ESL 19A

Section 4101
Class Notes
Monday, September 19th

Announcements
• In-class Writing Assignment 1 Second Draft → Monday, September 26th
• Quiz 1 à Wednesday, September 28th – Friday, September 30th (Online)

Review Paragraph Assignment

Paragraph Assignment Common Issues

• Double space all writing assignments (This is very important!!!)
• See Me
• Only discuss one supporting idea in a body paragraph.
o Do not write about three different benefits → This is three different supporting ideas
• Explain how the city provides this benefit
o Jobs
• Off-topic idea
• Include an example with specific details
o Entertainment → Sports (Give the name of a team or type of sport)
• Do not say "A study has shown". If you use information from an outside source, you must
specifically mention where it came from.
• WF: transport is a verb. Transportation is a noun
• WC: Don’t use “thing” or “stuff” in academic writing
• WC: Don’t use “we” or “you” in your paragraphs
• Don’t use “and so on” or “etc”
• Don’t put “in my opinion” or “I think” in the topic sentence. It’s unnecessary.
• Start the concluding sentence with: In conclusion, In summary, To sum up
Pathways: Unit 3 – City Solutions

Review Unit 3 Vocabulary Worksheet

Answers are posted in Canvas

Complete Suburbs Activity

Watch Suburb Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7yFtPwA5cs

Discussion Questions
1. What are suburbs?
2. What are some suburbs around your home city?
3. Do you live in a suburb or a city in your home country?
4. What do you think life is like in a suburb?
5. After you graduate university and start your career, would you want to live in a city or a suburb?
Essay Organization: Body Paragraphs
Complete Gender Inequality Article Chart
Directions: Fill out the chart below using the Gender Inequality article.
Point of Comparison Treatment of Treatment of Similar or Different
Women Men
Less women as CEOs More men as CEOs
BP #1: Work Lower salary Higher salary Different
Expectation of behavior Expectation of behavior
Colors à Pink Colors à Blue
BP #2: Cultural and Toys Toys Different
Social Lives Behavior Behavior

Gender Inequality
By John D. Bunting and Luciana Diniz
Although progress has been made in recent decades, it would be wrong to think that men and
women today are treated equally in the United States or in other industrialized nations. Historically,
men in the United States have always had more financial, legal, and political power and more job
opportunities than women. However, since the 1960s, there has been a progressive increase in the
number of women working outside the home, running their own businesses, and participating in
political life. Nevertheless, despite women’s increasing participation, gender inequality can still be
found in the workplace as well as in cultural and social aspects of life.
Women and men are not always treated equally at work. The clearest sign of inequality in the
workplace is at the top levels of management. For example, the vast majority of major corporations
have male CEOs (Chief Executive Officers), and most of the top positions are filled by men. Another
sign of gender inequality is the different expectations employers have of men and women in
leadership positions. According to Robinson (2011), men are expected to be assertive, confident, and
decisive. When men take a dominant role, they are often rewarded by their employers. Assertive
women, on the other hand, are often not well received in the workplace because they are expected to
be flexible, cooperative, and deferential. There are also significant differences in salary. According to
recent studies (e.g. Sasso, Richards, Chou, & Gerber, 2011), women still make less than men even
when they do the exact same job. For example, in 2008, a beginning-level male physician in New
York received approximately $17,000 more a year than a beginning-level female physician (Sasso, et
al., 2011).
Gender differences are found in our cultural and social lives as well. Boys and girls are taught
different gender roles and social expectations from birth. For example, in the United States many
baby boys still receive blue clothes and blankets, while many girls receive pink ones. Boys are often
given cars, trucks, and toy soldiers as presents, while girls often receive dolls, dollhouses, and toy
ovens. In terms of behavior, in many cultures people tend to expect boys to be aggressive and
dominant, whereas they generally expect girls to be emotional and subordinate. As children grow up
and become adults, these behavior patterns are usually reinforced through social interaction.
Gender inequality has existed in the United States and other industrialized countries for many
years, and it will not disappear overnight. Progress has been made recently regarding the
opportunities for women. However, both men and women should continue to work for equality to
create a fairer environment for everyone.
Compare / Contrast Body Paragraph Rules to Remember
• Discuss only 1 point of comparison in the body paragraph
• The topic sentence should be the first sentence of the body paragraph
• The topic sentence should:
o Mention both items you are comparing
o Mention the point of comparison
o Mention if they are similar or different

Thesis Statements and Topic Sentences

What is the main idea of a body paragraph called? Topic Sentence

Thesis Statements
• Essays also have a sentence that expresses the main idea of the whole essay
• This is called the thesis statement
• The thesis statement always appears in the first paragraph of the essay
o This is called the Introduction paragraph
• The thesis statement always mentions both points of comparison

Topic Sentence Activity

Write a topic sentence based on the thesis statement below:
Question: Compare and contrast Los Angeles and New York City.
Thesis Statement:
Two differences between Los Angeles and New York City are

public transportation and geographical size.

POC #1 POC #2

Sample Topic Sentences:

1) One difference between Los Angeles and New York City is public transportation.
2) One difference of living in New York City instead of Los Angeles is the accessibility
of public transportation.

3) Los Angeles and New York are huge cities with very different public transportation
options.
Gerunds and Infinitives
Verbs Followed by Gerund
• Some verbs can only be followed by a gerund
o Tom goes running every morning.
• Examples à consider, enjoy, mention, practice
• See ES R-6 or Canvas

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

• Some verbs can only be followed by an infinitive
o Miko chose to enroll at SMC.
• Examples à ask, decide, deserve, hope, plan
• See ES R-8 or Canvas (Also ES p. 377)

Verbs Followed by Both Gerunds and Infinitives

• Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive and the meaning
stays the same.
o Examples à begin, continue, like, start
Keith began to work at SMC in 2003.
Keith began working at SMC in 2003.

• Some verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but there is a

meaning change.
o Examples à forget, get on, mean, need, regret, remember, stop, try
o What do these two sentences mean?
A) I forgot to buy my textbooks.
B) I forgot buying my textbooks.
Complete Stop / Remember / Forget Activity
1. Dana was walking through the zoo with her parents. The monkeys got her attention, so . . .
A) she stopped to look at them.
Stop + infinitive = You stop one action and begin another action.
B) she stopped looking at them.
Stop + gerund = You quit/stopped doing the original action

2. Erik gave the birds bread crumbs every day. When the birds started following him home every day,
he became scared, so . . .
A) he stopped to give them food.
B) he stopped giving them food.

3. The lion was walking on Pico Boulevard because . . .

A) the zoo employee forgot to lock the lion’s cage.
Forget + infinitive à You did not do the action
B) the zoo employee forgot locking the lion’s cage.
Forget + gerund à You did the action, but you don’t remember doing it.
4. The student did not understand the new vocabulary words because
A) he forgot to do his vocabulary homework.
B) he forgot doing his vocabulary homework.

5. Even though Miko had written her name on her test, she was worried because . . .
A) she forgot to write her name.
B) she forgot writing her name.

6. The instructor was surprised because . . .

A) all the students had remembered to complete their homework.
Remember + infinitive à You did the action. You did not forget.
B) all the students had remembered completing their homework.
Remember + gerund à You did the action, and now you are thinking of the
memory of it.

7. A friend asked Ben what he was doing around 9:00pm.

A) Ben remembered to finish his homework at that time.
B) Ben remembered finishing his homework around that time.
Infinitives of Purpose
• Infinitives can be used to explain why or for what purpose
o She studies to get good grades.
o Why does she study? “to get good grades”
• Sometimes the infinitive of purpose can come at the beginning of the sentence to
emphasize the purpose.
o To be a good student, a person should review their notes after every class
In-class Writing Assignment 1
• You must write 1 body paragraph
• Type of Body Paragraph à Compare / Contrast
• The question will focus on Unit 3 – City Solutions
• I will give you a thesis statement, you must write 1 body paragraph
• You have 70 minutes to write your body paragraph
• Use ideas from the article, but DO NOT copy sentences directly
o Express the ideas in your own words (Use noun clauses / reported speech)
o If you copy a sentence directly from one of the articles, you will receive a 0
for your grade
§ Copying a sentence directly from an article, book, or the Internet
without citing the source is called plagiarism.
• How to Prepare
o Read both articles
§ “Living on an Urban Planet” by Robert Kunzig (pp. 53 – 55)
§ “The Urban Visionary” by Keith Bellows (pp. 62-64)
o You may use your Pathways textbook or copies of the articles during the
writing assignment
o Review your notes and handouts on the articles
o Review body paragraph organization for compare/contrast essays
o Review vocabulary words from Unit 3