), the uncertainty for the enthalpy, uMh, shall be:
2 2
 ∂h   ∂h 
u Mh =  ∂t u t  +  u Mp  (10.4-5)
   ∂p 
∂h t ∂h p
and given At = andAp =
∂t h ∂p h
the relative uncertainty shall be:
εh =
uh
h
= (At ε t )2 ( )
+ Ap ε p 2 (10.4-6)
Equations (10.4-5) and (10.4-6) may be applied by analogy to the specific steam volume.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
∂h t
a At =
∂t h
b Temperature, tST
Figure 10.4-2 — Factor allowing for the influence of temperature, At, on the relative uncertainty
for the enthalpy of steam
The uncertainty for the enthalpy difference, ∆h = h2 - h1, then becomes:
2 2 2 2
 ∂h2   ∂h   ∂h   ∂h 
u M∆h =  u Mt  +  1 u Mt  +  2 u Mp  +  1 u Mp  (10.4-7)
 ∂t 2   ∂t1   ∂p 2   ∂p1 
and the relative uncertainty:
[(A ε ) ] [(A ε ) ]
2 2
ε M∆h =
 h2 
 ∆h  t t
2
( ) h 
+ Ap ε p 2 +  1  t t
2
( )
+ Ap ε p 2 (10.4-8)
   ∆h 
10.4.3 Uncertainties for mass flows
10.4.3.1 Weighing
For weighing solid fuel and fuel oil with calibrated weighing machines, the uncertainty, εm , is equal to the in-service
limit of error as per 7.4.1.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
10.4.3.2 Volumetric measurement
For measurement
a) of gaseous fuels with gas meters, the uncertainty, εL, equals 0,02, unless proof can be provided that the un-
certainty is smaller;
b) of fuel oil with disk type indicators, oval type wheels, piston type and vane type meters, the uncertainty, εL,
equals 0,015, unless proof can be provided that the uncertainty is smaller.
For determination of the uncertainty for the mass flows, the uncertainties of the time and density measurements, if
any, shall be taken into consideration.
10.4.3.3 Flow measurement
For flow measurements with standard nozzles and orifices as specified in EN ISO 5167-1 (see also [8]), the relative
uncertainty εm is equal to εp, as specified in EN ISO 5167-1).
If more mass flows are measured on the water/steam side than are necessary for calculating the mass flows for the
acceptance test a check shall be carried out (cf. 10.3.6, last paragraph) [18].
10.4.3.4 Other uncertainties
In the case of stoker-fired steam boiler, an uncertainty in the determination of the fuel flow may be due to the fact
that the fuel quantity left on the grate at the beginning and at the end of the acceptance test is not exactly the
same. This uncertainty gives rise to an additional uncertainty, εAU, in the calculation of the fuel flow, for which the
relevant figures shall be in accordance with in Table 10.4-2.
Table 10.4-2 — Relative uncertainty for fuel mass flow due to other uncertainties
Test duration Load factor

h 50 % 80 % 100 %
8 0,010 0,007 0,005
6 0,013 0,010 0,007
4 0,02 0,015 0,010
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Key
∂h p
a Ap =
∂p h
b Temperature, tST
Figure 10.4-3 — Factor allowing for the influence of pressure, Ap, on the relative uncertainty
for the enthalpy of steam
10.4.4 Uncertainty for net calorific value
10.4.4.1 Sampling
If all the samples are taken during the test at regular intervals (in accordance with ISO 1988) and then combined
into a single laboratory sample (which is stored in a sealed tin), the following uncertainties, εSam (as a function of the
ash content, γAsh), may be used in the calculation:
a) hard coal, coke, semi-coke, brown coal briquettes and pulverized brown coal: εSam = 0,1 γAsh, but not less than
0,005;
b) raw brown coal: εSam = 0,025 + 0,1 γAsh, but not less than 0,03;
c) fuel oil and fuel gas: εSam = 0.
Refer to 7.5.2 for details of sampling and sample preparation. The uncertainties involved in the sampling of solid
fuel may be reduced by taking n separate specimens (instead of a single sample) throughout the test and reducing
each to fit into one jar. The uncertainty involved shall then be:
ε Sam = ε Sam11 / n (10.4-9)
Multiple sampling is particularly recommended for solid fuels with a high ash and water contents.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
10.4.4.2 Calorific value
The following uncertainties, uMH(N) (as a function of the ash content, γAsh), shall be assumed when determining the
CV:
a) solid fuel: uMH(N) = uMH(G) = 130 kJ/kg, for γAsh < 15 % and uMH(N) = uMH(G) = 170 kJ/kg for γAsh > 15 %;
b) fuel oil: uMH(N) = uMH(G) = 210 kJ/kg;

3
c) fuel gas: uMH(N)n = uMH(G) = 160 kJ/m .
Smaller uncertainties may be used subject to verification.
10.4.5 Uncertainties for combustion air/flue gas mass to fuel mass ratios and for specific heat
10.4.5.1 Uncertainty for CO2, O2 and CO contents of dry flue gas
When using the equipment and conditions described in 7.6.3, the following uncertainties shall be used:
uMyCO2d = 0,002 for CO2 content;
uMyO2d = 0,0015 for O2 content;
uMyCOd = 0,01 yCOd for CO content, but not less than uMyCOd = 0,0001.
Smaller uncertainties may be used subject to verification.
Table 10.4-3 — Uncertainties for combustion air mass to fuel mass ratio, εµAd,
and for specific heat of flue gas, ε3
Solid fuel Fuel oil Natural gas

εµAd when yCO2d is measured 0,048 0,023 0,053
when yO2d is measured 0,045 0,027 0,006
ε3 when yCO2d is measured 0,011 0,005 0,008
when yO2d is measured 0,010 0,004 0,005
10.4.5.2 Uncertainty for input/loss calculations
In the equations for calculating input and losses there are quantities, in addition to the measured quantities, that
are obtained either by calculation or are derived from statistical data. These quantities also contain uncertainties.
First, these result from the fact that the ultimate analysis of the sample involves uncertainties, both due to the sam-
pling and the analysis itself; second, these uncertainties are due to the fact that the actual values do not lie on a
straight line.
The uncertainty for µAd shall be in accordance with Table 10.4-3. The parameters VGd, µAS and xH2OAd do not include
any uncertainty.
The indicated uncertainties apply to the heat account irrespective of whether they are based on ultimate analysis or
on statistical data.
10.4.5.3 Uncertainty for integral specific heat of dry air and of flue gas
In accordance with 8.3.4.4, the specific heat of flue gas, c pG 0 , in kJ/(kg K), shall be given by:
c pG 0 = c pAd0 + P1m x H 2O + P2m x CO2 (10.4-10)
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where c pAd0 , P1m and P2m are a function of the temperature, whose uncertainty is allowed for in the calculation.
Conversely, c pAd0 , = f (t ) may be regarded as a reliable function since the values for the specific heat of dry air
are known and, using a fifth-order polynomial expression, an accuracy can be obtained where any inherent uncer-
tainty can definitely be neglected.
The relationship is slightly more complex for the specific heat of the flue gas. The specific heat values of the indi-
vidual gases on which the calculation using the polynomial expression is based, may also be regarded as reliable.
The polynomial's mean uncertainty, ε1 = 0,0004, may also be ignored. However, there is a basic uncertainty inher-
ent to the expression, and this arises from the fact that the specific heat of the flue gas is represented as a function
of the water and carbon dioxide contents of the flue gas, xH2O and xCO2. This uncertainty shall be:
ε 2 = − 0,017 x CO2 (4,0 − 1 / x CO2d ) (10.4-11)
A further uncertainty results from the fact that xCO2 and xH2O are to be determined by statistical calculation. However,
the uncertainties for these two parameters are interrelated so that the uncertainty due to the scatter of results, ε3, is
to be determined directly for c pG 0 . Table 10.4-3 shows the relevant numerical data. Thus, the relative uncertainties
inherent to the functions for the specific heat shall be:
ε cpAd0 = 0 (10.4-12)
ε cpG 0 = ε 12 + ε 2 2 + ε 3 2 (10.4-13)
10.4.6 Uncertainty for losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the slag and flue dust
The losses due to enthalpy and unburned combustibles in the slag and flue dust are usually so small that even
greater uncertainties in the measured quantities (e.g. in uSL, uFA, tSL, m SL , m FA , etc.) need not be allowed for when
calculating the uncertainty for the efficiency.
Estimated uncertainties for Q SL and Q FA are given in Table 10.4-4. For determining ε JSL
*
and ε JFA
*
, equations
(10.4-14) to (10.4-16) may be used, where only the most essential parameters are taken into consideration, on the
basis of experience:
γ (1 − v )  u FA 
2
 u SL 
2
 u SL 
2
*
u MJFA = Ash D  + (Jη SL )2 +  E + F  η SL  (10.4-14)
1 - lu  1 - u FA   1 − u SL   1 − u SL 
For calculating ηSL, see 7.3.3.4, case 4.
γ (1 − v )  u SL 
2
 u FA 
2
 u FA 
2
η FA
*
u MJSL = Ash G  + H 2 + E + F   (10.4-15)
1 - lu  1 - u SL   1 − u FA   1 − u FA 
with
η FA = 1 − η SL
* *
(10.4-16)
u MJSF = u MJFA
The constants G, H, E, F, D and J used in equations (10.4-14) and (10.4-15) shall be in accordance with
Table 10.4-4 in kJ/kg.
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Table 10.4-4 — Uncertainties
Hard coal Brown coal

Pulverized coal
Uncertainties Stoker firing Pulverized coal firing Stoker firing
firing
Dry bottom Wet bottom
ε Q SL 0,18 0,26 0,22 0,22 0,26
ε Q SL 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,18
uMJSL G 11 500 16 000 21 200 12 000 14 000
H 73 118 520 73 121
E 8 500 9 300 17 500 7 200 7 400
F 8 500 5 600 0 4 800 4 900
uMJFA D 11 500 11 500 5 500 10 000 10 000
J — — 555 — —
E 8 800 11 200 20 500 8 000 11 200
F 5 700 9 600 12 000 6 500 9 600
uMJSF D — — 7 400 — —
J — — 5 800 — —
E — — 17 900 — —
F — — 0 — —
10.4.7 Uncertainty for other quantities
The uncertainty due to radiation and convection losses, εRC, shall be equal to 0,5.
The uncertainty for heat input without heat credit from a second or any further firing system, ε Q Z , shall be equal to
0,1.
The uncertainty for transient heat output in hot water generating units, εKN, shall be equal to 0,08 f/(1 + f). See
equation (8.3-8) for f.
10.4.8 Negligible uncertainties
A number of parameters have only a very minor effect on the efficiency calculations so that the uncertainties for
these parameters have but little influence on the overall uncertainty and can thus be neglected.
The parameters involved are c F , t F , m AS , hAS , P, PM , PU , PUG , Q SAE , Q EC , l u , γ Ash , x H 2OAd , γ H 2O , and, where the
efficiency is determined by the heat loss method, Q . N
The quantities H(N)COn and c pAd0 do not involve any uncertainty.
10.5 Calculation of uncertainty
10.5.1 Uncertainty for efficiency determined by input-output method
Using equation (8.4-1), it follows from equation (8.3-19):
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EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
2 2
 Q (N)Z 
ε η (N)B =
 m F H (N)tot 

 Q (N)Ztot 
 (
εm
2
F + ε H(N)tot
2
+ ε AU
2
) +

 ε 2
 (N)Ztot 
Q Q (N)Z
+ ε 2
QN
(10.5-1N)
2 2
 Q (G)Z
ε η (G)B =
 m F H (G)tot

 Q (G)Ztot



(
εm
2
F + ε H(G)tot
2
+ ε AU
2
) +
 Q (G)Ztot

 ε 2
 Q(G)Z
+ ε 2
QN
(10.5-1G)
With respect to the individual uncertainties in the above equation, the following should be noted.
In most cases, need Q Z not be considered, as this is either small in relation to Q Ztot or shall be zero. See 10.4.3.1
and 10.4.3.2 for ε m F and 10.4.3.4 for ε AU .
The uncertainty for the useful heat output, ε Q N , as defined by equation (8.3-1) shall be:
(ε )
2
 m i ∆hi 
ε Q N = ∑ 
 Q N


2
i
m + ε ∆2hi (10.5-2)
where ε m i shall be determined as per 10.4.3.3 and ε ∆hi as per 10.4.2.3.
The uncertainty for the total net calorific value, εH(N)tot shall be:
 H (N) / (1 − l u )
2
 
2
( )
2
 J   u
ε H(N)tot =  
2
ε H(N)tot + ε Sam
2
+  AF  ε µ2A + ε y2 +  MtA   (10.5-3N)
 H (N)tot   H (N)tot    t A − t r  

 H (G) / (1 − l u )
2
 
2
( )
2
 J   u
ε H(G)tot =  
2
ε H(G)tot + ε Sam
2
+  AF  ε µ2A + ε y2 +  MtA   (10.5-3G)
 H (G)tot   H (G)tot    t A − t r  

where εH(N), εH(G) shall be determined as per 10.4.4.2, εSam as per 10.4.4.1, εµA as per 10.4.5.2 and uMtA from
Table 10.4-1. See equation (10.5-4) for ε y.
10.5.2 Uncertainty for efficiency determined by heat loss method
The following approximation equation may be used for determining the relative uncertainty for the efficiency, εηB,
determined by the heat loss method:
 lG   2
2 2 2
 µA   u   
  ε µG +   ε y2 + ε H(N)tot
2
+ ε CpG
2
+  MtG   +  l RC  0,5 2

η B    µG  tG − tr    ηB 

ε η (N)B = (10.5-4N)
2 2 2
l   u MyCOd   l SF + l L  2
+  CO    +  0,2
 ηB   y COd   η B 
 lG 
2    2  u MtG    l RC 
2 2
  ε µ2G +  µ A  ε y + ε H(G)tot
2
+ ε 2
+
CpG    +   0,5
2
 µ  
η B    G   G
t − t r η
  B 
ε η (G)B = (10.5-4G)
2 2 2
 l   u MyCOd   lSF + l L  2
+  CO    +  0,2
η
 B   COd 
y  η B 
83
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
where the individual uncertainties shall be calculated as follows:
emG = emA; see 10.4.5.2;
ey = uMyCO2d/yCO2d where yCO2d is measured, or
= uMyO2d/(yO2Ad - yO2d) is measured;
eH(N)tot see equation (10.5-3N);
eH(G)tot see equation (10.5-3G);
eCpG see 10.4.5.3;
uMtG see 10.4.2.2;
uMyCOd see 10.4.5.1.
10.5.3 Uncertainty for measured efficiency
From the uncertainties determined in accordance with 10.5.1 or 10.5.2, the uncertainty for the efficiency, uηB, shall
be obtained as:
u MηB = η B ε ηB (10.5-5)
The guarantee with respect to the efficiency shall be satisfied, if
η Bg < η B + u MηB (10.5-6)
where
ηBg is the guaranteed efficiency;
ηB is the measured efficiency.
Equation (10.5-6) applies with the proviso that the guaranteed boundary conditions existed throughout the accep-
tance test. Otherwise, the measured efficiency shall first be corrected to guarantee conditions (see clause 8).
84
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Statistical Combustion Calculation
A.1 General
The statistical combustion calculation is based on the empirical dependency of the mass flow ratios to the calorific
value. In this context an evaluation with fuel samples from different countries all over the world shows a common
functional coherence. Because a large quantity of independent measurements was used for this and a validation of
the mass balances was conducted the result has a high grade of accuracy. The research includes samples with an
ash content up to 30 %.
Mostly the statistical combustion calculation is used for the first layout of power plants, the validation of the ultimate
analysis and the calculation of uncertainties in efficiency determination, there to keep the number of independent
values low. In this standard the statistical combustion calculation is used in clause 9 to have an easy-to-handle
procedure for the determination of uncertainties. As for the ultimate analysis it is more complex.
A.2 Solid Fuels

For the following statistical equations it is required to know the ash and moisture content of fuel
with
γ F = 1 − γ Ash − γ H 2O and (A.1)
H (N)* = H (N) + 2,4425 γ H 2O in MJ/kg (A.2)
µ Aod = − 0,24119 γ F + 0,34210 H (N)

*
(A.3N)
µ Aod = − 0,90230 γ F + 0,35073 H (G) (A.3G)
µ God = − 0,01293 γ F + 0,35217 H (N)

*
(A.4N)
µ God = − 0,69349 γ F + 0,36105 H (G) (A.4G)
VGod = − 0,06018 γ F + 0,25437 H (N)

*
(A.5N)
VGod = − 0,55174 γ F + 0,26078 H (G) (A.5G)
µ CO2o = − 0,17061 γ F + 0,08852 H (N)

*
(A.6N)
µ CO2o = − 0,00046 γ F + 0,09075 H (G) (A.6G)
µ H 2OF = − 0,77174 γ F − 0,01007 H (N)

*
+ γ H 2O (A.7N)
µ H 2OF = − 0,79119 γ F − 0,01032 H (G)

*
+ γ H 2O (A.7G)
85
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
A.3 Fuel Oil
H (N) (NCV) in MJ/kg
H (G) (GCV) in MJ/kg
µ Aod = 0,43973 + 0,32426 H (N) (A.8N)
µ Aod = 1,78457 + 0,27471 H (G) (A.8G)
µ God = 3,44402 + 025041 H (N) (A.9N)
µ God = 4,48259 + 0,21215 H (G) (A.9G)
VGod = 1,76435 + 0,20060 H (N) (A.10N)
VGod = 2,59630 + 0,16994 H (G) (A.10G)
µ CO2o = 2,50314 + 0,01510 H (N) (A.11N)
µ CO2o = 2,56579 + 0,01280 H (G) (A.11G)
µ H 2OF = − 2,00428 + 0,07384 H (N) (A.12N)
µ H 2OF = − 1,69803 + 0,06256 H (G) (A.12G)
A.4 Natural Gas
H (N) (NCV) in MJ/kg
H (G) (GCV) in MJ/kg
µ Aod = − 0,06303 + 0,34516 H (N) (A.13N)
µ Aod = − 0,00389 + 0,31073 H (G) (A.13G)
µ God = 1,01490 + 029979 H (N) (A.14N)
µ God = 1,06627 + 0,26988 H (G) (A.14G)
VGod = 0,64972 + 0,22553 H (N) (A.15N)
VGod = 0,68836 + 0,20304 H (G) (A.15G)
µ CO2o = 0,55157 + 0,04482 H (N) (A.16N)
µ CO2o = 0,55925 + 0,04035 H (G) (A.16G)
µ H 2OF = − 0,07793 + 0,04537 H (N) (A.17N)
µ H 2OF = − 0,07016 + 0,04084 H (G) (A.17G)
86
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references
[1] VDI 2048, Inaccuracies at acceptance test measurements — Fundamental principles
[2] VDE/VDI 3512-3, Pressure measurement — Test assembly
[3] VDI/VDE 3511-1, Temperature measurement in industry — Principles and special methods of temperature
measurement
VDI/VDE 3511-2, Temperature measurement in industry — Contact thermometers
VDI/VDE 3511-3, Temperature measurement in industry — Measuring systems and measured quantity
treatment for electrical contact thermometers
VDI/VDE 3511-4, Temperature measurement in industry — Radiation thermometry
VDI/VDE 3511–5, Temperature measurement in industry — Installation of thermometers
[4] VDI 2066-1, Particulate matter measurement — Measuring of particulate matter in flowing gases —
Gravimetric determination of dust load — Fundamentals
[5] VDI/VDE 2640-3, Measurement of gas flow in circular — Annular or rectangular sections of conduits veloc-
ity area method
VDI/VDE 2640-4, Measurement of mean temperature in fluid flow
[6] Eichordnung, Appendix 10: Eichfehlergrenzen von Waagen, as of 12 August 1988, BGBl.
(German Federal Law Gazette) I, Z 5702 A, No. 43
[7] VDI/VDE 2040-2, Calculation principles for the measurement of fluid flow using orifice plates, nozzles and
venturi tubes — Equations and formulae
VDI/VDE 2040-3, Calculation principles for measurement of fluid flow using orifice plates, nozzles and ven-
turi tubes Examples of calculations
VDI/VDE 2040-4 ((Draft)), Design fundamentals for flow measurement with restrictors — Material values
[8] VDI/VDE 2041, Measurement of fluid flow with primary devices — Orifice plates and nozzles for special ap-
plications
DIN 19216, Flow measurement — Installation layouts for differential pressure devices based on differential
pressure method
[9] VDI 2066-2, Measurement of particulate matter — Manual dust measurement in flowing gases — Gra-
3 3
vimetric determination of dust load — Tubular filter devices 4 m /h, 12 m /h
NF X44-052, Sampling of aust in a stream of gas (General case)
VDI 2066-3, Measurement of particulate matter — Manual dust measurement in flowing gases — Gra-
3
vimetric determination of dust load — Tubular filter devices 40 m /h
VDI 2066-4, Particulate matter measurement — Measurement of particulate matter in flowing gases —
Determination of dust load by continuous — Measurement of optical transmission
VDI 2066-5, Particulate matter measurement — Dust measurement in flowing gases — particle size selec-
tive measurement by impaction method — Cascade impactor
VDI 2066-6, Particulate matter measurement — Measurement of particulate matter in flowing gases —
Determination of dust load by continuous measurement of scattered light with the photometer KTN
87
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
[10] The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS); IF97 for water and steam
properties
VDI Wärmeatlas, Berechnungsblätter für den Wärmeübergang, Berlin, Springer 1997
[11] DIN 51853, Testing of fuel gases — Sampling
[12] DIN 51700, Testing of solid fuels — Generalities and index of methods of test
[13] ANSI PTC 4.1, ASME Power test code for steam generators
[14] DIN 1871, Gaseous fuels and other gases — Density and other volumetric quantities
[15] Brandt, F., Brennstoffe und Verbrennungsrechnung (Fuels and thermodynamic calculations), FDBR-
Fachbuchreihe, Vol.1, Essen: Vulkan Verlag, 1981
[16] DIN 1319-3, Fundamentals of metrology - : Part 3: Evaluation of measurements of a single measure, and
measurement uncertainty
[17] DIN 16160, Thermometers — Concepts
[18] DIN 1943, Thermal acceptance tests of steam turbines
[19] Schmidt, E., Thermodynamische Eigenschaften von Wasser und Wasserdampf 0 bis 800 °C, 0 bis 1000 bar
(Thermodynamic properties of water and steam at temperatures form 0 to 800 °C and pressures from 0 to
1000 bar), Springer Verlag, 1982
[20] EN 837-3, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
[21] ISO/TR 5168, Measurement of fluid flow — Evaluation of uncertainties
[22] ISO 6976, Natural gas — Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe index from
composition
Additional literature
ISO 2309:1980, Coke — Sampling
BS 1780, Specification for bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges.
BS 1041, Code for temperature measurement.
BS 1042, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits.
BS 893 


BS 6069  Dust and particulate emissions.

BS 3405 
BS 7420, Guide for determination of calorific values of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels (including definitions).
BS 1017, Sampling of coal and coke.
BS 1756, Sampling and analysis of flue gases.
BS 3048, Code for the continuous sampling and automatic analysis of flue gases: indicators and recorders.
DIN 1301-1, Units — Part 1: Unit names, unit symbols.

88
EN 12952-15:2003 (E)
DIN 1301-2, Units — Submultiples and Multiples for General Use.
DIN 1301-3, Units; Conversions of Units No Longer to be Used.
DIN 1314, Pressure; Basic Definitions, Units.
DIN 1944, Acceptance tests of centrifugal pumps.
DIN 5499, Gross and Net Calorific Values; Terms.
DIN 51603-1, Liquid fuels — Fuel oils — Part 1: Fuel oils EL, Specifications.
DIN 51603-3, Liquid fuels — Fuel oils — Part 3: Fuel oil S — Minimum requirements.
DIN 51603-4, Liquid fuels — Fuel oils — Part 4: Fuel oils ZT, C and R; Requirements, testing.
DIN 51730, Testing of solid fuels — Determination of fusibility of fuel ash.
ASME PTC 3.1), 3.2), 3.3)
ASME PTC 19 (all parts), Instruments and apparatus.
VDI/VDE 2640-3, Measurement of gas flow in circular — Annular or rectangular sections of conduits velocity area
method.
VDI/VDE 2640-4, Measurement of mean temperature in fluid flow.
VDI-Richtlinie 2045-2, Acceptance and performance tests on turbo compressors and displacement compressors —
Theory and examples.
VDI 2066-1, Particulate matter measurement — Measuring of particulate matter in flowing gases — Gravimetric
determination of dust load — Fundamentals.
VdTÜV MB 1453, The VDTÜV-guidelines for feed water, boiler water and steam of steam generators with an ad-
missible operating overpressure ≥ 68 bar.
VGB R 450 L, VGB-guideline for boiler feed water, boiler water and steam of steam generators with a permissible
operating pressure ≥ 68 bar.
Dampfkesselverordnung (German Steam Boiler Plant Regulation).
Eichordnung, Appendix 16, Überdruckmeßgeräte (Pressure gauges).
Gesetz über Einheiten im Meßwesen (German Law on units in metrology).
89
BS EN
12952-15:2003
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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN

The European Standard EN 12952-15:2003 has the status of a

This British Standard is the official English language version of

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible international/European committee any

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

This British Standard, was Summary of pages

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

ISBN 0 580 42757 9

Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations - Part 15:

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 June 2003.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

This document includes a Bibliography.

1 Scope and field of application

1.1 Field of application

This standard does not cover:

 units fired with special fuels (e.g. refuse);

 pressurized steam generators (e.g. pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) boilers);

 steam generators in combined cycle systems.

This standard can be applied by analogy to the acceptance testing of:

 indirect-fired units (e.g. waste heat boilers);

This standard includes (among other things):

 recommendations for the performance of acceptance tests (see clause 6);

 details on the uncertainty of measurement (see clause 10).

1.3 General information

The agreements can refer to the following:

 scope of supply, envelope boundary, reference temperature;

 any deviating test conditions;

 blowdown and sootblowing;

 functional use of instrumentation other than specified in clause 6;

 steam table and tables for other thermodynamic properties to be used;

 any special correction methods;

 location and position of measuring points.

EN 12952-1:2001, Water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations — Part 1: General.

EN 26801, Rubber or plastics hoses — Determination of volumetric expansion (ISO 6801:1983).

EN 60584-1, Thermocouples — Part 1: Reference tables (IEC 60584-1:1995).

EN 60584-2, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances (IEC 60584-2:1982 + A1:1989).

EN 60751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometer sensors (IEC 60751:1983 + A1:1986).

ISO 157, Coal — Determination of forms of sulfur.

ISO 589, Hard coal — Determination of total moisture.

ISO 1217, Displacement compressors — Acceptance tests.

ISO 1988, Hard coal — Sampling.

ISO 5389, Turbocompressors — Performance test code.

3 Terms and definitions

4 Symbols and abbreviations and coefficients

4.1 Symbols and abbreviations

Table 4.1-1 — Latin Letters

Symbol Description Unit

Table 4.1-2 — Greek letters

Symbol Quantity Unit

Table 4.1-3 — Subscripts

Table 4.1-3 (continued)

Table 4.2-1 — Coefficients

Designation Symbol Value Unit

Specific heat of water between 25 °C and 150 °C c pW 4,21 kJ/(kg K)

Specific heat of air between 25 °C and 150 °C c pA 1,011 kJ/(kg K)

Specific heat of slag

Slag-tap furnace c SL 1,26 kJ/(kg K)

Specific heat of additives between 25 °C and 200 °C c Ca

CaCO3 0,97 kJ/(kg K)

5.1 Basis for determining guaranteed parameters