ПОСОБИЕ

по практическому курсу первого иностранного языка

для студентов 2 курса

(английский язык как первый иностранный)

Липецк – 2013
UNIT 1

It is September. The summer holidays are over. People have gone back to work. The children have gone back to schools. The
students have gone back to the universities. And, when we meet people, often they ask us, “What sort of summer did you have? Did you
go anywhere nice?”
“Oh, I do like to be beside the seaside”

The beach at Brighton with the pier in the background.

I. Pre-listening activity.
Exercise 1. For better comprehension make sure you know the right pronunciation, meaning and translation of the following
words and word combinations.
A resort, a boarding-house, a promenade, a pier, an arcade, to travel afield, seedy, social security benefits, a lido, an economic recession,
local authorities, crumbling

II. Listening section.

Exercise 2. Listen to the speaker and fill in the missing words. Comment on the past and preferences of the British concerning
travelling. Say how much they have changed.
It is September. The summer holidays are over. People have gone back to work. The children have gone back to school. And,
when we meet people, often they ask us, “What sort of summer did you have? Did you go anywhere nice?”
How do we reply? Perhaps we say, “Oh, we went to Spain for a ___________.”
Or, “We went _____________ in Scotland.”
Or, “We didn’t go anywhere. We just stayed at home and enjoyed the ____________.”
Nowadays, many English people go abroad for their holidays. They go to the Mediterranean, or even to America. More
_____________ people go walking in the Andes, or sunbathing in Thailand, or travelling across India by train, or photographing the
wild animals in South Africa.
A generation or two ago, it was quite ___________. Summer holidays meant a week at an English seaside resort (or, if you
were unlucky, two weeks at an English seaside resort). Seaside resorts had cheap _________ and boarding-houses where people could
stay. They had pubs and cafes and restaurants. They had a promenade (a “prom”) – a broad road or path beside the sea where you could
walk and enjoy the views and the sea air. They had cinemas and theatres, too, to provide __________ in the evenings or when the
weather was bad. They had a beach, of course, where you could swim and build sand castles, and there were donkeys on the beach for
the children to ride. And many seaside resorts had a pier, which ran out into the sea. The piers had cafes, and amusement arcades, and
shops where you could buy postcards and souvenirs, and a place where small boys could fish for ________.
But then things changed. People had more money. And the cost of travelling by air fell ____________. So English people
started to travel further afield for their holidays. They found that they preferred places where it was always hot and sunny in the summer.
Instead of eating fish and chips in the cold and rain in England, they decided that it was better to eat fish and chips in the _____________
in Spain.
The old English seaside resorts ____________. They became seedy and run-down. Many of the hotels and boarding houses
closed, or became homes for people on social security benefits. The lidos (the open-air ______________________) where the children
used to swim became filled with empty beer cans and crisp packets. And, worst of all, in several resorts, the piers were _____________
by the sea or by fire.
Today there are some signs that things are ___________. Because of the economic recession, more people are taking their
holidays at home instead of travelling ____________. The newspapers have invented a new word – “staycation” – for staying at home
for your holiday, or your “vacation” as they call it in America. Some of the old seaside resorts have tried hard to make themselves more
___________ to modern visitors. In the old days, people arrived at a seaside resort by train and stayed for a week. Modern visitors
arrive by car, and many of them stay only for a day. However, people still want to sit on the beach and enjoy the sea, and small girls
with pink bicycles still want to cycle up and down the promenade. So local authorities have ________ some of the crumbling facilities,
and cleared away the litter and cleaned the beaches. New restaurants and cafes have opened. In Weston-super-mare, which is
Birmingham’s favourite seaside resort, they have even built a new pier.

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 To finish, here is a song about the seaside which was very popular a hundred years ago. It is sung by Florrie Ford, who was a
famous music hall singer. She made this recording in 1909. You can find the words on the website, and you will see that the songwriter
wanted to use the word “beside” as many times as possible!
Oh! I do like to be beside the seaside
I do like to be beside the sea!
I do like to be upon the Prom, Prom, Prom!
Where the brass bands play:
“Tiddely-om-pom-pom!”
So just let me be beside the seaside
I’ll be beside myself with glee
And there’s lots of girls beside,
I should like to be beside
Beside the seaside!
Beside the sea!

III. Comprehension check.

Exercise 3. Refute or agree to the following statements.
1. Nowadays many English people don’t travel abroad for their holidays.
2. The British can choose the Mediterranean, America, the Andes, Thailand, India or South Africa as their holiday destination.
3. A generation or two ago summer holidays meant a week or two at an English seaside resort.
4. English seaside resorts had different facilities to provide their visitors with: cheap hotels and boarding-houses to stay in, pubs
and cafes and restaurants to have a meal in, a promenade for walking and enjoying the views and the sea air, cinemas and
theatres to provide amusement, a beach for swimming and building sand castles, donkeys for the children to ride, a pier with
cafes, and amusement arcades, and shops, and, finally, a place where for crabs fishing.
5. Nothing has changed in the preferences of the British for the travelling. They don’t travel further afield for their holidays.
6. The old English seaside resorts became worse.
7. In spite of the decline, many of the hotels and boarding houses remained opened for people of all incomes.
8. The open-air swimming pools are still filled with fresh water and piers still await for the visitors.
9. Blaming the economic recession, more English are taking their holidays at home instead of travelling abroad.
10. The newspapers have invented a new word for staying at home for your holiday.
11. Some of the old seaside resorts have tried hard to make themselves more appealing to modern visitors.
12. Nothing have changed in the travelling habits concerning means of travelling and the time of staying.
13. The local authorities have done nothing to repair some of the shedding facilities, and to clear away the rubbish on the beaches.

Travelling is considered to be the most preferable way of spending holidays. Going somewhere for a week or two is wonderful! Do
you travel a lot? Can you call yourself an experienced traveller? What is the best way to travel? In English we have a saying that “it is better
to travel hopefully than to arrive”. It comes from the 19th century Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson. What does it mean? It is about
our journey through life. Some people look forward all the time to new things. They welcome new opportunities, new things to do, new
things to learn. Even when they are old, they still want to visit new places and meet new people. They are travelling “hopefully” (that is,
“with hope”). Other people have perhaps done many things in their lives, but now they do not want to experience anything new. They have
arrived. Which is better, do you think – to travel hopefully, or to arrive?

Exercise 1. Pair off and get ready to ask your groupmate about his/ her preferences concerning travelling. Fill in the given
questionnaire. Be ready to comment on the results of the quiz.
TRAVEL/ VACATION QUESTIONNAIRE
I said … My partner said …
How often do you travel or take a vacation?
When did you take your last trip? Where did you go? What was the
purpose of your trip?
How do you like to travel – by car, ship, train or plane?
What season do you like to travel in?
Do you like to travel to warm or cold places?
Do you send postcards or photos when you are on vacation or travelling?
What kinds of activities do you do when you are on vacation?
What are some important things you put in your suitcase when you
travel?
If you had a million dollars, where would you travel to? Who would you
go with? What would you do?

Exercise 2. Find the words hidden in the puzzle to speak about travelling in general. Fill in the table with the hidden words.

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Exercise 3. Read the explanation of the hidden words, give their definitions. Read out the sentences with the given words, insert
them and translate the sentences into Russian.
Definition Explanation
Example
A-----------n something supplied for convenience or to satisfy a need: as
While we arrange the ____________ for you where
a lodging, food, and services or travelling space and related
required, airport transfers are not usually included.
services
a place where aircraft can land and take off, usually equipped
A-----t After the plane lands, the pilot telephones the passengers
with hangars, facilities for refueling and repair,
at the departing _________ to inform them that they have
accommodations for passengers, etc.
arrived.
reaching one's destination
A-----l The two aircraft were now parked outside the airport
awaiting the ______ of the lorries the following morning.
a travelling salesperson
A---t Your local travel _________ should be able to help.
the trunks, bags, etc. of a traveller, esp. when packed and
B-----e Payment for excess __________ can be made by credit
being used on a trip
card, cash or check.
to engage ahead of time, as rooms, transportation,
to b - - k Write, write and write some more, and make friends with
performers or performances, etc.
the people before you all commit to ________ing air
tickets.
B----r a dividing line between two countries, states, etc. or the land
Troubles behind, Maggie reaches Minnesota's southern
along it; frontier –
________, two hours from her new home.
B--t a small, open water vehicle propelled by oars, sails, engine,
Possibly this would be used to sail the _______ upstream.
etc.
C----e sail from place to place, as for pleasure or in search of
A seven-night _______ of the islands costs from £ 1,721
something
per person including international and internal flights, full
board accommodation and excursions.

D-------e a starting out, as on a trip or new course of action

In 2006 we are offering two escorted ____________s on
this route.
to e - - - - - e to travel in (a region previously unknown or little known) in
The scenic beauty and the variety of the landscape make
order to learn about its natural features, inhabitants, etc. –
Northern Ireland a great place to ________ on foot.
H-------n the holiday or vacation spent together by a newly married
Can you think of a better place to spend a second
couple
______?
H--e the place where a person (or family) lives; one's dwelling
I returned ______ on Tuesday & did not see her again till
place
Thursday the 27 March.
H-----y a day of freedom from labor; day set aside for leisure
To avoid heavy daytime traffic some drivers travel through
and recreation
the night to their ___________ destination.

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 H---l a commercial establishment providing lodging and, usually,
Grange __________s is a chain of private luxury hotels in
meals and other services for the public, especially for
London.
travellers
J-----y the act or an instance of travelling from one place to
These long and arduous _________s across Europe can
another; trip
last many days, causing terrible suffering to these
sensitive and intelligent animals.
J-t
an engine-propelled airplane The title of the second, ‘United 93’, is the flight number of
one of the four ______s hijacked on 11 September 2001.
P-------r
a person traveling in a train, bus, boat, automobile, etc., esp. Arriving and departing __________s will be kept
one not involved in operating the conveyance completely separate which should make for very easy
transit.
P-----e a wrapped or boxed thing or group of things; parcel
Select the holiday _________ of your choice today and
book your holidays with us.
P------t a government document issued to a citizen for travel
In any case biometric _____________s are likely to be
abroad, subject to visa requirements, certifying identity and
made compulsory by the European Union.
citizenship: it entitles the bearer to the protection of his or
her own country and that of the countries visited
S------r something kept or serving as a reminder of a place, person,
People were busy collecting ________s of the old place.
or occasion
S---t a thing worth seeing
That will be a more pleasing, spectacular _______ than
anything we have known or could ever imagine on earth.
T---n a line of connected railroad cars pulled or pushed by a
How many people do you know or know of who have been
locomotive or locomotives
in _______ crashes?
to t - - - - - l to go from one place to another; make a journey or journeys
I would ask you to note particularly the special
__________ arrangements that have been made.
T--k to travel slowly or laboriously; to go, esp. on foot
The program includes _______king through the
Himalayas, going through the National Parks and Wildlife
reserves.
to t - - p to take a journey, esp. not very long
Good clothing and mountain equipment are essential for a
safe and enjoyable _______.

T-----t a person who makes a tour, esp. for pleasure

V--a an endorsement on a passport, showing that a person has
been granted official entry into or passage through a country
V------n
freedom from any activity; rest; respite; intermission; a
period of rest and freedom from work, study, etc.; time of
recreation, usually a specific interval in a year
The southern part of the district, Solu is much less
frequented by _______s and can be a very rewarding
destination in its own right.
To obtain the ________ you should apply to the Embassy
of the country where you will spend the most time during
your trip.
Otherwise, if you are intent on finding a cheap all-inclusive
family _______ , select a reliable travel agent.

V----e
a relatively long journey or passage by water or, formerly, by Here are displays and maps showing how the world was
land mapped before Cook's ________s of exploration.
Y---t any of various relatively small vessels for pleasure cruises,
By the end of the course you should have enough
racing, etc.
experience to safely skipper a small ______ in familiar
waters by day.

Exercise 4. Summer holidays are over. Usually students travel a lot during their summer vacation. Get ready to share your
impressions about your holidays. The following table may help you.
I. HOLIDAY
1. Time that you spend in 2. To go somewhere for a holiday:
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 another place or another - to go on holiday
country for rest and - to take/spend a holiday
enjoyment: - to go on vacation
- holiday - to take/spend a vacation
- vacation - to go on a trip
- trip
- honeymoon
3. Time when you are allowed 4. To spend a period of days or
to be away from work or weeks away from work:
studies: - to take/ have a holiday
- holiday(s) - to take/ have a vacation
- vacation - to take/ have ....... off
- break
- leave
- day off
- year off/ gap year

5. To be in another place, or 6. Someone who is on holiday:

to be away from work because - holidaymaker
you are having a holiday: - vacationer/ vacationist
- to be on holiday - tourist
- to be on vacation - honeymooners
- to be away on

II. Useful expressions:

HOLIDAY VACATION
- to return/come back from.. - have a nice vacation
- to afford a.... - to plan a … in Europe
- to holiday at home - to work at one’s vacation
- to go to..... - to get a vacation in …
- to leave/ to go on holiday - to vacation in …
- to set off on holidays - to take a vacation trip
- to book a holiday - a vacation trip
- recreative/action holidays
- package holiday

III. Talk about your summer vacation.

- good, excellent, perfect, marvellous, superb, amazing, incredible, restful, exciting.
- bad, awful, terrible, horrible, dull, dreadful, hellish, appalling, atrocious, horrendous, nightmarish, horrific, terrific.
- not very good, so so, uneventful, nothing special.
- to feel rested and relaxed, to have fun, to have a good time, to get away from it all, to go without a hitch, to be a big success, to
be a let-down, to get fed up with, to be a total disaster.
A huge number of people travel a lot around the world. But do you know that there are different ways of travelling? Have you ever
thought that people who travel may be called differently due to the ways they travel and the purpose of their trips and journeys?
Exercise 5. Study the following table about travelling and say what the peculiarities of types of travelling are. Choose from the
table the best name for you as a traveller. Provide the transcription and definitions of the words and phrases. Translate them
into Russian.
1. There are various types 2. Thus, people who travel
of travelling such as... may be called...
- a journey - a traveller
- a trip - a passenger
- a flight - a commuter
- a voyage - a globetrotter
- a cruise - an itinerant
- a crossing - a migrant
- a drive - a nomad
- a ride - a drifter
- a tour - a vagrant
- an expedition - a vagabond
- a trek - a well-travelled
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 - an outing
- an excursion
TRAVELLING
3. To seek breathtaking 4. Travellers' preferences
adventures they vary. Some of them
decide on...... choose to travel……
- making a trip
- undertaking a journey - by land
- going on a trip - by sea
- going abroad/ overseas - by air
- going for outing - by river
- going on an excursion
- going touring
- launching an expedition
- coming over to...
- exploring
- flying
- trekking
- being on the move
- crossing
- drifting
- travelling around/round
- wandering/ bumming/ swanning around/round
- rafting
- sailing
- thumbing a ride
- waving a car
- hitch-hiking
- driving

5. To make their journey exciting, they can travel either by … or by …

- boat - plane
- train - car
- coach - raft
- yacht - bicycle
- horse - motorbike
- helicopter - hot-air balloon
SET-WORK
a) Transcribe the following words.
Vacation, honeymoon, cruise, to launch, excursion, itinerant, voyage, globetrotter, nomad, vagrant, vagabond, expedition, migrant

b) Spell out the words according to the transcription.

[və'keɪʃ(ə)nə], [′autiŋ], [ra:ft], [jɔt], [′trekiŋ], ['wɔndə], [swɔn], [kə′mju:tə], ['krɔsɪŋ], ['hɪʧhaɪkɪŋ]

c) Explain the difference between the words.

travel – trip – tour – journey
holiday – vacation
break – leave – day off – year off
voyage – cruise – crossing – sailing
excursion – expedition – trek – hitch-hiking
going abroad – going overseas
to thumb a ride – to wave a car
ride – drive
commuter – globetrotter – traveller
itinerant – migrant – nomad – drifter – vagrant – vagabond

d) Exclude a word that does not match the line.

• boat – coach – raft – ship – yacht
• bicycle – motorbike – van – scooter
• train – helicopter – plane – hot-air balloon
• vagrant – itinerant – vagabond – honeymooner
• leave – year off – maternity leave – week end

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e) Supply the Russian equivalents for the following words and word combinations.
to book a holiday recreative/ action holiday
package holiday to get away from it all
to be a big success to be a let-down
to undertake a journey to be on the move
to take a vacation trip drifter

f) Supply the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.
позволить себе отпуск проводить отпуск дома
быть полной катастрофой уехать в отпуск
медовый месяц уехать за границу
снарядить экспедицию вернуться из путешествия

g) Fill in the missing prepositions.

to set … … holidays to go … a hitch
to be fed … … sth to wander … sth
to bum … sth to swan … sth
to work … one’s vacation to be … holidays

h) Sort out the adjectives according to their meanings.

nightmarish, marvellous, horrible, uneventful, terrific, appalling, so so, incredible, atrocious, nothing special, amazing, horrendous,
horrific
Positive adjectives Negative adjectives Neutral adjectives

i) Fill in the table.

Surface Type of travelling Means of transport
by land
by air
by sea

i) Study the tables and find the information to answer the following questions:
a. How are some short periods of time called when people can have a rest?
b. What types of travelling are known to you?
c. How can people who are on holidays/ who travel be called?
d. What do people decide on in order to seek breathtaking adventures?
e. Which means of transport do people use when travel?

k) Sum up all the words and expressions from the tables express your attitude towards travelling. Don’t forget to describe your
last holidays as well. Use the following scheme for your answer.
To begin with I should say that I’m (not) an experienced traveller because …
I am for/ against travelling because …
People involved in the sphere of travelling are also called differently. They are … and I can call
myself a/ an … because …
It’s essential to remember that among such types of travelling as … I usually choose … because …
On the one hand, travelling may go without a hitch and be … if one …
On the other hand, travelling may turn a complete disaster and be … if one …
As to my last trip, it was …
I travelled by …
It was … because …
Probably in the future I plan ...

UNIT 2
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 Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't
do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe
harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.
- Mark Twain
Modern life is impossible without travelling. Thousands of people travel every day either on business or for pleasure. They can
travel by air, by rail, by sea or by road. They have different associations connected with travelling.

Exercise 1. Read the poem about travelling. Say what things the author associates with travelling. Does he like to travel?
WHAT IS TRAVELLING FOR ME?
What is travelling for me?
It is the shining sun, the sea;
The golden sand which looks like beads;
The blue-eyed sky and tender breeze.
What do I see when I close my eyes?
A milk-white ship with two red stripes;
The limpid clouds at the dawn
And sun that rises all alone …
And when the twilight falls from height,
The night appears from haven’s gate.
I see the moon in magic light
And stars that sparkle at the night.
That’s what I’m looking for in dreams,
And they are my inspiring beams,
I want to see it, to behold
And travel all over the world.

Exercise 2. Study the table and enumerate the reasons that make people travel. Transcribe and provide the definitions for the
unknown words from the table.
“WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL?”

1. I believe travelling is … 2. People usually make because they want to …

They say travelling is … or go on a …
• exciting • trip • see and experience sth unusual
• thrilling • voyage • learn new things
• fascinating • cruise • see the world
• enjoyable • coach tour • explore far-away places
• useful • walking/ hiking • get to know their country better
• refreshing • cycling • know how other people live, their
• invigorating • journey customs, habits
• stimulating • crossing • visit their friends, relatives
• dangerous • drive • enjoy beautiful scenery
• troublesome • ride • get away from usual routine,
• full of hardships • flight civilization
• expensive/ costly • trek • broaden their outlook
• the best way to spend a • expedition • improve their minds
vacation • outing • get closer to nature
• excursion • get life experience/ fresh ideas/ new
vigour impressions

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 3. There may be different reasons or they want … 4. But one shouldn’t forget that while
for travelling, but many people travelling one may …
travel …
• for recreation • to feel superior to • meet with an accident
• for pleasure others • get killed in an air-crash
• for change of scene • to boast on their • get shipwrecked
• from curiosity travel • get lost
• in search of novelty/ • to brag on their • get travel-sick/ air-sick/ sea-sick/
adventures trip car-sick
• from necessity • to show off • have problems with a companion/
• on business • to put on airs fellow traveller
• in search of health • to give oneself airs • meet with the difficulties to book a
• out of snobbery • to have sth to talk ticket/ flight/ tour or to get a seat/
about cabin/ visa
• to spend money

Exercise 3. Read the opinions of teenagers about the reasons for travelling. Agree or disagree with them.
1. Joan is speaking:
Certain people travel for different reasons. The way I like to travel is to really get to know the people and culture of the
place I go to. I want to familiarize myself with the language and customs, to understand the ways in which other people think.
For me it is a wonderful opportunity to experience a different way of life and to make friends. I travel to see new lands, peoples,
new cultures, for I think, people sometimes feel trapped in their own world and community. It is very important to get the feeling
for the differences in the world and the large size of our Earth. It is the only way to understand our world as a whole. For me
travelling gives a good chance to see the things up close instead of on TV, to taste new foods and traditions other places have, I
travel to learn, to explore, to see new and exciting things, I travel because I am interested in places other than California and the
US, and I like seeing how other people live and trying out their cultures. While travelling I can experience another culture, and
perhaps to appreciate ours more. I also prefer to travel to gain an understanding of different unknown things.
I usually travel alone in order not to bother my old friends with my new acquaintances. You never know whom you are going to
meet. People’s characters differ from country to country. It is great to travel on your own, without anybody who is connected
with your present life so that to have a change and to get rested from your usual routine. Don't you think so?

2. Mark is speaking:
I travel to visit friends and relatives, to have fun and spend time with my family. And the best way to do it is to travel
with my parents because, they are more experienced, and sometimes more tolerant to other cultures. I also like to travel to have a
break in my routines. I usually travel to lose my mind in other things, so that when I return to my daily life everything seems new
and different from when I left. I completely agree that people travel so that they can get rested from work, escape problems, relax
and get away from responsibility. Besides, I believe travel is fun and also a learning experience that I can share with my fellow-
traveller. Travelling with a friend or my relatives gives me a better opportunity to enjoy it. I love to travel for all these reasons
with my buddies. And what about you?

3. Steve is speaking:
People travel for a lot of reasons. Some do it for the status it involves. As far as I am an interpreter I mostly travel on
business with my colleagues. But sometimes I just go sightseeing with somebody who knows a lot about the place they travel to
and can tell me about it. People travel for enjoyment and learning. I like both to visit tourist attractions, enjoy the beauty of the
world and at the same time to learn the differences, gel a better idea of other climates and geographies. I am sure that travelling
abroad gives a wider view of the world and cultures. It gives me a chance to live out my dreams. Besides, it promotes cultural
understanding and gives me a different perspective on my own life. Don't you agree with me?

4. Christine is speaking:
Some people call me a "couch potato", because I don't like to go out. I prefer to watch TV or video in the comfort of my
home. I don't like to travel. Why should I? Travelling is always so troublesome. You have to think about booking tickets, getting
visas, packing all necessary things and plan everything in advance — it's such a routine. More than that, it is dangerous nowadays.
I've heard a lot about air and car-crashes, wrecked ships and a lot of people killed or drowned. Why should I run risks? I don't see
any sense in it. We only live once. They say travelling is a wonderful way to learn about different countries and cultures, to see
the beauty of the world. As for me I can perfectly do it at home. There are many interesting educational programs on TV and a lot

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of books and catalogues. There you can find information about different countries, their history, their customs and traditions. All
you need is to switch on TV or to open a book. It is more enjoyable and less costly. You don’t have to spend your money on
expensive tours or cruises. What's more you never know whom you are going to meet while travelling. You are to deal with a lot
of strangers and I don't like it very much. So, travelling isn't for me.

SET-WORK
1. Transcribe the given words and translate them.
Custom, experience, to trap, colleague, tourist, to explore, status, to appreciate, perspective, environment, wildlife, routine

2. Clarify the difference between:

Tradition – custom – habit; chance – opportunity; environment – surroundings; reason for – cause of; buddy – friend – mate – pal; to
escape sth – to escape from sth

3. Define the given words.

To be/ feel trapped, community, tourist attraction, to appreciate sth, to promote cultural understanding, to experience, to gain an
understanding of sth, culture, learning experience

4. Insert the missing prepositions and translate the word combinations into Russian.
To familiarize oneself … sth, to lose one’s mind … sth, to live … one’s dreams, to bother sb … sth, a perspective … sth, to get the
feeling … the differences

5. Find in the opinions the words or phrases for these definitions:

To get well-informed about
A regular way of doing things
To lack freedom
To understand and enjoy things
The way of judging a situation, problem, giving importance to each part of it
To use sth in order to test it
To experience sth together
Showing willingness to accept different beliefs, customs, behaviour

6. Give all the possible derivatives of the following words:

Habit
Custom
To appreciate
To promote

7. Come up with your own utterance about your reasons for travelling.

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UNIT 3

Travelling is a favorite hobby for thousands of people across the globe. It also offers numerous advantages and benefits to people.
Here's why travelling is important.

I. Pre-listening activity.
Exercise 1. Transcribe, explain the meaning of the given words and word combinations and suggest their Russian equivalents.
Virtue, to bless, precisely, immemorial, infrastructure, whereabouts, barrier, confined, inherent, to rejuvenate, challenge, frustration,
albeit, to heal, to attain, to be bound to do sth, family bonds, to mingle with sth/ sb, apt, to instill, travel bug, to emerge

II. Listening section.

Exercise 2. Listen to the speaker and insert the missing words and word combinations.
The ability to move around from one place to the other is the biggest _________ one can ever have. All humans and animals
have been blessed with this ability, but humans are always a step ___________. We, humans, possess an extraordinary virtue of seeing,
experiencing and learning from it, and this is precisely what makes our _____________ more satisfying and enriching.
Humans have been travelling from time immemorial for a variety of reasons. In an age when there was no infrastructure and
no __________________, even for long-distance journeys, people used to travel on foot or on ___________. Sometimes, these journeys
were extremely long and __________ and it took a person weeks or even months together to reach the ______________. A person who
went on a long-distance journey returned home after years. Till then, his family had either no or very little knowledge regarding his
whereabouts and well-being. In some ___________ cases, a person would never return. In spite of all these barriers and difficulties,
people travelled; not always because they needed to, but many times, also because they loved to. And why not? Travelling not only
takes us to distant lands and _____________ us with different people, but it also tends to break the ___________ of our lives.

Why Should We Travel?

It is indeed very ______________ that some people feel travelling is a sheer waste of time, energy and money. Some also find
travelling an extremely boring ____________. Nevertheless, a good majority of people across the world prefer travelling, rather than
staying inside the confined spaces of their __________. They love to explore new places, meet new people, and see things that they
would not find in their ____________. It is this very popular attitude that has made tourism, one of the most ____________, commercial
sectors in the world.
People travel for various reasons. Some travel for work, others for fun, and some for finding __________________. Though
every person may have his/ her own reason to go on a journey, it is essential to note that travelling, in itself, has some inherent
______________. For one, for some days getting away from everyday _____________ is a pleasant change. It not only refreshes one's
body, but also mind and ___________. Travelling to a ______________ place and doing exciting things that are not thought of
otherwise, can rejuvenate a person, who then returns home, ready to take on new and more difficult challenges in life and work. It makes
a person forget his _____________, problems, frustrations, and fears, albeit for some time. It gives him a chance to think wisely and
_____________. Travelling also helps to heal; it can mend a broken heart.
For many people, travelling is a way to attain ____________, and perhaps, a quest to find answers to their questions. For this,
many people prefer to go to faraway and ____________ places. For believers, it is a search for God and to gain higher knowledge; for
others, it is a search for _________ peace. They might or might not find what they are looking for, but such an experience certainly
___________ their lives.
With people, their culture, thoughts and ideas also travel. When they go from one place to the other, they are bound to meet
people and share their thoughts and experiences with them. This is where ___________ of ideas takes place, and it definitely broadens
a person's ____________. It makes him/ her think in a different way, from a different ____________. When we speak of cultural
influences and exchange, _________ is one of the important factors. The food habits of people say a lot of things about them. It is very
interesting to ___________ new and unknown ways and values; they really add spice to life.
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 Travelling also creates lifelong __________. Whether a person travels solo or with family and friends, the experience definitely
gives him/ her nice and exciting stories, which he/ she can share with people back home. A good long holiday with loved ones enables
him/ her to spend some quality time with them, which in turn, helps to ________ and _________ relationships and creates very strong
one-to-one and family bonds. In fact, travelling away from home and spending time with near and dear one(s) can give the relationship
an entirely ______________ and possibly, people may start understanding each other in a better way.
Above all, travelling and getting away from our homes enables us to spend some time with our own __________. It makes us
more ___________ and more ___________ towards others. It makes it easier for us to meet and mingle with different kinds of people,
and also teaches us to live life ______________.

Travelling for Medical Aid

Thousands of people across the world travel every year from one country to the other in order to get proper and apt medical
___________. Some of them travel from richer countries to poorer ones in quest of __________ medication; some others travel from
poorer countries to more developed ones to get the right medication. Medical tourism is today, one of the most important parts of the
travel and tourism sector and more than 50 countries have identified it as a _______________.
Personal health is what makes travel ______________ important. People here, travel because they don't have a choice in most
cases. One might wonder that if a person gets medical _______ only after he reaches his/ her destination, what importance does travelling
hold in this case? Well, travelling instills _______ in a person. As a person travels and gets more and more closer to the destination, the
hope of getting cured and living a __________ and __________ life ahead goes on increasing. Thus, travelling makes a person more
_________ towards life.
Travelling can therefore be an extremely enchanting and enriching experience that may help improve the ________ of your
life. So, let the travel bug ________ you so that you experience the thrill and the calmness of life at the same time, and emerge a different
person altogether.

By Sucheta Pradhan
III. Comprehension check. Published: 6/4/2013
Exercise 2. Finish up the sentences using the article.
1. The ability to move around from one place to the other is … .
2. A person who went on a long-distance journey returned home … . Till then, his family … regarding his … .
3. In spite of all these barriers and difficulties, people travelled; not always because they needed to, but many times, also because
….
4. Though every person may have his/ her own reason to go on a journey, it is essential to note that travelling, in itself, has … .
5. Travelling also helps … ; it can mend … .
6. For many people, travelling is a way to … , and perhaps, a quest … .
7. For believers, it is … and to gain … ; for others, it is a search for … .
8. Travelling also creates lifelong … .
9. Above all, travelling and getting away from our homes enables us … .
10. Thousands of people across the world travel every year from one country to the other in order to get proper and apt … .
11. Thus, travelling makes a person … .
12. So, let the travel bug bite you so that you experience … and … at the same time, and emerge a … .

Exercise 3. Read out the sentences which resemble the following. Sometimes several sentences are needed to prove the idea.
1. We, humans, possess an extraordinary ability of seeing, experiencing and learning from travelling, and this is precisely what
makes our trips more satisfying and prefect.
2. Humans have been travelling since the ancient times for a variety of reasons.
3. These journeys were extremely long and tiring and it took a person much time to reach the destination.
4. Travelling not only takes us to remote places and helps us gets friends with different people, but it also can break the routine
of our lives.
5. It is indeed very unfortunate that some people feel travelling is a real waste of time, forces and money. Some also find travelling
an extremely tiresome activity.
6. However, a good deal of people all over the world prefers travelling, rather than staying inside their houses.
7. Travelling gives a person a chance to think better and creatively.
8. When we speak of cultural understanding, meals is one of the essential aspects.
9. As a matter of fact, travelling far away and spending time with dearest people can give the relationship an absolutely new
perspective and people are likely to comprehend each other in a better way.
10. Medical tourism nowadays is one of the most significant parts of the travel and tourism sector and more than 50 countries
consider it to be a national industry.
11. Travelling brings hope to people. As a person travels and gets closer to the destination, the hope of getting healed and living a
better life ahead goes on increasing.
12. Travelling can be an absolutely delightful experience that may help make the quality of your life better.

Exercise 4. Come up with your own utterance concerning the importance of travelling.

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UNIT 4

You know people have travelled since the time immemorial. What do you think could be the reasons people travelled for in ancient
times?
Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people
in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. But
how would you personally define the word “tourist?”

Exercise 1. Read the article and say how many official definitions of the term ‘tourist’ are discussed in it. Which aspect of
tourism do the first two definitions not include?
TOURISM DEFINED

1 In 1937 the League of Nations recommended a definition be
adopted of a ‘tourist’ as one who travels for a period of 24 hours
or more in a country other than that in which he usually
5 resides. This was held to include persons travelling for
pleasure, domestic reasons or health, persons travelling to
meetings or on business, and persons visiting a country on a
cruise vessel (even if for less than 24 hours). The principal
10 weakness here is that it ignores the movement of domestic
tourists. Later the United Nations Conference on International
Travel and Tourism, held in Rome in 1963, considered
recommendations put forward by the IUOTO (now the World
15 Tourism Organization) and agreed to the term “visitors” to
describe “any person visiting a country other than that in which
he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than
following an occupation
20 remunerated from within the country visited”. This definition
was to cover two classes of visitors:
a) Tourists, who were classed as temporary visitors staying at
least twenty four hours, whose purpose
25 could be classified as leisure (whether for recreation, health,
sport, holiday, study or religion), or business, family, mission,
or meeting;
b) Excursionists, who were classed as temporary visitors
staying less than twenty four hours, including cruise
30 travellers but excluding travellers in transit.
Once again the definition becomes overly restrictive in failing
to take domestic tourism into account. The inclusion of “study”
in this definition is an interesting one since it often excluded in
35 later definitions, as are courses of education.
A working party for the proposed Institute of Tourism in
Britain (now the Tourism Society) attempted to clarify the
concept, and reported
40 in 1976: “Tourism is the temporary short-term
movement of people to destinations outside the places
where they normally live and work, and activities during
their stay at these destinations; it includes movement for
45 all purposes, as well as day visits or excursions”.
This broader definition was reformulated slightly
without losing any of its simplicity at the International
Conference on Leisure-Recreation-Tourism, held by the
50 AIEST and the Tourism Society in Cardiff in 1981:
“Tourism may be defined in terms of particular
activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the
home environment. Tourism may or may not involve
overnight stays away from home”.
55 The above definitions have been quoted at length
because they reveal how broadly the concept of tourism
must be defined in order to embrace all forms of the
phenomenon. Indeed, the final definition could be
criticized on the grounds that,
60 unless the activities involved are more clearly specified,
it could be applied equally to burglary or any of a
hundred other activities! Here, no guidance on the
particular activities is offered, nor does it get us nearer
the solution as to
65 how far away a tourist must travel from his home base
before he can be termed as such.
Conceptually, then, to define tourism precisely is a
difficult if not impossible task. To produce a technical
definition for statistical purposes is
70 less problematic. As long as it is clear what the data
comprises, and one compares like with like, whether
inter-regionally or internationally, we can leave the
conceptual discussion to academics. With the advent of
75 twentieth century, mass tourism, perhaps the most
accurate definition of a tourist is “someone who travels
to see something different, and then complains when he
finds things are not the same”!

Exercise 2. Match the words and phrases according to the meaning in which they are taken from the text.
1. following an occupation (line 19) a) two sets of data collected under similar conditions
2. remunerated (line 20) b) to include
3. overly restrictive (line 31-32) c) left out
4. excluded (line 34-35) d) doing a job
5. reformulated (line 46) e) includes
6. to embrace (line 57) f) paid
7. comprises (line 71) g) expressed differently
8. like with like (line 71) h) too narrow

Exercise 3. Writers use pronouns, e.g. it, them, and certain phrases, e.g. in this way, such a method, to refer to something
mentioned before or to something which will be mentioned later. Such words and phrases help maintain logical organizations
as well as to reduce unnecessary repetition. As you read you need to be able to recognize what such pronouns and phrases refer
to. Say what the following refer to in the article:

14
 1. ‘that’ (line 4) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
2. ‘This’ (line 5) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
3. ‘it’ (line 10) refers to _____________ in the line _____________
4. ‘he’ (line 18) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
5. ‘it’ (line 34) refers to _____________ in the line _____________
6. ‘the concept’ (line 39) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
7. ‘the phenomenon’ (line 58) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
8. ‘it’ (line 61) refers to _____________ in the line ____________
9. ‘such’ (line 66) refers to _____________ in the line ____________

Exercise 4. In the table, tick the categories that describe a tourist travelling, according to the definition suggested by each of the
organizations listed in the left-hand column.

Organization a) Outside b) Inside c) More than d) Less than e) On f) Not on g) Cruise

own country own country 24 hours 24 hours business business passenger
League of
Nations
UN
Conference
on ITT
Institute of
Tourism
International
Conference
on LRT

Exercise 5. Read the article and single out the stages which promoted the advent of mass tourism in Britain.

“The Origins of Mass Tourism in Britain”

§1. In the late 18th century, sea water gained a reputation for its medicinal properties and as a result many British coastal fishing
villages were transformed into fashionable resorts. Brighton and Weymouth both became popular with genteel holiday-makers after
George III paid them a visit to try and cure the fits of madness from which he suffered. The earliest organization of anything that we
would recognize today as tourism started in the mid-19th century. Thomas Cook is historically credited with organizing the first ever
tourist excursion in 1841 when he sold tickets for a train ride from Leicester to Loughborough as a means of promoting the Temperance
cause. Methodist missionary Henry Lunn pioneered the skiing holiday just a few years later.
§2. It was the Industrial Revolution that really began to open up tourism to the working classes. As a result of the widespread social
and technological reforms a new middle class grew up, whose increased prosperity meant that they could afford to travel. The Bank
Holiday Act of Parliament in 1871, creating four annual holidays and the Factory Act of 1901, which gave the first ever paid annual
holiday allowance of 6 days, provided the necessary legislation to give the working British public leisure time at no financial loss.
§3. The new railways provided cheap travel to seaside resorts such as Scarborough and Blackpool. Public holidays would see a
mass exodus from the large cities of Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds to the coast, for people to be entertained at fun-fairs and shows
catering to the tastes of the working man.
§4. People were also becoming aware of a world outside their own direct experience. Soldiers travelling to foreign countries saw
opportunities and wanted to return in peacetime. The colonial era brought India, Australia, Africa and other parts of the world into the
spotlight of the European colonial powers. The advent of photography provided visual evidence of the existence of the exotic and began
to stir interest among the more adventurous to see sights for themselves. The Taj Mahal, the Pyramids and the Sphinx and the Statue of
Liberty are all examples of famous tourist attractions which we travel to see in real life because we’ve seen pictures of them.
§5. In only a century the holiday has changed beyond recognition. In 1890 a typical family holiday would be a day trip to the
nearest seaside town. Armed with bucket and spade and a picnic, the family would take advantage of the half-a-crown cheap-day
excursions offered by the private companies who ran the new railway network. The 1990s family, however, is far more likely to take a
two-week package tour to the Mediterranean, where the whole family will be paid for before leaving home and one can enjoy guaranteed
sunshine.
SET-WORK

1. Choose a heading for each paragraph of the article by putting a paragraph number next to the appropriate heading.
Paragraph number Heading
a) The first travel agents
b) From day trip to package tour
c) Tourist attractions
d) The development of the package tour
e) The origins of foreign travel
f) The railways and mass travel
g) Sea water cures and the beginning of tourism
h) The role of industrialization in tourism development

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 i) The invention of photography
j) Tourism legislation.

2. Explain the meaning of the following words and supply their Russian equivalents.
to be credited, prosperity, exodus, to run sth , to cater , advent, temperance, spotlight, era

3. Find words in the article with the following meanings:

- changed
- a movement which believes that the use of alcohol is dangerous and morally wrong
- originated
- financial success
- departure
- designed to appeal to
- period of history
- arrival
- something which is strange and unusual because it comes from far away
- a sum of money (today expressed as 12 ½ pence, but obviously worth more in real terms a century ago)

4. Fill in the table with the missing words from the article.
медицинские качества
coastal fishing villages
средство продвижения
the widespread social and technological reforms
ежегодное отпускное пособие
the colonial era
видимое подтверждение
to stir interest
до неузнаваемости

5. Fill in the missing prepositions, read out the sentences with the given word combination and translate them into Russian.
to transform sth … sth to be credited … sth
to open sth … to cater … sth
to become aware … sth to bring … the spotlight … sth
to take advantage … sth

6. Comprehension questions.
1. How did railway building contribute to the growth of tourism?
2. Which paragraph gives reasons for the development of foreign travel? What are the reasons given?
3. “The 1990s family, however, is far more likely to take a two-week package tour to the Mediterranean …” What nationality is
the typical family referred to here? How do you know?

7. Skim and scan.

a) The article mentions 3 people whose names are still prominent in the travel industry. Who are they? Do you know where their names
can be seen today? Find additional information about them.
b) What are the two Acts of Parliament which created the preconditions for mass tourism? What did this legislation provide for?

***8. Find additional information about the origin of mass tourism in Russia.

UNIT 5

16
 There are many types of tourism existing nowadays. The list is practically endless. The more people travel, the more types appear
each time. Some types of tourism are quite traditional, others are extreme and unexpected. Can you differentiate between them?

Exercise 1. Look through the list of travel types and match them with the suggested definitions.

Types of
tourism
adventure t/ agritourism/ archeological t/ backpacking t/ bicycle touring/ bookstore t/ cultural t/ dark t/ disaster t/
ecotourism/ extreme t/ garden t/ heritage t/ hiking/ literary t/ medical t/ mountaineering/ music t/ pop-culture t/
pilgrimage/ sacred t/ safaris/ space t/ volunteer vacation/ wine t

1. ____________ is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or travel to remote areas, where the traveller should expect the
unexpected. It is rapidly growing in popularity as tourists seek unusual holidays, different from the typical beach vacation. According
to the global Adventure Travel Trade Association, it may be any tourist activity including two of the following three components: a
physical activity, a cultural exchange or interaction.

2. ___________ is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. It usually takes place
on trails in rural or wilderness areas.

3. ___________ (also tramping or trekking or bushwalking in some countries) combines hiking and camping in a single trip. A
backpacker hikes into the backcountry to spend one or more nights there, and carries supplies and equipment to satisfy sleeping and
eating needs.

4. ___________ is the sport, hobby or profession of walking, hiking, trekking and climbing up mountains. It is also sometimes known
as alpinism, particularly in Europe. While it began as an all-out attempt to reach the highest point of unclimbed mountains, it has
branched into specializations addressing different aspects of mountains & may now be said to consist of 3 aspects: rock-craft, snow-
craft and skiing, depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. All require great athletic and technical ability, and
experience is also a very important part of the matter.

5. ____________ is a style of vacation which is normally on farms. This may include the chance to help with farming tasks during the
visit. It is often practiced in wine growing regions, as in Italy and Spain. In America, it is wide-spread and includes any farm open to
the public at least part of the year. Tourists can pick fruits and vegetables, ride horses, taste honey, learn about wine, shop in farm gift
shops and farm stands for local and regional produce or hand-crafted gifts, and much more.

6. ____________is an alternative form of cultural tourism, which aims to promote the passion for historical-archaeology and the
conservation of historical sites.

7. ____________ is a leisure travel activity which involves touring, exploring or sightseeing by bicycle. Bicycle tourism can be likened
to backpacking on a bicycle.

8. ____________ is a type of cultural tourism that promotes independent bookstores as a group travel destination. It started as a
grassroots effort to support locally owned and operated bookshops, many of which have struggled to compete with large bookstore
chains and online retailers. The project was initiated in 2003 by Larry Portzline, a writer and college instructor in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania who led "bookstore road trips" to other cities and recognized its potential as a group travel niche and marketing tool. The
movement based on this type encourages schools, libraries, reading groups, and organizations of all sizes to create day-trips and literary
outings to cities and towns with a concentration of independent bookstores. It also encourages local booksellers to attract bibliophiles
to their communities by employing bookstore tourism as an economic development tool. Others benefiting include local retailers,
restaurants, bus companies, and travel professionals. The effort also provides organizations with an outreach opportunity to support
reading and literacy.

9. _____________ is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, especially its arts. It generally focuses on
traditional communities who have diverse customs, unique form of art and distinct social practices, which basically distinguishes it from
other types/forms of culture. It includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as
museums and theatres. It can also include tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (i.e.
festivals, rituals), and their values and lifestyle. It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists
do. This form of tourism is also becoming generally more popular throughout Europe.

10. ______________ or Grief tourism is tourism involving travel to sites associated with death and suffering. This includes castles and
battlefields; sites of disaster, either natural or man made; prisons now open to the public. One of the most notorious destinations for
dark tourism is the Nazi extermination camp at Auschwitz in Poland.
17
11. ______________ is the act of travelling to a disaster area as a matter of curiosity. The behavior can be a nuisance if it hinders rescue,
relief, and recovery operations.

12. ______________ is a form of tourism which appeals to the ecologically and socially conscious. Generally speaking, it focuses on
local culture, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth, and learning new ways to live on the planet; typically involving
travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Sustainable development needs to have social,
economic and environmental needs all together to occur.

13. ______________ or shock tourism is a type of niche tourism involving travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts,
caves, etc.) or participation in dangerous events. It overlaps with extreme sport. The two share the main attraction, "adrenaline rush"
caused by an element of risk, and differing mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism.

14. _____________ is a type of niche tourism involving visits or travel to botanical gardens and places which are significant in the
history of gardening. Tourists often travel individually in countries with which they are familiar but often prefer to join organized garden
tours in countries where they might experience difficulties with language, travel or finding accommodation in the vicinity of the garden.

15. ______________ is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring. This trend
is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people. It
involves visiting historical or industrial sites that may include old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc. The overall purpose is to gain an
appreciation of the past. It also refers to the marketing of a location to members of a diaspora who have distant family roots there.

16. _______________ is a type of cultural tourism that deals with places and events from fictional texts as well as the lives of their
authors. This could include following the route a fictional character charts in a novel, visiting particular settings from a story or tracking
down the haunts of a novelist. Tourists are specifically interested in how places have influenced writing and at the same time how
writing has created place. In addition to visiting author and book sites, tourists often engage in bookstore tourism, browsing local
bookshops for titles specifically related to the sites as well as other regional books and authors.

17. ________________ is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe to the rapidly-growing practice of
travelling to another country to obtain health care. Such services typically include elective procedures as well as complex specialized
surgeries such as joint replacement (knee/ hip), cardiac surgery, dental surgery, and cosmetic surgeries.

18. _______________ is the act of visiting a city or town in order to see a gig or festival. With the presence of the tourist, money is
spent and the local economy benefits.

19. _______________ is the act of travelling to locations featured in literature, film, music, or any other form of popular entertainment.
Popular destinations have included:

• Los Angeles, California film studios.

• New Zealand after The Lord of the Rings was filmed there
• The Louvre in which the book and movie The Da Vinci Code takes place
• Japan for japanophiles or lovers of Japanese pop-culture
• Tunisia, location of the filming of the Star Wars movies

21. In religion and spirituality, a _________ is a long journey or search of great moral significance. Sometimes, it is a journey to a
sacred place or shrine of importance to a person's beliefs and faith. Members of every major religion participate in them. A person who
makes such a journey is called a pilgrim.

22. ______________, or metaphysical tourism, is a growing niche of the travel market. It attracts New Age believers, primarily middle-
aged women, and involves tours and travel to "spiritual hotspots" on the Earth. Destinations are often ancient sites where there is a
mystery concerning their origin or purpose, such as The Pyramids of Egypt, or Stonehenge in England. These travellers see the journey
as more than just tourism and take the trips in order to heal themselves and the world. Part of this may involve rituals involving,
(supposedly), leaving their bodies, possession by spirits (channelling), and recovery of past life memories.

23. A ____________ is an overland journey. It usually refers to a trip by tourists to Africa, traditionally for a big-game hunt and in more
modern times to watch and photograph big game and other wildlife as a holiday.

24. _____________ is the recent phenomenon of individuals paying for space travel, primarily for personal satisfaction. As of 2007, its
opportunities are limited and expensive, with only the Russian Space Agency providing transport. The price for a flight brokered by
Space Adventures to the International Space Station aboard a Soyuz spacecraft is now $30 million. Flights were fully booked until 2009.
Among the primary attractions of this type are the uniqueness of the experience, the thrill and awe of looking at Earth from space, the
experience's notion as an exclusive status symbol, and various advantages of weightlessness.

18
26. _____________ are an opportunity for people to make a positive difference in the lives of others or to help improve or contribute
to society, culture, or the environment while on vacation. It is also a chance for people of nearly any age to immerse themselves in
foreign or challenging circumstances, experience a different culture first-hand, and learn more about the world they live in. This type
attract people from age groups—students on break or who take a year off between high school and college, singles, couples, families
with young children, and older adults. Despite obvious differences among these people, they typically share a desire to “do something
good” while also experiencing new places and challenges in locales they might not otherwise visit.

27. _____________ refers to tourism whose purpose is or includes the tasting, consumption, or purchase of wine, often at or near the
source. It can consist of visits to wineries, vineyards, and restaurants known to offer unique vintages, as well as organized wine tours,
wine festivals, or other special events.
SET-WORK
1. Transcribe the given words and give their Russian equivalents.
Niche, indigenous, notorious, sustainable, diaspora, awe, rural

2. Explain the meaning of the given words.

tramping , wilderness, to overlap, gig, shrine, digital, to immerse

3. Fill in the table with the English equivalents for the given Russian ones and read out the situations they were used in. Translate
them into Russian.
отдалённые территории
ожидать неожиданное
типичный пляжный отдых
удовлетворить потребность в еде и сне
решительная попытка
альтернативная форма
сохранение исторических мест
усилие широких масс
средство экономического развития
грамотность
препятствовать спасательной операции
культурное наследие
выброс адреналина
окрестность
всеобъемлющая цель
сердечно-сосудистая хирургия
зубная хирургия
косметическая хирургия
растущая ниша рынка путешествий
обстоятельства, требующие сил
1) сбор винограда; 2) вино высшего качества

4. Insert the missing prepositions and translate the word combinations.

to branch … specialization to be linked … sth
to compete … sb/ sth to provide sb … sth
to focus … sth to distinguish sth … sth
to appeal … sth to be caused … sth
… addition … sth to contribute … sth

5. Comprehension questions.
1. What are the peculiarities of each type of tourism?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of them?
3. Which country would you advise to visit to experience such type of travelling?
4. Which type would you prefer? Why?
5. Which types of tourism can we experience in Lipetsk?

I. Pre-listening activity.
Exercise 2. Transcribe, explain the meaning of the given words and word combinations and translate them into Russian.
Fragile, misconception, ignorant, exorbitant, luxurious, to opt for, to emphasize, habitat, mandatory, to indulge in, to venture, to abide,
ivory, to poach, biodegradable, glimpse, to propagate

II. Listening section.

Exercise 3. Listen to the speaker and insert the missing words and word combinations.

MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT ECOTOURISM

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 Ecotourism is one of the latest ________ in the travel and tourism industry. As a traveller, we are often ___________ the idea
of ecotourism or geotourism, but we fail to grasp the full __________ of this term. I am therefore listing out the myths and facts behind
this concept to give you a clearer picture about ecotourism.
Ecotourism is a ________ travel option wherein one gets to travel while giving due consideration to the _________ and
______________of the tourist destination. As an eco-traveller, you might be expected to respect the _______________ and
_____________of the destination, protect the flora and fauna and cause as little ___________ as possible on the destination on account
of your travelling. The _________ of visit might have a fragile ecosystem or might be a protected sanctuary. If you happen to love the
idea of ecotourism, then it is essential to understand the whole concept. Listed below are common myths and facts on this topic.
Segregating Myths from Facts
Myth: Ecotourism is very ______________.

Fact: Ah! This is the ____________ misconception about ecotourism. Majority of the travellers around the world prefer to meet
locals, experience the local traditions and cultures of their tourist destination. Most tourist companies try to cash in on this ____________
and promise the best ____________ to sink into the local culture and view the natural ecosystem of the place. An ignorant traveller
might end up ____________ an exorbitant price for enjoying something that is naturally ___________ at a tourist destination. Believe
me, you can enjoy an eco-tour at a cost as low as $5 a day, too.

Myth: Ecotourism hotels are not _____________!

Fact: Quite often it is assumed that ecotourism involves __________________ and staying in _________ in some remote corner of
the globe. This is because ecotourism is advertised with pictures of tribal people, forests, animal-life and accommodation in tents or
tree-houses. Fact is quite the ___________. While an eco-traveller may actually opt to travel in the cheapest possible way,
_____________ or ____________, you might not be aware that ecotourism can be luxurious too. There are plenty of luxury
_____________ that emphasize on ecotourism by giving due respect to carbon footprint, organic food, protection of natural habitat of
fauna, avoiding cultural shock to local people and so on.

Myth: Third world countries are ____________ ecotourism destinations.

Fact: Again a major myth of ecotourism holidays. As a prospective tourist, we believe what we see or presume. However, ecotourism
holidays can take place in _______________ of the world from some remote place in _____________ to some highly popular tourist
city in ______________ or _______________.

Myth: Ecotourism means volunteering ___________________ rather than fun-filled ______________.

Fact: Of course, you may volunteer to take care of the __________ and ____________ of the places that you are visiting. Most people
opting for ecotourism are _______________ who want to help protect the _______________ and help with _______ conservation and
adaptation of energy-efficient _____________. But it is definitely not a mandatory criterion. You may opt for eco-friendly holidays and
yet indulge in _______________ sports like biking, river rafting, snow skiing, etc. You need to plan the adventures based on availability
of sports facility in the country.
Myth: Ecotourism is meant exclusively for _____________.
Fact: It is not mentioned anywhere that ecotourism is meant for ________________ only. In fact, there are plenty of __________
that take an eco-tour together. Single parents with young or teenage children use ecotourism as an ______________ to teach their
children the ____________ of environment conservation.

Things to Remember While on an Eco-tour

There are several books that guide you with tips for venturing on eco-vacations. I have listed five prominent tips that I think are
most important.
• Respect the ______________ and ___________ of the places that you visit. Make sure to __________ appropriately so as to
avoid disrespecting the local people.
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 • Abide by the environment _____________ of the places that you are visiting. Try to protect __________ by avoiding purchase
of products such as ivory, ______, rare feathers, ________ shells etc, which are obtained by poaching endangered species.
Maintain ___________ and avoid terrifying ___________ while you explore forest trails and jungle safaris.
• Try to cut the environmental impact on account of your vacation by acting ___________. If you happen to go on a ___________
trip, then see to it that you clean the site of all kinds of litter and garbage before you leave.
• Try to preserve ___________ natural environment of the places by opting to use biodegradable materials as often as you can.
• Respect the peace and _____________ of local community and try to reduce _______________.
• Consider ecotourism as a special opportunity to live and view life the way people do in other parts of the world. Try to get a
glimpse of their culture and taste their local ___________. Try investing some of your ________ in exploring and propagating
these ecotourism destinations. Keep your ________ and ecological __________ alive by sustaining the beautiful ecology for
future ____________ tourists to that particular destination.
By Anuja Marathe Kanhere
III. Comprehension check. Published: 1/31/2012
Exercise 4. Finish up the sentences using the article.
1. Ecotourism is one … .
2. As an eco-traveler, you might be expected to … .
3. An ignorant traveller might end up … .
4. Quite often it is assumed that ecotourism involves … and … . This is because ecotourism is advertised with … and … or … .
5. Ecotourism holidays can take place in any part of the world from … to … or … .
6. It is not mentioned anywhere that ecotourism is meant for … . In fact, there are plenty of families that … .
7. Being an ecotourist, one must respect the local culture and … .
8. An ecotourist must maintain … and avoid … while you explore … and … .
9. A tourist must also preserve … by … as often as … .
10. All ecotourists must keep … and … by … sustaining the beautiful ecology for … .

Exercise 5. Read out the sentences which resemble the following. Sometimes several sentences are needed to prove the idea.
1. Ecotourism is a tourism type wherein one who travels takes care of the ecology and natural environment of the tourist
destination.
2. The area of visit might have a brittle ecosystem or might be a protected shelter.
3. Majority of the travellers around the world prefer to get acquainted with residents, familiarize with the local traditions and
cultures of their tourist destination.
4. There are plenty of elegant hotels that are aimed at ecotourism by giving appropriate respect to carbon footprint, natural food,
protection of rare species of fauna, avoiding cultural shock to local population and so on.
5. Most people deciding on ecotourism are fond of nature and are eager to help protect the environment and help to preserve
water and implement energy-efficient means of travelling.
6. An ecotourist may count on eco-friendly holidays and at the same time to be engaged into adventure sports like biking, river
rafting, snow skiing, etc.
7. Many families use ecotourism as a possibility to teach their children the necessity of environment preservation.
8. An ecotourist must follow the environment laws of the places that he is visiting. He must protect wildlife by avoiding purchase
of some prohibited products which are obtained by trespassing rare animals.
9. If you happen to go on a camping trip, then see to it that you clean the place of all kinds of wastes and trash before you go
away.
10. See ecotourism as a unique chance to live and view life the way people do in other parts of the world.

Exercise 6. Prepare your own utterance about your favourite type of tourism and suggest some tips of advice for those who
would like to experience it.

UNIT 6

It’s worth mentioning that the tourism industry says it is world's largest growth sector, generating badly needed jobs and income
in poorer countries. But Pope John Paul II has branded mass tourism the new form of exploitation and dismissed tourist villages as places
where visitors lack "any real contact with the culture of the place". Others add that mass tourism has a negative impact on local cultures
and environments and say the locals rarely benefit from the earnings.
Does tourism create exploitation? Or does it bring prosperity to much needed areas? Is responsible tourism possible? What effect
has tourism had on the culture, economy and environment in your area?
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Pre-reading task: For better comprehension of the opinions about the effect of mass tourism, check the translation of the
following words and word combinations. Make sure you know the difference between the words ‘affect’ and ‘effect’!
RULE: Using Affect and Effect
Think of the two words this way: affect is an action; effect is a result.
As a verb, affect means to have an emotional impact on, to influence, to imitate, to inspire. As an adjective, it means imitated, pretended.
Contrast these meanings to those of effect. As a noun, effect means consequence, result. As a verb, it means to cause, to bring about.
Choose the correct word for each sentence.
1. What effect / affect will bleach have on this stain?
2. Emily’s effected / affected accent soon became her normal way of speaking.
3. How will the layoffs affect / effect employee morale?
4. The widow’s story affected / effected everyone in the room.
5. Whether the grim tale would have a lasting effect / affect on the smokers remains to be seen.
6. The managers needed to affect / effect change in the manufacturing department.
7. The emotional affect / effect of the tragedy upon the artist could be seen in his latest work.
8. The increase in unemployment is a direct affect / effect of the weakening economy.

Translate the given word units into Russian.

ecotourism, non-local company, local populace, to obtain, a new form of exploitation, tourist villages, a negative impact, to benefit from
sth, to bring prosperity, underdeveloped areas of the world, a detrimental effect, to be preyed upon, to pay a low wage, a host country,
seasonal, tourist areas, to go back to one’s roots, minimum-wage unskilled labour, a valuable source of income, in question, apart from,
to live in harmony with the environment, the prime reason, brainwashing

Exercise 1. Read the opinions of people coming from different countries about the effect of mass tourism and say whose ideas
you share.
✓ “Tourism is not mass exploitation. I’ve been on both eco-tourism holidays and package tours. In both types of holiday, the
local community benefits positively, and we tourists are happy.” Huw Coxon, UK.
✓ “In the part of Canada I live in, tourism is the largest single part of the economy. While mass tourism to a first world country
does not have any real negative effects, mass tourism to the underdeveloped areas of the world can have a detrimental effect.
Many in those communities may be employed into the tourism industry, but most will be preyed upon and paid a low wage.
When I travel, I go out of my way not to buy package deals and stay in the ‘tourist area’. I know then that the money I spend
goes to the people themselves and not to the few that run the resort. Try it, your vacation will then be a real experience of
those counties’ culture.” Tyler Surrey, Canada.
✓ “Travel is great. Hopefully tourists respect the country and culture of the places they visit. The host country enjoys the
opportunity of showing off their unique land and culture. Maybe out of this people can learn more about the world and get a
good suntan at the same time.” Tracy, Australia.
✓ “I came from Brighton and I lived in a house that housed foreign students from many countries. Tourism brings in jobs but it
has to be remembered that it is also seasonal and often poorly paid. Does England have many tourists in winter? Does
Switzerland get many tourists in summer? Certainly, not. So, tourism depends on the season, but seasons cannot always be
favourable for getting tourists if some natural disasters occur.” Robert Parker, UK.
✓ “On the positive side it can bring some wealth to the tourist areas, such as building work and hotel work. Much of the money
travellers pay for their holiday will stay in the pockets of the travel agents or some other non-local company. Also on the
negative side, the jobs are low-paid, seasonal and low-skilled. In many areas the needs of water for tourism has led to the local
populace having their own water supplies cut or maid more difficult to obtain.” Philip Jeremy, London, UK.
✓ “Thankfully, in the part of Spain where I have family, tourists stay in the tourist areas. What is the point of going to Spain if
you are going to drink British beer in a British-looking pub and eat British food?” Chris Powell, Spain.
✓ “Whether we like it or not, tourism is here to stay. Migration of peoples over years has changed our world as people will
always want to go back to their roots. But one more idea should be mentioned. Tourism exploits the tourists. But if they are
stupid enough to come, let them come, spend their money and think they are seeing the culture.” Gerald Bonnar, New
Zealand.
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✓ “The tourism industry likes to point out that they bring money and jobs to an area, yet most of that money does not stay in
the region. The jobs they bring, for the most part, are minimum-wage unskilled labour, which replaces the living wage, skilled
labour jobs that were there previously (in developed areas) or could exist. A family can’t be supported with a minimum-wage
job, and so workers end up working several jobs, and barely getting by. Why would this be good for a community?” Alpha M.
Schram, Oakland, USA.
✓ “The problem with tourism is that the money people bring into the area probably never leaves the hotel complex. So many
tourists stay within the hotel, and why should they wish to leave when everything is there and included in the price paid for
the holiday. I don’t think tourism is a problem and indeed is a valuable source of income. I believe it is the style of tourism
that should change. People going abroad should get out of the hotel and discover the country in question.” David Claydon, St.
Andrews, UK.
✓ “The last thing the world environment needs is millions of tourists travelling around the world. Apart from the fuel needed,
tourists don’t live in harmony with the environment.” Stephen Baker, Ohio, USA.
✓ In my opinion, mass tourism is brainwashing people. There is, very understandably, so many stereotypes about the countries
or people living there, which have been created by travel agents, media, the Internet and most importantly, those who have
been ‘mass tourists’.” Akira Tamuro, Japan.
✓ “The prime reason for the tourism industry is not to exploit people. On the contrary, it is there to support the ordinary person
trying to make a living in an honest way. It is helping local business. Take away the tourist and you take away the money
going into the tourist areas.” Brian Davids, Melbourne, Australia.

Exercise 2. Comprehension questions:

1) What is the difference between travelling and tourism?
2) As you know, tourism is one of the most developed industries in the world today. But it has both pros and cons. What are they, to
your mind?
3) The tourism industry says it is world's largest growth sector, generating badly needed jobs and income in poorer countries. Do you
agree?
4) As you see the opinions are rather polar! Could you formulate the principle ideas of these people concerning mass tourism? What
are the aspects that bother people (economic, political, and cultural)?
5) Whose opinion is closer to you?
6) What effect would tourism have on the culture, economy and environment in your city? Work out principles for and against it.
7) What is your own attitude towards mass tourism?

Exercise 3. Read the article and comment on the key points of it.
“Mass Tourism: Problems, Challenges and Solutions”
Issued 2010-03-12 http://hotelmule.com/html/48/48-2289.html

While the world faces many problems, most of which affect tourism and hospitality to a greater or lesser degree, there are
four significant general problems that emerge from the articles to be of particular relevance to tourism and hospitality.

The problem of definitions

Despite the fact that the terms ‘tourism’ and ‘hospitality’ are widely used, there continues to be a lack of agreement as to
exactly what each of these encompasses and as to the relationship between them. In this discussion, we take tourism to be an all-
encompassing term covering every aspect of people staying away from home, and hospitality to be a specific aspect of this, dealing
with accommodation and feeding tourists. One difficulty, of course, is that the hospitality industry also feeds and accommodates many
people who are not tourists.
In reality ‘tourism’ is often interpreted quite narrowly, i.e. as the flow of visitors from one country to another. This is because,
like many of the authors of articles, academics and researchers generally rely heavily on the World Tourism Organization (WTO) as
their principal source of data. Yet in many parts of the world, particularly the United States and China, there are very high levels of
domestic tourism. Even today only about 10% of the US population has a passport.
This problem of differentiating between international and domestic tourism is likely to become even more severe. If the
European Union should become the United States of Europe, intra-regional travel within the Union will cease to be international tourism
regardless of its purpose. (Travel between Hong Kong and PRC has already ceased to be international tourist travel, although the volume
of traffic has increased and the purpose changed little.)
It is clear there is also a great deal of inconsistency between data, which is largely due to the problems of definition. Purpose
of visit is one such definitional problem. When tourism is not defined it generally means pleasure tourism, people on holidays, but
formal definitions (like that of the WTO) tend to include anyone travelling. Witt and Song state that 70% of worldwide trips were
holidays, 15% were business and 10% were related to visiting friends and relatives (VFR). Yet the most recent Horwath International
global hotel study (1999) identifies only 50% of occupancy deriving from the leisure traveller and 46% from business guests. From the
hospitality and airline industries’ point of view the business traveller is extremely important and often the major focus of attention and
effort.
The apparent inconsistency in figures is partly because so many pleasure tourists stay in less conventional accommodation. In
Scotland, for example, Scottish Tourist Board figures published in 1999 show that hotel accommodation makes up only about 40% of
total tourist accommodation, excluding VFR beds. Rather too many surveys concentrate solely on hotel guests, thus much less is known
about other staying visitors. Domestic tourists are more likely than international tourists to use accommodation other than hotels as they

23
are better placed to know about alternatives. Until the problems relating to the definitions of tourism and hospitality are resolved and
the definitions become all-encompassing, applying with equal validity to all regions, there are likely to be continued difficulties and
inconsistencies in understanding tourism and travel data and statistics.

The problem of forecasting and predicting growth and change

A feature of this article has been the forecasts about tourism’s future. Witt and Song are clear about which methods work, and
Frechtling makes some telling points about which factors will influence tourism in the next decade. But most econometric and statistical
trend projections are based on the principle of ceteris paribus – all things remaining equal. What if they do not? A feature of the 20th
century, especially the second half of the century, was relative stability in many aspects of tourism, but this may not be true for the 21st
century.
Global tourism is forecast to grow, but overall growth forecasts hide tremendous differences between regions and countries.
According to Teye Africa receives only 4% of all international tourists and only 2% of total international tourism receipts. He shows
that many African countries are economically worse off now than they were 40 years ago, still over-reliant on agricultural and/ or
mineral production, with tourism presenting both cultural and environmental challenges. He concludes that there have been and still are
a myriad of obstacles to tourism development, such as political instability, economic restructuring, human resource constraints, lack of
regional co-operation and a lack of basic infrastructure.
An optimistic view of Europe and North America is that at best their tourism industries are stable. In their respective chapters,
Cook states that short-term growth in US arrivals will be slow, whilst Cleverdon suggests tourism in Europe is growing at a rate of 3%
compared with a global rate of 4%, and its market share is forecast to decline from 59% (1995) to 47% by 2020. On the other hand,
South America looks set for a period of sustained tourism growth. Arrivals have been growing at an annual rate of 9% and
receipts at 12%. It has some tremendous advantages, including its relative proximity to lucrative North American markets, historic and
language links with Europe, and excellent natural resources (rainforest/ Andes/ beaches).
Asia Pacific also seems to be on an upturn. Chamberlain quotes the WTO as forecasting that this region will ‘grow faster than
any other’ and will pass the Americas to become second to Europe in the number of visitor arrivals. This means five times as many
visitors in 2020 as in 1998 – admittedly a low year – although there may be some difficulty in accommodating that number of visitors
and it might pose strains on the infrastructure in the region. Asia Pacific illustrates perfectly how vulnerable these industries are to
unexpected events. The recent financial crisis in this region led to dramatic falls in arrivals, hotel rates and hotel occupancies, not only
in the Pacific region but globally. This kind of event makes forecasting tourism performance in some regions almost impossible. No
one can predict what might happen in the Middle East, the Indian sub-continent and the Russian Federation. Political instability,
economic turbulence and religious differences could all have negative effects on potential tourism development and growth. Overall,
there is evidence of extremely rapid growth in some regions, that this growth will continue, and that other regions will begin to attain a
greater share of tourism in the years ahead. But there is really no such thing as a ‘fair share’ despite what ministers and NTOs say. Not
everywhere needs or can expect to attract large numbers of tourists. Those places that have not grown significantly or do not have major
tourism industries generally are in that position for good reasons. Cetron identified some of these reasons – a lack of perceived
attractions compared to other areas, relative or absolute inaccessibility, unsuitable climate, political regimes which discourage tourism,
problems of security, health and safety, relatively high cost and often a combination of several of these.
What is needed is an examination of which, if any, of these elements are likely to change significantly in the short- to medium-
term future, to understand if those regions are likely to see major increases in tourism. Even then, should such a change in situation
come about, we need to see whether the region is appropriately equipped to handle such an increase effectively. Rapid percentage
growth is rather easy from a low base, but long-term sustained growth is what is important, if indeed it is growth that is desired. If the
world is serious about sustainable development and living within the limits of the resources available, then growth, especially rapid
growth, may not be the pattern desired or acceptable in all regions. This aspect is rarely tackled in forecasts, where the focus is normally
on growth.

The problem of industry characteristics

It seems clear there is going to be continued growth of global brands such as McDonalds and Burger King, Hilton and Holiday
Inn, British Airways, One World Alliance, Thomas Cook and American Express, Avis and Hertz. Despite the fact that the Internet
makes some people suggest the brand is dead, big firms will continue. There are still economies of scale to be achieved by being big,
even in a world of e-commerce, as the AOL–Time Warner merger demonstrates. But the industries will continue to have many small
operators managing unique operations on a local basis. One of the comments frequently made about tourism is its fragmentation and
the difficulty this poses for instituting controls, particularly self-regulation by the industry. It often results in multiple, sometimes
opposing, objectives among different players, which require different solutions in different locations. This is one of the reasons for the
frequent lack of application and success of national master plans. Despite the globalization trends to which Chamberlain and others
refer in this article, there is likely to remain a large element of the tourism industry made up of very small players. The web should
encourage and assist the maintenance of some of this diversity.
The tourism workforce is typically described as having low ability and few skills. Large numbers of young people are employed
in these industries, expected to work long, unsociable hours, paid below average wages resulting in extremely high levels of staff
turnover. This pattern may not be able to continue, if only because in many countries in the developed world there will be fewer young
people to be employed under these or any conditions because of changing demographics. Changes in the composition of populations,
nationally and globally, are likely to have major, if still uncertain effects on all aspects of tourism and hospitality in the coming century.

The problem of climate change

A key problem that tourism and hospitality has to face is climate change. This issue could have greater effects on tomorrow’s
world and tourism and hospitality in particular than anything else discussed so far. Two islands have disappeared already because of
rising sea levels, and the effects of El Nino and weather instability throughout the world have been terrible in recent years. The most
worrying aspect is that very little is known about the full nature or level of these effects. To all intents and purposes the tourism and
24
hospitality industries appear to have buried their heads in the sand and seem intent on ignoring what could be the major problem of the
century.
Some of the likely effects as well as rising sea levels include negative effects on ski areas with fewer days of snow-cover,
increased cloud and rainfall in some areas, and increased temperatures and greater sun exposure in other parts of the world, with general
increased turbulence and unpredictability of weather. Lockmann showed that many of these are serious enough to at least threaten, if
not change, the patterns of tourism and to have significant impacts on hospitality operations.
If sea levels do rise significantly as forecast, many world cities including London, Tokyo, Los Angeles, Washington, Sydney
and Singapore would be under water, as well as Bangladesh, the Maldives, the Seychelles, the Netherlands and Florida among others.
There would be economic, political and social turmoil. Tourism depends on global economic well-being and this would not exist if this
scenario became reality.
At this time, however, it seems that only the insurance and banking industries have begun to take real notice of what is likely
to be a significant problem, not just for our industries but the world as a whole. Even if serious steps are taken to reduce the problem, it
will be decades before the process is reversed, if indeed, it can be reversed.
It is worrying that in general the problem is being ignored by forecasters and by planners. It seems rather naive, for example,
to produce a tourism master plan for a place that might be under water by the time the plan is ready to be implemented.

SET-WORK
1. Transcribe the given words and practise reading them in the sentences from the article. Translate them into Russian.
Severe, inconsistency, occupancy, apparent , alternative, validity, receipt, obstacle, turbulence, diversity, exposure, scenario

2. Explain the meaning of the words and restore the sentences in which they were used in the article.
to affect, to encompass, to cease, lucrative, upturn, vulnerable, to tackle, turnover, El Nino, intent, turmoil, to implement

3. Insert the missing prepositions.

… a greater or lesser degree, to rely … sth, regardless … sth, to derive … sth, … best, … a rate … sth, to look set … sth, to pose strains
… sth/ sb

4. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English ones:

Forecast, intra-regional travel, equal validity, econometric and statistical trend projections, over-reliant, market share, human resource
constraint, dramatic falls in arrivals, hotel rates and hotel occupancies; tourism master plan

5. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian ones:

поток посетителей, объем транспорта, поездки по всему миру, относительная стабильность, огромная разница, основательный
рост туризма, эффективно справляться

6. Provide the synonyms for the following verbs. Recast the sentences with them so as to make them sound similar.
• to increase
1. The percentage of people travelling annually has increased by 10%.
2. The physician increased the dosage from one to four pills.
• to decline
1. Profits declined by 10%.
2. U.S. Embassy officials declined to say Friday when she would be flown back to the United States.
3. His health was declining day by day.
4. I am sorry I must decline your invitation.
• to threaten
1. Do you mean to threaten?
2. Look! A storm is threatening.
3. Famine threatens the district.
4. The city was threatened by the epidemic.
5. The practice threatens to become general.

6. Answer the questions using the information of the article.

1. Why is there the difficulty in defining such notions as ‘tourism’ and ‘hospitality’? Are they interdependent?
2. What’s the difference between international and domestic tourism?
3. What does the percentage of all worldwide trips show? Why are the numbers of business and VFR trips lesser of those
mentioned before?
4. What sorts of accommodation do domestic and international tourists use?
5. What are the factors that will influence tourism in the next decade? Which parts of the world are likely to obtain the growth of
tourism? Which of them can face the decline in this sphere? What are the obvious reasons which can influence them, according
to Cetron?
6. What prevents tourists from visiting Africa?
7. Why is there the rivalry between global brands and small operators? What are the strong and weak points of both?
8. Comment on the problems of the tourism workforce from the point of view of the author of the article.
9. Why is climate change considered to be a key problem? Which weather conditions can influence the tourist areas?

7. Summarize the information given in the opinions and the article and fill in the table. Prepare your utterance.
25
 Positive influence of tourism Negative influence of tourism

UNIT 7

It’s common knowledge that travelling to another country people take not only their luggage along. They take their customs,
traditions, and way of behaviour as well. Why not many people like watching tourists abroad? What’s wrong with them? Should people
possess any knowledge of the country he or she goes to?

Exercise 1. Listen to the speaker, insert the missing words and say if he likes to travel with many tourists.
Travelling gives you _______________________ you cannot find in your own country. You meet local people and get to
_______________________. It’s so exciting. I _______________________ and doing some research on the country or countries I want
to visit. Sometimes I like to plan _______________________, my flights, hotels and tours, etc. For me, the most exciting thing is
arriving in a country with no _______________________ and no _______________. I _______________________ and guest houses.
You get to meet and talk to different and interesting people and _______________________. I also like to visit places that are
_______________________. Being somewhere with thousands of other tourists? It’s not my ______________.

Exercise 2. Read the article and comment on its key points.

BE A TRAVELLER, NOT A TOURIST!

Picture the scene. A lost-looking couple on a street corner of some typical bustling capital city. The guy is wearing a pair of
unflattering shorts, sandals with shabby socks and a T-shirt with an inappropriate sentiment emblazoned across it that probably wasn't
even funny back home and definitely isn't here.
The girl seems completely oblivious to the fact that she's receiving all sorts of attention from the locals, most of it negative,
because she's displaying so much flesh. Her expensive jewellery, therefore, looks even more visible and the huge camera hung ungainly
around his neck is another sign of ostentatious wealth that is attracting glances of envy and scorn in equal measure from passers-by.
They’re both so lost in studying the map in their Lonely Planet guide, turning the book upside down from time to time to see
if that helps, that they wouldn't notice a pick-pocket if he came and jumped up and down in front of them. Of course, pick-pockets don't
do that, so they headed off to their next cross-off-the-hot-list attraction with lighter pockets.
I’m sure by now you're turning your nose up in the air and insisting that you wouldn't dream of behaving like that on your gap
year. That's the behaviour of a tourist, after all, and you're a traveller... but what exactly does that entail?
The debate on the distinction between tourists and travellers may be a facile one, as is now the opinion of many commentators.
After all, the definition of a tourist is simply “a person who makes a tour, especially for pleasure” (Websters Dictionary). That pretty
much covers most of us when we travel, even those of us travelling to volunteer.
However, in making the distinction we are obviously trying to get to something deeper – an understanding of how some of us
try to travel when we go on holiday and how to encourage those who seem to want to build a "Little England" or a "corner of their home
state" to be more open minded when they travel.
So how are you going to do it? What are the golden rules for travelling well and avoiding being tainted with the “just a tourist”
tag and how can you make sure you're a traveller not a tourist on your gap year?

Expect things to be different

It’s hard to put all of your prejudices to one side when you travel, even if you think you're really open-minded. But if you don't
accustom yourself to "Africa time" and accept that not much is going to get done today, you'll be dismissed as mzungu and laughed at
for your uptight attitude. Let it go! Does it really matter if someone was an hour late for your meeting? What's an hour in the grand
scheme of things anyway?
And why should a Bolivian orphanage owner speak good English? Don't let your frustrations at being the gringo mean you
forget that it isn't their problem that you can't communicate with them. Try asking them for help and learn a bit of the local language.
Remember, your gap year will see you being a guest in many countries but that's exactly what you are - a guest - and you need to behave
accordingly.
No matter how good you get at bargaining (and you will get quite adept at it!) you still won't be charged the same amount as
the locals. This is just the way of the world. Don't feel that it's a competition and that one day you will receive this treatment. Long term
travellers who've been in Indonesia for twenty years still get charged more than a local for their fruit and veg, so a gap year traveller
doesn't stand a chance. Just enjoy the bargaining and accept the fact. It's fair.
And food is the other classic problem. One of the signs of 'typical tourist land' is the sight of full restaurants serving the
Southeast Asian version of Spaghetti Carbonara. It's not good grub. And that's because they don't know how to cook it like the Italians
26
do. The Southeast Asians are far better at cooking Southeast Asian cuisine, so give it a go. You can ask them to make it milder if you
need to and people will generally be very accepting of this, but don't just find the nearest KFC or the Golden Arches on arriving
somewhere new or you'll miss out on so much fabulous food.

Dress sensibly
I know you're not going to go for the sandals with socks option but do be careful about what you choose to wear when travelling
and volunteering. Are you planning on taking your favourite Oakley cargo pants and maybe your French Connection t-shirt that goes
everywhere with you? Well, couple that with the new watch your parents gave you as a going-away present and the cool Ray-ban shades
on your head and you'll suddenly look incredibly rich next to your average African villager, with his plastic flip-flops and a T-shirt and
trousers that may be the only ones he owns. And not only will that making a target for petty theft but it will also show up local people
who could potentially be your new friends. The solution? Leave the expensive jewellery and designer labels at home.
Consider buying some clothing whilst you're away on your gap year. This can help you blend in a little better. And opt for a
simple capsule wardrobe when you pack (see other articles on the subject of packing). Don't carry a bum bag with all your valuables in
it and especially avoid bulging wallets as a result of changing all your dollars at once and suddenly becoming a rupee millionaire.

Have respect
Treat the people and places you visit with respect. Try not to focus on a hit list of places to go and try to actually getting to
know your destination. Sitting at a street cafe in Paris, wandering the medinas of Marrakech and visiting the markets of Cusco are going
to feel much more worthwhile than ticking off the temples and all the other sites whose names you'll just forget. Research your
destination, but don't rely on the Lonely Planet so much that you refuse to go into a nice looking place because it's not reviewed in there.
Try not to look lost. Make the map your friend but try and consult it in advance and remember your route – you'll look less like
a target and enjoy the walk better anyway. And if you do get lost, ask people for help, even if it means whipping out your phrase book.
Most locals will be only too happy to help but just be savvy enough to avoid the touts and those who'll expect a tip for the information
or insist on guiding you all the way there via their uncle's carpet shop. Learn to say “no” politely but firmly to those offers or to accept
them for what they are and deal with the hard sell. Local shopkeepers can be obliging and won't expect much from you as a result –
perhaps just buy some water from them.

Live with the locals

Possibly the best way to get a good glimpse into the lives of those around you is to avoid staying at the backpackers' hostels
and hotels around town and rather to arrange with a homestay family, as many i-to-i volunteers do. This experience will give you a great
insight into real life locally and you will learn far more about the culture and customs of the country than you could ever hope to by
observing it from a distance, whilst sipping Coca Cola on your hotel terrace. Relatively few gap year travellers ever try this but those
who do are usually glad they did.

Being a traveller, not a tourist

So, you've worked out what it's all about. Being open-minded, willing to learn things about your destination and yourself that
you didn't know and that may surprise, delight or disappoint you, being respectful of others and their opinions and beliefs – all these
attitudes will allow you to fully embrace the opportunities offered to you during your gap year. It's a question of making the choice as
to how you want to travel and my guess is you don't want to be anything like that couple on the corner!
(by Clare Rabone from http://www.i-to-i.com/gapyear/travller-not-a-tourist.html)

SET-WORK:
1. Fill in the proper names from the article which match the definitions.
blog in the Internet
In Swahili (the lingua franca of East Africa): someone who wanders without purpose / someone constantly on the move.
It came to be applied to all white people in East Africa, as most were encountered as traders, visiting colonial officials
or tourists.
Today, white tourists are often greeted (especially by children) with the cry: "Bye bye mzungu!"
For some reason, they rarely say "Hello mzungu!" when they see one coming...
The most common word to refer to any US citizen.
Folklore says it was generated when the US invaded Mexico, wearing green uniforms, and the people shouted at them
"Green Go Home".
Brand name sunglasses

2. Make sure that you know how to pronounce the following proper names correctly.
Bolivian , Indonesia, Asian, KFC, Golden Arches, Marrakech, Cusco/ Cuzco

3. Transcribe the given words and read out the situations they were used in. Translate them into Russian.
Oblivious, debate, facile, prejudice, spaghetti, fabulous, target, capsule, wallet, rupee, savvy, tout, via, obliging

4. Explain what’s meant by the following words and word combinations and restore the situations they were used in.
a passer-by, a pick-pocket, gap year, to entail, frustration, bargaining, theft, glimpse, I-to-I volunteers, hostel

5. Give the Russian equivalents for the given ones.

27
 bustling capital city, sentiment, ostentatious wealth, scorn, cross-of-the-hot-list attractions, uptight attitude, long term travellers, a
gap year traveller, to give sth a go, bum bag, to give a great insight, to embrace the opportunities, hard sell

6. Give the English equivalents for the given ones.

золотое правило путешествия, ярлык «просто турист», вести себя соответственно, распухший кошелёк, местные жители,
ожидать чаевые, пить маленькими глотками

7. Insert the missing prepositions and translate the given word combinations.
… equal measure, to head … , to taint … sth, to accustom sb … sth, to communicate … sb, to adept … sth, to miss … … sth, to blend
… sth, to tick … sth, to whip … , to work sth …, to be respectful … others, to head … sth

8. Translate the following situations.

1. По мнению многих россиян, Москва – типичная суетливая столица.
2. В большинстве случаев туристы получают негативное отношение со стороны местных жителей, если они выставляют
на показ драгоценности, богатую одежду, с одной стороны, или оголённые части тела, с другой стороны. Дорогие сумки,
фотоаппараты, видеокамеры или мобильные телефоны – вот то, на чём фокусируют своё внимание, как обычные прохожие,
так и воры-карманники.
3. Какие последствия влечёт за собой неподходящее поведение туристов?
4. Автор придерживается мнения, что существует различие между понятиями «турист» и «путешественник».
5. Проводя различие между понятиями «турист» и «путешественник» мы хотим прийти к пониманию чего-то глубокого,
к сущности поведения тех, кто едет просто путешествовать, находясь в отпуске, и тех, кто, приехав в незнакомую страну,
полную удивительных традиций, обычаев и национальных привычек, пытаются создать в ней кусочек своего дома и страны
в новых, уникальных условиях.
6. Существуют ли золотые правила для туристов и стоит ли их придерживаться?
7. Трудно отбросить в сторону все свои предрассудки и предубеждения, когда ты путешествуешь, и стать по-настоящему
готовым воспринимать всё окружающее с открытым сердцем и разумом.
8. Путешествуя, не позволяйте своим предубеждениям взять верх. Не думайте, что кто-то будет разговаривать на вашем
родном языке в чужой стране. Выучите немного фраз из местного языка. Не бойтесь попросить о помощи местных жителей.
В чужой стране вы только гость. И помните – если вы гость, вы должны вести себя соответственно.
9. Во многих странах принято торговаться прежде, чем сделать покупку. Но, несмотря на ваше умение хорошо торговаться,
к вам никогда не будут относиться, как к местному жителю. Такова жизнь!
10. Питание за границей – ещё одна классическая проблема. Не пытайтесь найти в новом месте привычные для вас
торговые точки быстрого питания, или рестораны, предлагающие типичные европейские блюда (особенно, если вы
путешествуете по странам Азии). Просто попросите приготовить выбранное блюдо без экзотических приправ, овощей и
фруктов. Скорее всего, местные кулинары примут эту просьбу как должное. В любом случае, в новой местности не
пропустите шанса попробовать удивительную местную кухню.
11. Одевайтесь в путешествии соответственно стране и ситуации, в которой вы находитесь, особенно если вы едете за
границу в качестве добровольного помощника. Подумайте, как вы будете выглядеть в невероятно богатой одежде известных
дизайнеров на фоне жителей экономически слабо развитых стран или в глазах работодателей.
12. Будьте аккуратнее с деньгами. Не носите сумок на поясе и не показывайте свой набитый деньгами бумажник
незнакомцам. Это может стать причиной кражи.
13. Относитесь с уважением к людям и местам, которые вы посещаете. Сфокусируйтесь на осмотре только тех мест,
которые интересны лично вам. Не обязательно выбирать экскурсию или поездку только потому, что какая-то
достопримечательность отмечена во всех путеводителях, рекламных брошюрах или каталогах путешествий.
14. Постарайтесь не выглядеть потерянным на улицах незнакомого города. Сделайте карту своим другом и
консультируйтесь с ней заранее. Это избавит вас от внимания зазывал или тех, кто потребует чаевые за свою помощь. В
крайнем случае, научитесь говорить твёрдое «нет» тем, кто вас не устраивает.
15. Если вы хотите действительно хорошо рассмотреть страну, избегайте туристических баз или общежитий для туристов.
Попытайтесь устроиться на работу в семью, как это делают многие добровольные помощники, которые приезжают работать
в семейном бизнесе.
16. Работа в семье помогает лучше узнать культуру и традиции страны, в которую вы приезжаете. Вы никогда не сможете
открыть её для себя, держась на дистанции, например, сидя на террасе отеля или в туристическом автобусе.

8. Single out the main idea of each paragraph, reword it and write down the plan of the article.

9. Fill in the table with the examples of behaviour of people travelling abroad.
Examples of behaviour
A Tourist A Traveller

10. Write a two-page long summary of the article under discussion.

Exercise 2. Listen to the tips of advice for those who are going to travel abroad. Insert the missing words. Arrange the parts into
a logical order according to the speaker. Write numbers (from 1 to 5) to tick each part entitled “What to do before leaving?”.
Safety Tips for Travelling Abroad

28
 Travelling to a foreign country is __________ as well as _________. The reasons for excitement and risk are the same - new
places, new people, etc. If you are planning to make a foreign trip in the near future and do not want to become a victim of _________
or face ________________, difficulties, read through the following article to know some safety tips for travelling abroad.
Travelling abroad can be for various reasons like __________, ______________, __________ or any other personal cause.
Out of the above __________, it is only for a vacation that you have plenty of packing time since you plan it well in advance. Other
occasions, generally, come as a __________. Though these occasions are sudden, you should not skip the factor of __________in your
trip. For a vacation, you can think what ________to carry and what should be left at home. But, have you ever thought what you should
do to make your travel trip safe as well as fun. If you stay calm and think ________while planning for a trip abroad, you can be assured
of a safe and enjoyable international trip.

What to Do Before Leaving?

Safety begins at the time of packing for your ________. You should be very careful while selecting your stuff otherwise you
might end up facing unwanted situations. Here are a few suggestions as to what and how much to carry, what to wear, etc., when you
are on your foreign trip.

Know the Local Laws and Customs

• You should have ____________ information about the place you are planning to visit, like its laws and customs. If you are not
fully aware of these things you might unnecessarily get into ___________.
• To avoid unwanted attention, dress like a ___________. Tourists always stand out from the local populace and _________
take advantage of this.

Prescriptions and Documents

• If you are on ___________ while travelling abroad, carry all prescriptions and doctor's letter with you.
• Ask your doctor to mention the names of _________ (if any) and their need in your treatment, so there won't be any issue with
the flight ___________.
• Share your ____________ with your family members and friends i.e., keep photocopies of your __________, ________ and
other important _____________with your relatives or close friends. They should have all information in case of an
__________.
• Keep in touch with them regularly through phone, messages or e-mail, if you are travelling ___________.

Dressing
• You might wonder, how dressing up can help you stay __________ while travelling. But trust me, it makes a lot of difference.
• If your plane is ___________, you should go unnoticed among all people and this can happen only when you are dressed in
________ wear and dull _______. Slacks and T-shirts will help you move ____________ in an emergency.

Money
• Never carry more _________ than required. Try to make maximum use of your ________ and _________ cards.
• Men should keep cash as well as cards in their ________________ whereas women can use a _____________tucked under
the arm so that no one can reach it without their _________. Use different places to keep the cards to avoid credit card problems
such as __________ them all at once.
• When you reach the hotel put your credit/ debit cards in the main _________ of the hotel or in your personal _________ in the
room.

Jewelry
• Do not become a ________ for thieves by wearing attention seeking __________. Keep all ________ and other __________
jewelry at home and wear something light and artificial.
• If you have to carry ____________ jewelry as you will be attending a wedding, keep it in _________ corners of your travel
bags.

Tips to Follow When You Reach the Destination

• When you are in your hotel room, ___________ it for anything unusual. If you locate any such thing, bring it to the notice of
the ____________.
• Plan your __________ and when you have decided the places of your visit, seek help from the hotel staff in finding the exact
__________ of the place to reach there without any difficulty and complications.
• Let your hotel management arrange for your __________ to the desired place because if you plan to go by a _______ or any
other local transport and if it is not ____________, you might face problems.
• You should know where you are going. Take a look at the local _______ before leaving the hotel so you can reach your
destination safely and ____________.
These are the safe travel tips for you. Whenever you are planning an international trip make sure you take into consideration all the
above suggested guidelines and have a safe travelling experience.
By Snehal Motkar
Published: 12/27/2011
UNIT 8
29
 While travelling people choose different means of transport to get to their destination. The majority of people who are in short of
time choose travelling by air as it is fast and safe. What do you think about travelling by air? Have you ever tried it?

Exercise 1. Look through the table and get ready to speak about the peculiarities of air travel. Read out the words from each
column correctly, give their definitions and translate them into Russian.
1. Keep it in mind that you can take a … flight.
- charter - (un)manned
- coast-to-coast - round-the-world
- domestic - scheduled
- cross-country - shakedown
- international - night
- non-stop - 3(4,5,etc)-hour
2. You may choose …
- an airplane - a microlight
- an aircraft/ a jet - a seaplane
- a helicopter - a glider
- an airliner - a transport plane
- an airbus - a biplane
- a light craft - a fighter plane
3. Be sure, the safety of your flight is guaranteed by the crew, consisting of …
- a captain - a flight attendant/ an air-hostess/ a stewardess/ an air
- a co-pilot steward
- a flight engineer - a maintenance crew
- a cabin crew
4. You may enjoy your flight immediately if it is not …
- rescheduled - put back
- delayed - held back
- postponed - cancelled
5. You may have difficulties if …
- you have excess luggage - you are a stowaway
- you try to smuggle sth - your plane hits an air pocket
6. When you have got on the plane which is ready to take off. Don’t forget to …
- take your (passenger, window, middle, aisle) seat
- fasten your seat belt
- stop smoking
7. Ask the air-hostess what a … is for, in case you don’t know it.
- call button - overhead compartment
- tray table - seat control
- seat belts - seat pocket
- porthole - air-sickness bag
- oxygen mask - air-sickness pill
8. On board the plane you can travel/go … class.
- first
- business
- economy

9. Before the departure you have to go through the …

- ticket counter - check-in counter
- security checkpoint - customs and immigration office
30
 - metal detector - departure gate
10. Don’t forget that to board the plane you need your …
- passport - customs declaration form
- visa - boarding pass
11. Finally the plane …
- taxies out on the runway - gains altitude
- speeds up/ picks up speed - reaches the altitude
- takes off/ goes up/ sets off
12. On arrival you can get your … in the baggage claim area.
- baggage = luggage - hamper
- suitcase - duffel bag
- garment bag - trunk
- back-bag/ backpack - valise
13. Remember that while in the airport you can spend some time in a …
- waiting area - gift shop
- concession stand= snack bar - duty-free shop
Have a smooth and pleasant flight!!!

1. Comprehension check. Answer the questions:

1. Which types of flights are known to you?
2. Among the variety of airplanes, what can one choose?
3. Whom does he crew consist of?
4. What can happen to a plane?
5. Which difficulties may one face before, during and after the flight?
6. What is a person equipped with during a flight?
7. What does a passenger go through before the departure?
8. What can a person take along on board a plane? Which documents are necessary to get on a plane?
9. Where does a person spend his time before a flight?

So, you’ve decided on an air travel. In this case you must be aware of the formal procedures that take place in the airport.

Exercise 2. Listen to the dialogues and fill in the gaps with the words from the table. Prepare a good phonetic reading of it.
- Where will you be flying today?
- New York.
- May I see your ________, ___________, and ____________ please?
- Here you go.
- My ________ is on page six of my passport.
- Would you like a ___________ or an ___________ seat?
- ___________, please.
- Do you prefer ___________ or _____________?
- ______________.
- I have 13E available.
- How many pieces of ____________ do you have?
- Two.
- Here's your ___________.
- The plane will ___________ half an hour prior to ___________.
- You'll be leaving from _________ three, on your left.
- Thank you.

I. Pre-listening activity.
Exercise 3. For better comprehension transcribe and explain the meaning of the following words. Translate them into Russian.
Anticipation, to blare, to an extent, to be bound to, to overlook, high profile, to pertain to sth, distraction, restriction, substantially,
approximately, to halt, to afflict with, dicey, to recover from, to meliorate, plethora

II. Listening section.

Exercise 4. Listen to the speaker and fill in the missing words.
Safest Ways to Travel
People around the world travel to various _____________ by different means of transport. Air travel is considered to be the
safest, among them. Here's why...
Travelling is an activity filled with __________, anticipation and _____________. And it just happens that you are travelling
to your sister's place for spending the much awaited Christmas and when the much anticipated date comes, you are all ___________
the journey, with your bags packed, and with your flight tickets ready. And there, you suddenly hear some news channel blaring about
a plane crash. You suddenly feel the blood rushing to your face and you suddenly fall into a ____________, is flying the safest way to

31
travel? I would say, apprehension is tolerable to an extent but getting overly apprehensive about safety during travel is bound to get you
______________ to an extent that you develop a phobia for ________________.

What is The Safest Way to Travel?

When you travel, there are three modes of transport, by _________, by _________ and by ________, and you choose your
pick depending on the place, the distance and the financial aspect. Isn't it? For instance, you take the road __________ if the journey is
barely going to take you an hour or two. Even trains offer good commuting __________. If distance is such, that it can be covered by
air in less time, you prefer flight. And if you are making a trip to an island and you want to experience your first memorable
___________, then there you go, by ship or a cruiser! But each of the above has its set of __________, which might be overlooked but
cannot be avoided, should any situation arise.

In the United States, despite high profile plane ___________, air travel is still sought after as a travelling option, considering
the fact, that the road route has become ________ (or probably more than) unsafe for travelling, pertaining to the number of road
accidents every year. But yes, for most of the road kills, people are responsible themselves as most ignore the driving
____________________ , and also consume excess alcohol before driving. Another major ___________, when travelling by road, is
mobile phone, which is many a time, one of the major causes of untimely and _____________ deaths. But if you consider travelling by
air, I would say, it would be a better ___________ as pilots do not drink before flying and also no one is allowed to use any electronic
device (like mobile phones) that transmits signals. Besides, when travelling by air, there is already enough well preparedness and air
travel restrictions for facing any issue when flying, should any come across!

Also if you take a look at the United States Statistics for 2008, there have been 0.2 _________ accidents per 1 million departures
which is substantially ________ than 1.4 accidents per 1 million departures of 1989. Also in the approximately 28 accidents which
involved large commercial ___________, out of the 10.8 million flights between 2007-2008, there has not been any significant human
casualty, except for material damage. But if one takes a look at the death statistics by road, about 44,000 people have been killed in car
accidents, which is definitely one _________ number. But all said and done, despite the fact that flying is one of the safest ways to
travel, I would say, safety comes with a ___________ that comes from within, for every person. Considering travel by road, make sure
you do not drink and drive. Mobile phones can wait to get your attention. And if your call is that important, then halt by the side of the
road and attend to your calls. In public means of transport like flight, pilots should make sure that they do not drink before flying. Also
before the flight departure, there is a lot of __________ staff involved in servicing the plane well, before it takes off. So from the above
stated, one could draw a conclusion that air travel is probably any time safer than other means of travel.

It is quite strange, when people start thinking about safety only when travelling because there is no __________ in this world,
without risk and no matter what, events destined to happen, will happen! Some people are afflicted with the fear of flying, which I
would say, should not consume them so much, that the fear becomes __________. People, who have been through dicey periods in
flying or might have recovered from road accidents or may have barely escaped a _________ cruise, might have the initial fear of
travelling, because __________ scars take a longer time to heal, with the __________ injuries meliorating faster. However, it is
important to remember in life, fear of flying, or fear of travelling does not _________ that a plethora of dangers may cloud only during
travelling. There are times, when even walking from your home till a departmental store can expose you to unexpected dangers on the
way, you never know!

So if you would ask me about the safest ways to travel, I would say if each of them were safe, then each of them would be
equally unsafe, depending on ________ and the _____________. Make sure you have your travel _____________ too, apart from your
health being insured. So just keep in mind, 'all's well that ends well'. Think ________ when travelling and put aside your fears! After
all, life is too short to waste it in fear and apprehension, when it can be different; ______________ adventure and joy. So, good luck
with your travel plans!
By Narayani Karthik
III. Comprehension check. Published: 10/30/2010
Exercise 4. Agree or disagree to the following statements. Read out the sentence from the article to support your idea. Sometimes
more than one sentence is needed.
1. Among many people air travel is considered to be the safest means of travelling.
2. Travelling is an activity filled with sorrow, lack of expectations and excitement.
3. When you hear a TV channel blabbing about an air crash, one’s face blushes and one is in two minds about the safety of air
travels.
4. Worrying about air travels is fairly good but too much worry will make one distressed and finally may bring one to the fear of
flying.
5. In general there are 3 ways of travelling – by air, by land and by water, and one chooses the route according to the destination,
length and money one possesses.
6. Trains don’t often suggest appropriate services.
7. Each type of travelling has a certain amount of danger, which can be anticipated but can’t be escaped, if such a situation comes.
8. The number of air crashes prevails over car crashes in the USA.
9. Drivers are not to blame for the road crashes and kills, even if they sometimes ignore traffic rules or consume alcoholic
beverages before driving.
10. Mobile phones don’t cause any crashes and unexpected deaths.
11. Air travel can be another variant for getting to the destination as it’s safe because pilots don’t consume alcohol and electronic
equipment is forbidden aboard a plane.
32
 12. Considering the numbers of statistics, road deaths are a cause for distress.
13. The safety of flying depends rather on the crew of a plane than on each and every passenger.
14. People who managed to escape death while travelling may have a phobia of travelling on a psychological level.
15. While travelling one’s health condition is more important than travel insurance.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions using the information from the article.
1. What are the characteristic features of travelling?
2. Can news reports on TV prevent a person from flying?
3. Is apprehension admissible while flying?
4. How many types of travel are there? How does a traveller choose one?
5. Do you agree that each mode of transport is risky or dangerous?
6. Do the numbers of air crashes exceed those of car crashes? Which factors contribute to the crashes?
7. Comment on the numbers of the statistics of air and car crashes in the USA.
8. What makes air travels safer from the point of view of the author of the article?
9. Why do people start thinking of safety only on the eve of a travelling?
10. Why is it so difficult to overcome the fear of flying on a psychological level?
11. Is travel insurance important? Why?
12. Why should one put aside one’s fear while travelling?

Exercise 6. Express your own attitude towards travelling by air using the following scheme.
To begin with I should say that I ... travelling by air.
I find it ... .
Travelling by plane you are sure to get ... .
Besides, you should remember that you can take a ... flight.
It’s worth noting that among different types of airplanes you can choose a ... .
On board a plain your safety is guaranteed by ... ; and you can choose such safety devices as… .
Of course travelling by air can be uncomfortable if ... .
Nowadays you can travel by air to any place you like and/ but it can be ... .
To prove this I can say that ... .
So, in sum ... .

UNIT 9

33
 While travelling people choose different means of transport to get to their destination. The majority of people who prefer safety
choose travelling by train. They say that trains are safe but not as quick as planes, and train tickets are cheaper than tickets for the plane.
What do you think about travelling by train? Have you ever travelled by it? Was your trip a pleasant or nightmarish one?

Exercise 1. Read the poem written by Ogden Nash. Does the author like to travel by trains? How do you know that?

“The Unwinged Ones” by Ogden Nash

I don’t travel on planes.
I travel on trains.
Once in a while, on trains,
I see people who travel on planes.

Every once in a while I’m surrounded

By people whose planes have been grounded
They feel that they have to explain
How they happen to be on a train.

They grumble and fume about how

They’d have been in Miami now.
By the time that they’re passing through Rahway
They should be in Havana or Norway,
And they strongly imply that perhaps,
Since they’re late, the world will collapse.

Sometimes on the train I’m surrounded

By people whose planes have been grounded.
That’s the trouble with trains:
When it fogs, when it smogs, when it rains,
You get people from planes.

Exercise 2. Look through the table and get ready to speak about the peculiarities of train travel. Read out the words from each
column correctly, give their definitions and translate them into Russian.
1. You can choose a … train.
- electric locomotive - through=direct
- steam locomotive - passenger
- international - suburban = local
- Eurocity Express - long-distance
- IC Express (Intercity Express) - mail
- express train - freight train = goods, cargo
- fast
2. On the train you are provided with some civilized comforts, such as ...
- train coach/ carriage/ car - corridor
- buffet/ restaurant/ dining car - luggage rack
- compartment - seats
3. I like travelling by train, for I can always use … carriage/car.
- sleeping - lounge/ club
- reserved seat - buffet/ dining
- first/ second - (non)-smoking
- coach class
34
4. I hate being late. That’s why every time I go by railway, in order to … a train, I try to be in time at the station.
- catch - take
- set on - board
- get on/ into - change
5. I also prefer to book/ reserve tickets…
- beforehand
- in advance
6. I usually travel light and try to carry with me a … only.
- bag - parcel
- handbag - valise
- hat box - satchel
- basket - bum bag=fanny pack/ waist pack
- backpack/ rucksack - string bag
- travel bag - clutch bag
- briefcase/ suitcase - hand luggage with a hotel sticker and luggage label
- package
7. When I have some spare time before the train pulls out of the station, I leave my luggage in the … and go sightseeing.
- cloak-room/ checkroom
- left-luggage room
8. Sometimes I stay in a station concourse to wait for my train and there I am sure to find ...
- arrivals and departures board - station restaurant
- information office - ticket machine
- left luggage lockers - ticket office
- left luggage (office) - timetable
- railway map - waiting room
9. On the platform you can also see ...
- crossing - rail
- departure time indicator - track
- platform clock - trolley
- platform number
10.You can take a … ticket.
- one-way/ single - lower berth
- return - upper berth
- children’s
11. In a train I usually ask a … to bring me the bedding and tea.
- guard
- conductor
- attendant
12. And finally when the train … I take my seat and wave those who came to see me off.
- departs for/ from (some place) - leaves for (some place)
- gets off - starts a journey
- goes off - sets off on a journey
- pulls out of the station
Have a nice and calm journey by train!!!

Exercise 3. Answer the questions using the information from the table.
1. Which types of trains are known to you?
2. Which civilized comforts are provided aboard a train?
3. Which types of carriages are there on a train?
4. Which verbs are used to describe the process of entering the carriage?
5. What can people take along with them while travelling?
6. Where can people leave their luggage? What’s the difference between the words?
7. What can people find in the station concourse?
8. What can people see on the platform?
9. Which types of tickets can passengers get to go by train?
10. Who work on trains?
11. Which verbs are used to describe the process of departure?

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences using the words from the table.
1. Вы не могли бы секунду присмотреть за моими вещами?
2. Вы не могли бы мне сказать, с какого перрона отъезжает этот поезд?
3. Вы не знаете, есть ли вагон-ресторан в этом поезде?
4. Вы не возражаете, если я передвину вашу сумку?
5. Вы не имеете ничего против, если я открою окно?
6. Я хотел бы билет на скорый поезд в Глазго туда и обратно.
7. Когда поезд прибывает в Глазго?
35
 8. Вы не могли бы позвать проводника?

Exercise 5. Choose the appropriate answer and prove your choice.

1: 'I'd like to buy a __________ ticket to London please. I'm leaving today and coming back next Monday.'
• go-and-come-back
• there-and-back
• return
• two-way
2: 'I'm here to meet my friends on the 12:15 from Edinburgh. Can you tell me if the train left Edinburgh __________?'
• on time
• at time
• in time
• of time
3: Rose was hungry on the train journey from Leeds to Manchester so she went to the __________ to get something to eat.
• cafe
• restaurant
• dining room
• buffet car
4: Our train is leaving from __________ 14 at 10 o'clock.
• track
• stand
• place
• platform
5: There were so many people on the train that the seats were full and there was __________ only.
• standing place
• standing spot
• standing room
• standing space
6: 'We are sorry to have to announce that the Leeds train that was due to arrive at 12:20 __________ by one hour and will now
arrive at 13:20.'
• delays
• delayed
• is late
• has been delayed

Exercise 6. Listen to the dialogue about travelling by train and fill in the missing words.
Katerina: Hey, Joel. Have you ever travelled by train?

Joel: Only once, and that was a long time ago when I lived in Orlando. I’m not even sure where the __________________ is in
this city. Why do you ask?

Katerina: I need to go to San Francisco at the end of May for a friend’s wedding, and I’m thinking about taking a ________ instead
of flying.

Joel: That’s a long _______ from Chicago, with a lot of stops. How many days does it take to get there?

Katerina: I just printed out the _________. Let me see... It looks like it’ll take about four- and- a-half days. I would __________,
say, on Tuesday morning and __________ on Saturday afternoon.

Joel: Can I see that? It looks like there are good on-board services, with a ___________ and a __________ on each train.

Katerina: Yeah, I like that. I don’t know if I should go ________ or _________ class. I suppose that’ll depend on the ________. I’ve
heard that the _____________ cars are pretty comfortable, too, so I’m glad about that.

Joel: What day of the week do you have to leave?

Katerina: Let me look at the days of operation. This service runs _____________, so that’s convenient. I’m going to look online to
see how much it’ll cost. It’ll be nice to take a train for a change.

Joel: Let me know what you find out and what you decide. Maybe I’ll look into it for my ______ to Washington in September.

36
Exercise 6. Read the opinions about travelling by train and say if the people speaking like it. Say whose opinion you share.
Nancy is speaking:
Do you like to travel by train? I do. With a train you have speed, comfort and pleasure combined. Besides, travelling by
train is not very expensive: the ticket fare is rather low.
If you want to make a journey you can take a through train and there will be nothing to worry about: trains are usually on time,
as they don’t depend on weather.
You get into your upper berth of a sleeper and watch the beautiful scenes that fly past you until you come to your destination. If
you are hungry, you can have a meal in the dining car.
And then, do you know any place that is more interesting than a big railway station? The crowd at the booking office, passengers
hurrying to board the train, the shouts of the porters … Oh, I love it all!

Sandra is speaking:
I prefer travelling by train. There are some reasons why people choose railroad. Trains are much better than planes:
they’re cheaper, safer, and more comfortable. You can walk around in a train and open the windows. Stations are more convenient
than airports, because you can get on and off in the middle of cities. If you miss a train, you can always catch another one later.
Yes, trains are slower, but speed isn’t everything. Staying alive and enjoying yourself is more important.
If you are going to travel by train you’d better book seats beforehand because if it is summer outside it will be better to t hink of
your trip before the vacation starts.

Agatha is speaking:
Travelling by train is an ideal way to cover vast distances in a short time. That means you’ll see more, learn more and experience
more without sacrificing on the quality of your trip. You’ll have time to appreciate the majestic scenery as you’re whisked away
to exotic locations and world-renowned attractions. But that’s not all. You’ll also be working at a selection of worthwhile projects,
helping to make a difference to the lives of local people and fragile ecosystems. It’s always up to you to decide where to go and
what to do.

Linda is speaking:
Of course the fastest way of travelling is by plane. But many people make their choice on travelling by train. Travelling
by train is of course slower than by air but it also has its advantages. If you are going to travel by train you'd better book seats
beforehand because many people are fond of travelling by train. There are some reasons why people choose railroad. Train is a
cheap means of travelling. If it is summer outside it will be better to think of your trip before the vocation starts. To understand
how true this is, you only have to go to a railway station. There you will see hundreds of people hurrying to catch a train. You'll
waste a lot of time standing near the booking-office trying to buy a ticket. Modern trains have very comfortable seats in all
passenger cars, and there are sleeping-cars and dining-cars which make even the longest journey enjoyable. You can buy first-
class, second-class and third-class sleepers in a separate compartment. If you are early before the train starts you can leave your
suitcases in the compartment and walk up and down the platform. Some people forget when and from which platform and track
their train will be off. They can always ask for the track, platform and train numbers at the railroad station information bureau
and also get information about next trains and their schedules. There are express, slow and long-distance trains. If you want to go
somewhere and get there as quickly as possible you'd better know that express trains only stop at the largest stations while slow
trains stop at all stations. You can get to far countries only by a long-distance train. Once you are in your compartment you have
to ask the guide to bring in the bedding. There are usually two lower and two upper berths in a third-class sleeper compartment.
Some people like to occupy upper berths because it is more convenient and exciting to travel. During your way on the train you
can read newspapers, books, look out of the window, drink tea, and communicate with your neighbours or sleep. I prefer to look
out of the window, because you can see the country you are passing through, and not only the clouds as when you are flying. You
can have something to eat at the stations when the train makes stops. Though we all seem to agree that the future belongs to air
transport, the railroads today still carry a lot of passengers and goods.

Exercise 7. Look through the opinions and find the English equivalents for the following word combinations.
плата за билет; носильщики; проехать долгие расстояния; грандиозные пейзажи; быстро удаляться; экзотические места;
знаменитые на весь мир достопримечательности; проекты, приносящие результат; хрупкие эко-системы

I. Pre-reading activity.
Exercise 8. For better comprehension check the pronunciation, the meaning and the translation of the following words.
To disembark, carry-on, to erase, to whir, a bookworm, to jot sth down, handy, compulsory, a no-brainer, an outlet, a pashmina, snug,
a kit, ATM, culinary, to crave for sth, a pitfall, to keep at bay, to hog, paperwork

II. Listening section.

Exercise 9. Listen to the speaker and fill in the missing words.
What to Pack When You Travel by Train?

37
 Packing for a journey is made up of two parts: packing items that you need for your ____________ and packing stuff for the
___________ itself. So what should you pack for a train trip? Scroll below to find out.

Of all the modes of transportation, train travel is often the most ________________, when it comes to packing. Like plane
trips, you are allowed 1 or 2 carry-on bags and heavier baggage, which should be ____________. You cannot access checked-in
baggage, until you disembark. When it comes to carry-on baggage, which travel accessories are really necessary? The ironic thing about
packing (especially _______________ packing), is that you realize what you should and shouldn't have packed, only when you have
boarded the train. You can ___________ such irony by packing right. In this article, learn what items should make it or be erased from
your train travel packing list.

How to Pack for a Train Trip

Carry Your Own Entertainment

Train journeys can be a moving visual ____________ with scenic views and outdoor beauty, but after a while, the countryside
seems to look the same. Come nighttime, and you won't be able to see anything outside; so, pack something that will amuse you on the
journey or keep your brain cells whirring.
Bookworms should make the most of a train trip by indulging in some heavy-duty, uninterrupted reading. Pack a novel or two
(or even more) to ________ into your seat and read. A book of puzzles or brain-teasers will also keep you on your mental toes. Grab
some magazines or comics for light reading. You can also pack a lightweight journal or diary and jot down notes. An e-Reader saves
you the hassle of carrying heavy books, as it can store a whole __________________ in one small device. If you are travelling with
____________, then get a portable board game like a miniature chess set or a deck of cards.
If books are not your cup of tea, then get along a portable DVD player, a handheld game console or a tablet PC for your
multimedia ____________. A tablet PC is the most handy of all gadgets for a train trip; it is easy to carry around, use and store. Plus it
allows you to do a variety of ____________ on a single device. Laptops fall into the same category. With Wi-Fi available on most train
___________, you can surf the Web to keep yourself amused.
You could just pack an iPod and listen to music. Headphones are compulsory to avoid ___________ those around you. In all
this talk of gadgets, your ___________ is a no-brainer. Another essential electronic accessory is the charger for a said gadget as
electronic gadgets will _________ of battery juice at some point or the other.
The amount and location of power outlets on a train, differ based on the type of seat (first-class has an outlet at every seat), so
charge devices before making the train trip or get a lot of _____________, if you can't find a free power outlet. If you're travelling with
kids, remember that they get very bored very easily and quickly. Pack some small _________ or a board game or ____________ and
crayons to keep them (and you) happy.

Make Your Journey Comfortable

Whether this is your first train trip or your fiftieth, two "comfort" items needed for long distance train trips are a light blanket
and a pillow. It can get cold at night in the train, so get a lightweight small blanket or a pashmina that ___________measily to store in
your bag; yet is snug enough to keep you warm. Instead of leaning your head on the window screen or struggling with the seat, get a
travel pillow to lay your head on. A train ___________ can provide a pillow if available but you may not feel that comfortable. A
compressible foam pillow is ideal as it is conveniently __________. If you experience neck pain, get a neck pillow for added support.
Other comfort items that can be included in your train packing ____________ are as given below.
✓ Keep basic __________ or a toiletry kit, which contains soap, floss, toothbrush and toothpaste.
✓ Tissues or paper towels are needed for wiping up a spill or to wipe hands clean. For washing your face sans water, pack some
antibacterial wet wipes.
✓ A small face towel, skin moisturizer, deodorant and face wash will keep you looking ___________ throughout the trip.
✓ In case of a long train journey, keeping yourself groomed can be a problem. Guys can pack an electronic shaving kit, so all
they need is a power outlet. If not, they can pack a portable shaver and shaving cream.
✓ Ladies can keep a portable makeup kit with bare essentials like eye shadow, foundation and lipstick. A small comb or hair
brush is a must-have for both sexes.
✓ Eye care items such as contact lens solution should be carried. Get some ___________ to soothe dry eyes during the journey.
✓ For a sound and uninterrupted sleep, get a pair of earplugs and an eye mask to block out noise and light.
✓ Pack a spare change of clothes and an extra pair of socks in your carry-on bag. Try to pack wrinkle-resistant clothes.
✓ Kids on board means, an extra set of clothes for each child, especially for _________. Pack an extra blanket or two.
38
 ✓ Keep cash handy with you as there are no ATMs on trains and you will be able to withdraw money only at the next station.
Carry a reasonable amount and a little extra in case of an emergency.
✓ The motion of the train, inactivity or too much disturbance can give you a _________, so remember to store a strip of Tylenol
or pain-relief medication for any aches and pains.

Bare Necessities: Food and Water

Yes, you do get food and water on the train. Overnight journeys and long distance trips will give you a chance to enjoy a nice
meal in the train's dining car. There is a snack bar from where you buy certain foods and beverages. But don't depend on the train's
culinary ___________ completely. Certain items you may be craving for at a particular moment, may not be ___________. The dining
car and snack bar will be open at fixed timings. And snacking in a train can get expensive. So avoid such pitfalls, by carrying around
your own set of culinary rations. This does not mean bringing the entire _________. Some satisfying snacks to store with you for a train
trip are:
✓ Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, especially those that won't get crushed
✓ _____________, especially if you smoke to keep those nicotine pangs at bay (smoking on the train is not allowed!)
✓ Crackers or chips
✓ Granola and energy bars
✓ Nuts and __________
✓ Wedges and nubs of cheese
✓ Simple, spill-free sandwiches like peanut butter
✓ Ready-to-eat meals with no cooking ____________
✓ Flask of coffee or tea
✓ Juice packs
A word of caution: Depending on how long your journey is, pack snacks ___________; else, you may find yourself hogging.
Do not pack any food items that require refrigeration or reheating, as there are no such facilities on the train. Drinking alcoholic
beverages at your seat, is allowed only in the _______________. There is tap water on the train, but carry your own bottle of water,
especially for a short trip.
Along with your travel items, remember to store the necessary train paperwork, such as your _________ or _____________.
Keep your ticket or pass at hand in your carry-on bag, as you will need to show it to train _________, while boarding the train or during
your journey. While packing for train travel, remember that there's a __________ to how much you can carry. Two carry-on bags are
allowed and their individual weight should not _________ 50 pounds. There are limits prescribed to the physical size of the bags as
well. Pack wisely and minimally; try to take items that serve multiple purposes and are compact.
By Rave Uno
III. Comprehension check. Published: 5/16/2012
Exercise 10. Match the beginning of the sentence with its ending and translate them into Russian.
1. Of all the modes of transportation, train travel is …
2. Train journeys can be a moving visual treat with scenic views and outdoor beauty, but …
3. Pack something that will amuse you on the journey or …
4. Bookworms should make the most of a train trip by …
5. A book of puzzles or brain-teasers will …
6. An e-Reader saves you the hassle of …
7. If you are travelling with company, then …
8. Another essential electronic accessory is …
9. If you're travelling with kids …
10. Two "comfort" items needed for long distance train trips are …
11. Instead of leaning your head on the window screen or struggling with the seat …
12. Overnight journeys and long distance trips will give you …
13. The dining car and snack bar …
14. Depending on how long your journey is …
15. Do not pack any food items …
16. Along with your travel items, remember to …
17. Pack wisely and minimally …

a) remember that they get very bored very easily and quickly.
b) keep your brain cells whirring.
c) often the most confusing, when it comes to packing.
d) will be open at fixed timings.
e) get a portable board game like a miniature chess set or a deck of cards.
f) try to take items that serve multiple purposes and are compact.
g) get a travel pillow to lay your head on.
h) after a while, the countryside seems to look the same.
i) a light blanket and a pillow.
j) a chance to enjoy a nice meal in the train's dining car.
k) indulging in some heavy-duty, uninterrupted reading.
l) store the necessary train paperwork, such as your ticket or rail pass.
m) will also keep you on your mental toes.
39
 n) pack snacks accordingly; else, you may find yourself hogging.
o) carrying heavy books, as it can store a whole library of literature in one small device.
p) that require refrigeration or reheating, as there are no such facilities on the train.
q) the charger for a said gadget as electronic gadgets will run out of battery juice at some point or the other.

Exercise 11. Answer the questions using the information from the article.
1. Why can train travelling be confusing?
2. What is the ironic thing about packing?
3. Why is it necessary to carry one’s own entertainment?
4. What should bookworms take along?
5. Which multimedia gadgets can entertain the one who isn’t keen on reading?
6. Can a charge device be used on board a train?
7. What are the essential entertainment things for those travelling with kids?
8. How can one make his travel comfortable?
9. Where can one get food on the train?
10. What should one know about the work of a dining car and a snack bar?
11. Which food items should one carry along while travelling by train?
12. Are alcoholic beverages allowed on board a train?
13. Which necessary paperwork should one always possess?
14. What’s the “golden rule” for packing?

Exercise 12. Express your own attitude towards travelling by train using the following scheme.
To tell the truth I ... travelling by train.
I really find it ... .
Travelling by train you can get ... .
As to the trains there’re different types of them and you can choose a ... train .
Interestingly, on board a train you’ll cooperate with ... .
Besides, you can meet ... .
As to my luggage, I usually take a ... and ... along.
The advantages of travelling by train are the following ... .
But of course there can be some disadvantages such as ... .
I can’t but mention some details concerning travelling by train in different countries. They go like
this ...
So, to cap it up, I can say that travelling by train ... for me, if ... .

UNIT 10

40
 Ships were once the only way to travel across the oceans. Before airplanes, it took many weeks or months to travel around the
world. Today, many people still travel by ship when crossing smaller bodies of water. Some ships, called ferries, allow people to bring their
cars with them onto the ship. Some people also like to travel by ship as part of a holiday. These holiday ships, called cruise ships, stop in
several interesting ports along the voyage.
Different people prefer different types of ships while travelling by sea. Which types of travelling by water do you remember? What
types of ships do you know? Have you ever travelled by ship?

Exercise 1. Look through the table and get ready to speak about the peculiarities of ship travel. Read out the words from each
column correctly, give their definitions and translate them into Russian.
1. One can choose any of the suggested types of ships. For example one can choose …
- a ship - a cabin cruiser
- a liner - a ferry
- a steamer - a speedboat
- a yacht - a rowing boat(Br)/ a rowboat (Am)
- a catamaran - a houseboat
- a hovercraft
2. If one is a risky person. S/he can choose …
- a surfboard - a dinghy/ a lifeboat
- a canoe(Br)/ kayak (Am) - a launch
- a submarine - a powerboat
- a raft - a punt
- an ark
3. There are other types of ships, which are used to deliver different goods. For example …
- an oil tanker - a container ship
- a trawler - a cargo ship/ boat
- a tug - a barge
4. Parts of a ship are the following …
- a hull - a sail
- a keel - a bow
- a stern - a rudder
- a deck - a funnel
- a cabin with portholes - an anchor
- a mast - a propeller
5. A sea travel depends on weather conditions. You may face …
- calm sea - waves
- breeze - rough sea
- light/ strong wind - severe/ violent storm
- choppy sea
6. People on a ship are …
- a captain - a seaman
- a navigator - a steward
- a mate - crew
- a deckhand - a ship's boy/ sea cadet
- a sailor

41
7. Ships have lots of special equipments intended for navigating a ship and safety of passengers. Among them one may find …
- a steering wheel - a rope
- a compass - a bunk
- oars - a life jacket
8. Verbs connected with sea travelling are the following …
- to be put ashore - to go aboard
- to be sea-sick - to load
- to board - to navigate
- to embark/ to disembark - to set sail

SET-WORK
1. Answer the questions.
1. What ships are used to deliver passengers?
2. What ships are used to deliver goods?
3.What kinds of water means of transport can be considered to be romantic? Explain your choice.
4.What kinds of water means of transport can be considered to be extreme or adventurous? Explain your choice.
5. What water means of transport would you choose if you travel:
a. alone,
b. with your beloved,
c. with your friend,
d. with your parents,
e. with a group of your groupmates.
Explain your choice.

2. Divide the given words into 4 groups.

compass, anchor, lifejacket, oil tanker, seaman, ferry, bow, captain, rope, mate, yacht, rudder, mast, bunks, deckhand, liner, crew, submarine
1. PEOPLE ON A SHIP ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. KINDS OF SHIPS AND BOATS …………………………………………………………………………………
3. PARTS OF A SHIP ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. SHIP EQUIPMENT ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. What kinds of ships or boats are these?

➢ A fishing boat with a net ____________________________________________________________
➢ To move this boat you have to use oars ________________________________________________
➢ You can travel along the sea-bed in it __________________________________________________
➢ This vessel does not only take passengers but also their cars _______________________________
➢ Noah built the most famous one ______________________________________________________
➢ If you like sailing, this boat is the best solution for you _____________________________________

4. Complete the text with the given words: ashore, aboard, quayside, voyage, cabin, deck, seasick, cruise, captain, sail, port, sea.
I remember it very well. We were standing on the ___________ at the ________________ of Dover. It was the first stage of our
oceanic ______________ - ‘the _______________ of a lifetime’ or so we thought at the time. After standing in a long queue we finally
went _______________. We settled into our ____________________, unpacked our suitcases, and went up on ______________. The view was
beautiful: calm ____________ and the sunset. When we were just about to set ______________ I began feeling _________________. The rest
of our journey I spent on the bridge asking the _______________ if there was any chance to be put ______________ sooner than it was
planned in our itinerary. He flatly refused.

Exercise 2. Read the opinions about travelling by sea. Christine, Jerome and Bernard have different ideas about ship travelling.
Be ready to say what their ideas are.
Christine is speaking.
Trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. I like them very much. I’ve travelled a lot by sea and can assure you that it
is the best way to travel if you want to have rest and relax. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim,
meet interesting people and enjoy good food. Some people may say that sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are
prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of travelling on ship. But what could be better than travelling
by ship, when the sea is calm and the sun is shining. The ship lulls you to and you are sitting on the deck and think about nothing
but your trip. Isn’t it great?

Jerome is speaking.
I don’t think that travelling by sea is my favourite way of travelling. Even if everything is so beautiful around, but you’re seasick,
nothing will make you feel better even the view, the sun and the sea. So you see, I object to sea trips strongly. A sea trip does you
good when you are going to have a couple of months of it, but for a week, it is wicked.
You start on Monday with the ideas implanted in your bosom that you are going to enjoy yourself. You wave an airy adieu to the
boys on shore, light your biggest pipe and swagger around the deck as if you were Captain Cook, Sir Francis Drake, and Christopher

42
Columbus all rolled into one. On Tuesday, you wish you hadn’t come. On Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, you wish you were
dead. On Saturday you are able to swallow a little tea, and to sit up on deck, and answer with a sweet smile when kind-hearted
people ask you how you feel now. On Sunday, you begin to walk about again, and take solid food. And on Monday morning, as,
with your bag and umbrella in your hand, you stand by the gunwale, waiting to step ashore, you begin to thoroughly like it.

Bernard is speaking.

Having lived the 20th century now we can say how many facilities it gave us. So many things were invented, that it's impossible
to count them! As to the transport, the innovations concerned it most of all. A lot of new means of communication became very
popular at the end of 90s. And now people have a possibility of choosing the way of travelling they wish to use. Travelling by ship
was very popular at the end of 19th century, but now with the development of air-transport it doesn't lose its actuality because
more and more holiday-makers prefer it. They say that they feel different after a week on board a ship. It is very pleasant to feel
the deck of the ship under the feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind blowing into the face and hear
the cries of seagulls. Sea air does a lot of good to a person. Of course, one shouldn't stay in the cabin, but go to the deck where one
can watch the sun rise and set which is an unforgettable sight. On luxurious ships you can find a wide choice of sport and
entertainment facilities where you can spend time with pleasure such as a swimming pool, a casino, a restaurant, a night club, a
library, a bowling and several restaurants. But tickets for such voyages are very expensive, that’s why only rich people can afford
it. Things are a bit worse when the sea is rough. For poor sailors, that is for people who get sea-sick, a sea voyage is out of the
question. The only thing for them is to take a medicine and try to sleep in the cabin. I consider travelling by sea to be very attractive
and interesting but only for people who really like to travel.

Exercise 3. Give the English for: растянуть, укачивать, возражать, злой, грудь/ душа, воздушный поцелуй, важничать, твёрдый,
не может быть и речи

I. Pre-reading activity:
Exercise 4. For better comprehension check the pronunciation, the meaning and the translation of the following words.
To overtake, in reverse, rev, to moor, to swap, towpath, heron

II. Listening section.

Exercise 5. Listen to the speaker and fill in the missing words. Get ready to speak about the peculiarities of travelling by a canal
boat.
Travelling slowly is best
Posted by Peter 16 June 2009

Boat on a canal near Worcester

It was late afternoon when we arrived at the _____________ to find our canal boat. One of the staff took us round the boat, to
show us how things worked. Then he gave me the keys. The boat was ours, for the next week, at least.
The first thing you learn about an English canal boat is that it is slow. It is, in fact, almost the ___________ form of transport
you can think of. Small children riding bicycles overtake you. People walking their dogs on the towpath overtake you.
Perhaps you think that sailing a canal boat is easy. It must be easier than a car, you think, because it goes so slowly. Wrong.
Sailing a canal boat is _____________.
To start with, there are no brakes. “If you want to stop,” the man in the boatyard told us, “you put the _________ in reverse.”
OK – I put the engine in reverse. The boat takes no notice. It keeps going forward. In a panic, I _________ the engine revs [i.e. I made
the engine go faster]. Gradually, the boat slows down, and eventually stops. It takes me about 50 meters to stop a canal boat travelling
at walking _________. Amazing.
Then the trouble starts. You can only steer a canal boat if it is going _________. If the canal boat stops or goes backwards, it
goes where it wants to go, not where you want to go. Generally, the canal boat wants to __________ in front of a boat coming the other

43
way. If there is no boat coming the other way, the canal boat will probably want to drift to the side of the canal where it will run aground
in the mud. You then have to spend several minutes ___________ the boat ________ the mud.
Now, suppose you want to turn the boat round, to go the other way. Turning round is _________ in a car. However, the canal
boat is 15 meters long, while the canal is only 10 meters wide. You need a special wide bit of canal, called a “winding hole”, to turn the
boat round. You look at the map. No problem, there is a winding hole only 5 kilometers down the canal. Then you remember. The canal
boat will take an hour to travel 5 kilometers.
You sometimes hear car drivers say that “parking is a ___________”. They know nothing. They should try mooring a canal
boat. (“Mooring” is the proper word for parking a boat). First you have to _________ the boat. Then you have to persuade it to move
__________ the bank and _____________ the middle of the canal. Everyone on the canal boat, except you, the driver, has to jump onto
the canal bank. You throw them ropes to ________ the boat to the bank. The ropes fall in the canal. You pull them out of the water and
throw them again. A group of people watch with interest as your helpers make the boat fast. (The word “fast” has two completely
different meanings in English – generally, it is the opposite of “slow”; but sometimes it means “cannot move”. So, if I “make a boat
fast”, I mean that I tie it to the bank with ropes so that it cannot move. English is a crazy language!)
The people who built the canals liked to play ________ on canal users. A favourite trick is to put a canal ________ just before
a bend in the canal. That makes it impossible to see whether another boat is coming the other way. Another trick is to make some bits
of canal so ___________ that two boats cannot pass each other. When you find a narrow section, you have to stop (if the boat is in a
good mood), and send someone to walk along the towpath with a mobile phone, to phone you when they can see that there is no boat
coming the other way.
But at least there are no _______________ on the canal, you say. Wrong. At busy times, you may have to wait an hour or more
to take your boat through a set of __________. But it is not like a traffic jam on a ____________. On a motorway, you sit in your car
getting more and more tense and angry. You look out of the window at other drivers who are also getting tense and angry. But on a
canal, when you find a traffic jam, you park – sorry, “moor” – your boat and go and talk to the people in the other boats. You swap
stories about your adventures on the canal, and then help each other take the boats through the locks.
In a week on the canal, I think we travelled 60 kilometers. It is good to travel _______. You relax and notice things which
otherwise you might not see, like the wild flowers on the towpath and a heron standing completely still in a field. At night, we moored
in peaceful quiet places, and in the morning the singing of the birds woke us up. We met several people who live on the canal
___________. They call themselves “live-aboards”, because they live aboard their boats. They have a simple life, because there is no
___________ in a canal boat for many possessions. Some of them make ____________ which they sell to other people on the canal.
Some of them stay in one place for most of the time. Others move their boat to somewhere new every day. The “live-aboards” think
they are the _____________ people in the world. What do you think?

III. Comprehension check.

Exercise 6. Refute or agree to the following statements.
1. The first thing you learn about an English canal boat is that it is fast.
2. Sailing a canal boat is quite easy.
3. There are no brakes on a canal boat.
4. One can steer a canal boat if it is going forwards or backwards.
5. One can see that canal boats have an ability to drift.
6. A canal user needs a special place to turn the boat.
7. It’s not a problem to moor a canal boat.
8. The people who built the canals like to play tricks on canal users.
9. There are no traffic jams on the canal.
10. The author enjoyed the slowly travelling by boat.
11. There is a special group of people who devoted their life living on the canal.

You know many films and stories are connected with travelling by sea. They are romantic as well as tragic, and
some are gushy or unbelievable. Do you know any of them?
Despite all the tragic stories about shipwrecks, people still prefer travelling on big and luxurious ships. It differs
greatly from travelling on boats or yachts.

Exercise 8.. Render the news into English paying attention to the sea travel vocabulary.

Норвежцы строят новый "Титаник"

Норвежская судостроительная компания Aker Kvaerner заключила с компанией Royal Caribbean Cruises
контракт на постройку океанского лайнера Ultra Voyager, который станет самым большим в мире. Судно
длиной 339 метров и экипажем в 1400 человек будет брать на борт до 3600 пассажиров. Максимальная
скорость лайнера составит 22 узла, сообщает агентство Associated Press.
Royal Caribbean решила заказать Ultra Voyager в связи с коммерческим успехом круизов на лайнерах
класса Voyager, которые на сегодняшний день считаются самыми большими. Их длина составляет 311
метров, водоизмещение - 138 тысяч тонн. Для сравнения, знаменитый лайнер "Титаник", затонувший в
Атлантике в 1912 году, имел длину 275 метров и водоизмещение 46 тысяч тонн.
Строить Ultra Voyager будут на верфи компании Aker Kvaerner в Финляндии. Планируется, что лайнер
спустят на воду в мае 2006 года. Дополнительный пункт в контракте предусматривает строительство еще
одного такого же судна к 2007 году.

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 Стоимость Ultra Voyager, включая проектирование и постройку, оценивается в 720 миллионов
долларов.

Exercise 9. Express your own attitude towards travelling by ship using the following scheme.
To start with I can say that I ... by ship.
I think travelling by ship is/ can be ... .
It can provide people with ... .
One can choose a ship according to his/ her preferences as there are a lot of them: ...
If I had a chance I would choose a ... .
It’s note-worthy that speaking about the advantages of travelling by ship, I’d mention the following
... .
But such disadvantages as ... should also be remembered about.
I guess a ... person can choose travelling by ship and I’m such a person.

UNIT 11

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 While travelling people choose different means of transport to get to their destination. The majority of people, who believe that
travelling by car is safe and quick, choose travelling by car. There are lots of car types as well. What do you think about travelling by car?
Do you often travel by car? Was your trip a pleasant or nightmarish one? Was it long or short? Which destinations do you usually choose
for your route? Who would you like to see as your companions?

Exercise 1. Look through the table and get ready to speak about the peculiarities of car travel. Read out the words from each
column correctly, give their definitions and translate them into Russian.
1. One can choose …
- a buggy - a saloon car (Br), sedan (Am)
- a soft –top car (Br), convertible (Am) - a caravan (Br), a trailer (Am)
- an estate car (Br), station wagon (Am) - a camper
- a hatchback
2. Different vehicles can be used to deliver people or different things. For example …
- a tipper truck (Br), a dump truck (Am) - an oil tanker
- a breakdown truck (Br), a tow truck (Am) - a hearse
- a milk float - an ambulance
- a pickup - a bus
- a car transporter - a horse and cart
- a dustbin lorry (Br), a garbage truck (Am) - a lorry
- a juggernaut (Br), a tractor- trailer (Am) - a taxi
- a fork-lift truck - a tractor
- a van
3. If one likes high speed s/he can choose …
- a racing car
- a sports car
- a motorbike/ motorcycle with a sidecar

Answer the questions:

1. What car would you choose if you travel alone?
2. What sort of a car would you prefer if you travel together with a beloved and you want to impress him/her? Explain your
choice.
3. What car would you take if you go to the country together with your family? Or with a group of your friends?
4. What car would be the most suitable to deliver a large amount of goods?
4. It’s also important to know parts of a car ...
- bonnet - wheels
- windscreen/ windshield - tyres
- lights - bumper
- number plate - exhaust pipe
5. Inside the car one can find ...
- steering wheel - accelerator
- speedometer - brake
- indicator - clutch
- rearview mirror - gear
- panel

6. People who drive cars are called ...

- chauffeur - motorist
- driver - tram driver/ motorman (AmE)
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Exercise 2. Read the opinion of Frank and say what his attitude towards travelling by car is. Suggest the English word
combinations for these Russian ones:
o садиться за руль
o завести мотор
o нажать педаль
o припарковать машину
o автопробка
o задержка автомобиля
o объезд
o неровная дорога
o проколоть шину
o поездка на машине
o мелькать

Frank is speaking:
As for me there is nothing better than travelling by car – a good fast car. You sit down at the wheel, switch on the motor, step
on the pedal with your feet and off the car goes. You can go as slowly or as fast as you want, stop when and where you choose;
you park the car on the side of the road, get out and go where you like.
It’s true that driving a car has some disadvantages. In town it is rather a nuisance with all this traffic “jams” or hold -ups,
roundabouts, and so on. It is not pleasant when you ride on a bumpy road or get a flat tire, or, still worse, when you get stuck in
the mud.
But what can be better than a spin in a car on a weekend with your friend? As soon as you get out of a town and see the long
wide road before you, how pleasant it is to feel the car rush forward at a touch of your foot, to feel the wind in your face, to see
houses, trees and people flash past, to feel the real joy of speed. Indeed, your impressions are unforgettable.

I. Pre-reading activity:
Exercise 6. For better comprehension check the pronunciation, the meaning and the translation of the following words.
Meticulous, to avail, mileage, to be prone to, a blowout, tread, unevenness, terrain, a travel log, mishap, lubricant, haphazardly, clutter,
a frame of mind, to top off, remiss, flare

II. Listening section:

Exercise 3. Listen to the speaker and insert the missing words.

“Road Trip Planning”

Road trip requires a huge deal of meticulous planning and organization skills. While a successful road trip can become a lifetime
experience to cherish, a failure may result into a disaster. Let us see how to deal with road trip planning successfully.

There is a hell difference of opinion on whether a road trip is a good thing or a bad thing. Some people love the idea of
____________ in a car and taking a few days, or even weeks to get to their destination. Road trip planning , a huge deal of planning,
packing and organizing goes into _________ that everything is ready for the trip, which you could need and want for the duration of
your trip.
Road trip planning guide could be availed; one can approach at any book store. Nevertheless your ___________, do not neglect
placing just as much importance on making sure your vehicle is ______________ and in perfect ___________ for the trip. It is not
possible to predict everything that can possibly go wrong with a vehicle, but you can surely increase the ____________ of an incident
free road trip by taking a few _________ steps and make sure the vehicle you are going to take on trip is ready in all aspects.
47
Making the Gears Ready
Make sure that your car is up and ready according to all of its manufacturer's maintenance ________. The vehicle instructions
_________ will guide each service that should be performed for your particular vehicle model at different mileage stages. Also, have
any irregular noises or shakes examined by a certified __________ before you hit the highway.
Driver and vehicle completely depend on tires not only to take from point A to B, but to contribute to safety in ________.
Under or over inflated tires can hurt your gas mileage and are more prone to blowouts that can leave you ________. Ensure that the
_____________ in each tire meets the exact recommended inflation level, and inspect the tread for wear. Any unevenness or baldness
is cause for ___________, and should be inspected by a tire specialist. If your trip involves snowy, mountainous terrain, have snow tires
or chains ready in advance and know the procedure for utilizing them.
Lots of things should be taken in consideration that should be done ahead of time to save you from a lot of trouble later on
while you are on the way.

Plan Your Journey

A valuable travel safety tip is the preparation of a travel log or _________ of road trips or long distance travel. By knowing
the destination and the travel path for the journey, it is easy to notify a friend or family member of the __________ route of travel. By
taking the time to share the details of the journey, the opportunity for mishap is considerably ___________.

Give a visible inspection

Make sure that you walk around your car and check for anything that might cause _________ down the road. Are the tires fully
inflated and in good condition? If not you could end up like me and have to change the tire 100 miles from home when you are on a
2000 mile road trip. Also make sure that all lights are working and get new ___________ to help keep your windshield clear.

Check the fluids

Make sure that your oil and other vital ________ are at premium levels and are not in need of changing. Your car will be
working overtime and you do not want to give it any more stress than is necessary by not giving it the proper lubricant to handle the
additional __________.

Clean the car

A clean car, inside and out, is a __________ car. If you just throw your luggage into the car haphazardly you will end up a
little more __________ than if you make sure everything is in its place. Also less ________ tends to put you in a better frame of mind
so that you can relax and enjoy the drive.

Top off the tank

Make sure that you top off the tank early so that you don't have to stop too soon on your trip. It is always good to put as many
miles as possible between you and your house before you have to make your first stop, which gives you a feeling of ______________
and helps the time go more quickly.

The Emergency Kit

Road trip planning tip would be remiss to omit the necessary items of emergency flares, emergency blankets, whistle, water,
food, scissors, rag and small hammer. While some of these items are __________, it is the odd items on the list that might prove most
useful in an emergency. It is obvious that the road flares would be used to warn others of an accident or other mishap on the side of the
road and to be cautious.

Travel Only With Friends

The days of __________ and ___________ friendly faces along the highway are long gone. It is a dangerous risk to take a ride
with a stranger. When thinking travel safety tips, it is imperative to remember that a Ted Bundy was considered an attractive man, which
made it very easy for him to attack his many female ___________. While it is thoughtful to help others, allowing a stranger into your
vehicle or climbing into a vehicle driven by a stranger is not the ________ way to travel.

By Jayashree Pakhare
III. Comprehension check: Published: 5/17/2007
Exercise 4. Finish up the sentences using the article.
1. There is a hell difference of opinion on whether a road trip is … .
2. Do not neglect placing just as much importance on making sure … .
3. Make sure that your car is up and ready according to … .
4. Have any irregular noises or shakes examined by … before you hit the highway.
5. Ensure that the air pressure in each tire … , and inspect the tread … .
6. Lots of things should be taken in consideration that … to save you from a lot of trouble later on … .
7. Make sure that you walk around your car and check for anything that might … .
8. Also make sure that all lights … and get new wipers … .
9. Make sure that your oil and other vital fluids are … and are not in need of … .
10. A clean car, inside and out, is … .
11. Make sure that you top off the tank early so that … .
12. It is obvious that the road flares would be used to … or … and … .
13. The days of hitchhiking and picking up friendly faces along the highway … .
14. Allowing a stranger into your vehicle or climbing into a vehicle driven by a stranger … .
48
Exercise 5. Read out the sentences which resemble the following. Sometimes several sentences are needed to prove the idea.
1. A successful road trip can be remembered for a lifetime, but a failure can turn into a nightmare.
2. Some travellers enjoy the idea of leaving the home in a car and taking some time to reach their final point.
3. It’s impossible to foresee what can go wrong during the trip, but you can handle all problems by getting well-organized trip to
the maximum extent.
4. It’s necessary to consult the car instruction to avoid problems with your car model at different mileage stages..
5. Both passengers and a car depend on perfect tires which are essential to bring them to the destination and make them sure they
are safe.
6. If the driver is going to cover some special type of the ground, appropriate tires must be bought beforehand, and a driver must
know how to utilize them.
7. It’s important to think of the route in advance, especially if you are going to have a long distance trip, and get every passenger
acquainted with it to avoid troubles.
8. Putting the baggage into a clean car saves you from the nerves to find what is needed in no time and lets you enjoying the trip
to the full.
9. Having enough petrol allows one to put off the first unwanted stop and save the time during the journey.
10. Many important things are necessary in case of emergency.
11. Travelling with strangers can turn out to be a nightmare.

Hitch-hiking has become more attractive for young adventurous people nowadays. It allows you to travel for free. Some can be
out of money to take up such type of travelling. It has both pros and cons as you can see.

Exercise 6. Read the article and be ready to speak on the problems touched upon in it.
“Hitch-hiking”

Certainly one of the neatest ways of getting where you want to go for nothing is to hitch. In the city it’s a real snap. Just position
yourself at a busy intersection and ask the drivers for a lift when they stop for the red light. If you’re hitching on a road where the traffic
zooms by pretty fast, be sure to stand where the car will have room to safely pull off the road. Travelling long distances, even cross-
country, can be easy if you have some sense of what you are doing.
Alone hitch-hiker will do much better than two or more. A man and woman will do very well together. Single women are
certain to get positioned and possibly worse. American males have endless sexual fantasies about picking up a poor lonesome damsel
in distress. Unless your karate and head are in top form, women should avoid hitching alone. Telling men you have V.D. might help in
difficult situations.
New England and entire West Coast are the best sections for easy hitches. The South and Midwest can sometimes be a real
hassle. The best season to hitch is in summer. Daytime is much better than night. If you have to hitch at night, get under some type of
illumination where you’ll be seen.
Hitch-hiking is legal in most states, but remember you always can get a “say-so” bust or other problems with local police
authorities. If you stand on the shoulder of the road, the police won’t treat you unfairly. If you’ve got long hair, cops will stop to play
games. You can wear a cap with your hair tucked under to avoid hassles. However this might hurt your ability to get rides, since many
straights will pick up hippies out of curiosity who would not pick up a straight scruffy looking kid. Freak drivers only pick up other
freaks.
Once in a while you hear stories of fines levied or even a few arrests for hitching (Flagstaff, Arizona is notorious), but even in
the states where it is illegal, the law is rarely enforced. If you’re stopped by the cops, play dumb and they’ll just tell you to move along.
You can wait until they leave and let your thumb hang out again.
Hitching on super highways is really far out. It’s illegal but you won’t get hassled if you hitch at the entrances. On an exit,
take your chances hitching right on the road, but keep a sharp eye out for porkers. When you get a ride be discriminating. Find out
where a driver is headed. When the driver is headed to an out-of-the-way place, ask him to let you off where you can get the best rides.
If he goes to a particularly small town, ask him to drive you to the other side of the town line. It’s usually a mile or two. Small towns
49
often enforce all sorts of “say-so” ordinances. If you get stuck on the wrong side of town, it would be wise to even hoof it through the
place. Getting to a point on the road where the cars are inter-city rather than local traffic is always preferable.
When you hit the road, you should have a good idea of how to get where you are going. You can pick up a free map at any gas
station. Long distance routes, road conditions, weather, and all sorts of information can be got free by calling the American Automobile
Association in any city. Always carry a sign indicating where you are going. If you get stranded on the road without one, ask in a diner
or gas station for a piece of cardboard and a marker. Make the letters bold and fill them in so that they can be seen by drivers from a
distance. If your destination is a small town, the sign should indicate the state. For really long distances, EAST or WEST is best. Unless,
of course, you’re going north or south. A phony foreign flag sewed on your pack also helps.
Carrying dope is not advisable, and although searching you is illegal, few cops can read the Constitution.
Don’t be shy when you hitch. Go into diners and gas stations and ask people about their destinations. Sometimes gas station
attendants will help. When in the car be friendly as hell. Offer to share the driving if you’ve got a license. Never be intimidated by
giving money for a ride.
As for what to carry when hitching, the advice is to travel light. The rule is to make up a pack of the absolute minimum, then
cut that in half. Hitching is an art form as is all survival. Master it and you’ll travel on a free trip forever.

SET-WORK:
1. Verify the meanings of the following word combinations and read out the sentences with them.
snap
to position oneself at a busy intersection
to zoom by
to pull off
to pick up
damsel
hassle
“say-so”
bust
the shoulder of the road
scruffy
to levy
far out
ordinance
to hoof it
to get stranded
to be intimidated by

2. Find in the article the information to answer the following questions:

1. What is the best way to get where you want free of charge?
2. What’s the best way to start a hitch?
3. If the cars zoom by pretty fast, what can one do to stop them?
4. Do you agree that hitch-hiking alone is preferable? How can damsels avoid troubles?
5. Which problems with the police might a hitch-hiker face?
6. Why does the author stick to the opinion that while hitch-hiking one should be discriminating?
7. What should a hitch-hiker carry along? What shouldn’t?
8. Which traits of character should a hitch-hiker possess?

3. Prepare the summary of the article that you’ve read.

Exercise 7. Express your own attitude towards travelling by ship using the following scheme.
To begin with I should say that I (dis)approve of the idea of travelling by car.
I really find it ... .
Travelling by car you are sure to get ... .
As to the cars there’re different types of them and you can choose a ... or a … .
And you shouldn’t forget that there are special cars such as … which are used for … .
The advantages of travelling by car are the following ... .
But of course there can be some disadvantages such as ... .
I can’t but mention that a person can travel by car not even having one personal at his/ her disposal.
In this case he/ she can choose hitch-hiking. Here are some details that one should be aware of …
.
So, to cap it up, I can say that travelling by car is for me, if ... , but it’s not my cup of tea if … .

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