FOUNDATION OF

LIFE
(CELL)
The cell is the basic unit of life. All living
things are made up of one or more cells.

Living things that are made up of one cell

only, such as bacteria and protozoa, are
called unicellular organisms, whereas
those that are made up of many cells, such
as plants and animals, are called
multicellular organisms.
Multicellular organisms are
macroscopic, which means that they can
be seen by the unaided eye.

Unicellular organisms, on the other

hand, are microscopic, which means
they are so small that you cannot see
them with unaided eyes. You have to use
a microscope to see them.
Microscope is an instrument
used to view objects that
cannot be seen by the
unaided eye. It can magnify
the size of very small objects.

The discovery of
microscopes allowed the
discovery of the tiny building
blocks of life called cells.
Robert Hooke
• First coined the term “cell” after he cut
a piece of bark from an old oak tree in
1665.

• He called it cells because they are like

hollow, rectangular rooms. These cells
are dead however.

• In Filipino, the translation for the word

cell is sihay. It such a wonderful term
meaning “silid ng buhay”.
 OTHER
CYTOLOGISTS
WHO
CONTRIBUTED TO
DEVELOP THE
CELL THEORY
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Through his improved
simple microscope, he was
able to discover the tiny
animals (bacteria, protozoan)
which he called the
animalcules.
 He discovered
the presence of
nucleus within
the cells.

ROBERT BROWN
 FELIX DUJARDIN

•cells contain a gelatinous

fluid, a life substance called
sarcode.
JOHANNES PURKINJE

• Coined the term

“protoplasm”
which pertains to
the living materials
inside the cells.
 RUDOLPH ALBERT VON
KÖLLIKER
• Coined the term “cytoplasm” from
protoplasm.
• Cytoplasm is a semisolid, semiliquid
substance inside the cell that holds
other cellular parts (except nucleus)
• Protoplasm includes nucleus,
cytoplasm doesn’t.
 THEODOR SCHWANN

•Discovered that animals

are composed of cells.
 MATTIAS SCHLEIDEN

• discovered that plants are

composed of cells.
RUDOLPH
VIRCHOW
• Coined the statement
omnis cellula e
cellula, which means,
“cells divide and form
new cells”.
 THE CELL THEORY
• According to Schleiden, Schwann
and Virchow the cell theory is a
scientific theory which describes
the properties of cells.
1. All living things are made of
cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. Cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
THE MODERN
CELL THEORY
1. The energy of
organisms is formed in
the cells
2. Hereditary information
(DNA) is passed on
from cell to cell.
3. All cells have the basic
chemical composition.
• To sum up, these are the general accepted parts of
modern cell theory:
1.All known living things are made up of cells.
2.The cell is the basic unit of life.
3.All living cells arise from pre-existing cells.
4.The energy of organisms is formed in the cells.
5.Cells contain DNA (found in the nucleus) and
RNA (found in the cytoplasm).
6.All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
in organisms of similar species.
THE THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
• Proposed the theory of spontaneous generation
• Abiogenesis
• Idea that living things can arise from non-living
matter

• People based their beliefs on their interpretations of

what they saw going on in the world around them
without testing their ideas.
• They didn’t use the scientific method to arrive at
answers to their questions.
• Their conclusions were based on untested
observations.
 Observation: Every year in the spring, the
Nile River flooded areas of Egypt along the
river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud that
enabled the people to grow that year’s crop
of food.
However, along with the muddy soil, large
numbers of frogs appeared that weren’t
EXAMPLE OF around in drier times.
OBSERVATIONS
Conclusion:
It was perfectly obvious to
people back then that muddy
soil gave rise to the frogs.
 FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)

• In 1668, Francesco Redi, an

Italian physician, did an
experiment with flies and wide-
mouth jars containing meat.
 FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENT
EVIDENCE AGAINST SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION:
1. Unsealed – maggots on meat.
2. Sealed – no maggots on meat.
3. Gauze – few maggots on gauze,
none on meat.

REDI concluded that maggots

can only come from something
alive. He was one of the
scientists to disprove the
Theory of Spontaneous
Generation.
1. In JAR A, the jar was left open; later, maggots were
observed crawling on the meat.
2. In JAR B, the jar was sealed airtight with a cork cover;
no maggots were observed on the meat.
3. In JAR C, the jar was covered with gauze; later, some
maggots were found on the gauze.
JOHN NEEDHAM (1713-1781)
• In 1745, an English scientist also made a test to
check the validity of spontaneous generation.
• During that time, people already believed that
boiling could kill microorganisms.
• In his experiment, he boiled the chicken broth
in a container, and then sealed it.
• To test the theory he boiled meat broth for
several minutes in a loosely sealed flask. (allow
to cool down the flask)
• Needham’s Experiment:
• 1. The chicken broth was boiled in a
container.
• 2. The container was sealed.
• 3. After a few days, microorganisms grew
on the surface of the chicken broth.

Conclusion:

• He presented this as a piece of evidence that

supported the theory of spontaneous
generation because there was no other source
of life other than the broth.
 LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
(1729-1799)
• He was not convinced by the experiment of
Needham.
• He thought that microorganisms may have
entered the broth from the air between the
time after the broth had cooled and before
the jar was sealed.
• He set out to do other experiment to test his
hypothesis.
• In his experiment, he sealed the flask and then
boiled the chicken broth in it.
• Spallanzani’s Experiment:
• In set-up A, the flask was kept open, and the chicken broth was boiled and
then left to cool; after a few days, microorganisms were present in the
uncovered chicken broth.
• In set-up B, the flask was sealed, and the chicken broth was heated until it
boiled; no microorganisms were present after a few days.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
• In 1859, Pasteur also did some tests to
check the truth behind the theory of
spontaneous generation.
• In Pasteur’s experiment, he put the meat
broth in two separate S-shaped flasks
without a seal, and then he boiled the broth
to kill any existing microbes.
• Hypothesis: Microbes come from cells of organisms on dust
particles in the air; not the air itself. Pasteur put broth into several
special S-shaped flasks. Each flask was boiled and placed at
various locations.

• He broke the swan neck from the first S-shaped flask, while
retaining the swan neck in the other.
• Dust particles eventually fell on the broth in the first flask, whereas
the dust particles only got through the bottom bend of the swan
neck in the second flask, keeping the broth sterile.
• The broth in the first flask quickly became cloudy, a sign that
microorganisms had entered the broth.
• However, in the second flask, only the bottom bend of the swan
neck had darkened, keeping the broth sterile.
Conclusion:
• Hence, it became clear
to Pasteur that
microorganisms were
introduced through the
dust particles, and that
these microorganisms did
not arise from the broth
itself. This finally proved
that the theory of
Spontaneous Generation
was flawed.
 ANIMAL
CELL
• Lysosome
• Cytoplasm
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Vesicle
• Plasma membrane
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Golgi body
• Centriole
• Nucleus
PLANT
• Lysosome CELL
• Vacuole
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi body
• Vesicle
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Nucleolus
• Plasma membrane
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Cell wall
BACTERIAL
CELL
• Food granule
• Plasmid (DNA)
• Capsule
• Cell wall
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Flagellum
• Ribosomes
• Nucleoid
• Pili