Exercise 6A

d2 y dy
1 a 2
+ 5 + 6y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 5m + 6 = 0
( m + 2 )( m + 3) = 0
m= −2 or m = −3
−2 x −3 x
=y Ae + Be

d2 y dy
b 2
− 8 + 12 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 8m + 12 = 0
( m − 2 )( m − 6 ) = 0
=m 2= or m 6
=y Ae 2 x + Be6 x

d2 y dy
c 2
+ 2 − 15 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 2m − 15 = 0
( m − 3)( m + 5) = 0
m = 3 or m = −5
=y Ae3 x + Be −5 x

d2 y dy
d 2
− 3 − 28 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 3m − 28 = 0
( m − 7 )( m + 4 ) = 0
m = 7 or m = −4
=y Ae7 x + Be −4 x

d2 y dy
e 2
+5 = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 5m = 0
m ( m + 5) = 0
m = 0 or m = −5
y= A + Be −5 x

d2 y dy
f 3 2
+ 7 + 2y = 0
dx dx
3m 2 + 7 m + 2 = 0
( 3m + 1)( m + 2 ) =0
1
m= − or m = −2
3
1
− x
=y Ae 3
+ Be −2 x

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 d2 y dy
1 g 4 2 − 7 − 2y = 0
dx dx
4m 2 − 7 m − 2 = 0
( 4m + 1)( m − 2 ) =0
1
m= − or m = 2
4
1
− x
=y Ae 4
+ Be 2 x

d2 y dy
1 h 15 2 − 7 − 2 y = 0
dx dx
15m 2 − 7 m − 2 =0
(3m − 2)(5m + 1) = 0
2 1
m= or m = −
3 5
2 1
x − x
=y Ae 3
+ Be 5

d2 y dy
2 a 2
+ 10 + 25 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 10m + 25 = 0
( m + 5)( m + 5) = 0
m = −5
y ( A + Bx ) e −5 x
=

d2 y dy
b 2
− 18 + 81 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 18m + 81 = 0
( m − 9 )( m − 9 ) =0
m=9
y ( A + Bx ) e9 x
=

d2 y dy
c 2
+2 + y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 2m + 1 = 0
( m + 1)( m + 1) = 0
m = −1
y ( A + Bx ) e − x
=

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 d2 y dy
2 d 2
− 8 + 16 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 − 8m + 16 = 0
( m − 4 )( m − 4 ) = 0
m=4
y ( A + Bx ) e 4 x
=

d2 y dy
e 16 2
+8 + y = 0
dx dx
16m 2 + 8m + 1 = 0
( 4m + 1)( 4m + 1) =
0
1
m= −
4
1
− x
y
= ( A + Bx ) e 4

d2 y dy
f 4 2
−4 + y = 0
dx dx
4m 2 − 4m + 1 = 0
( 2m − 1)( 2m − 1) =
0
1
m=
2
1
x
y
= ( A + Bx ) e 2

d2 y dy
g 4 2
+ 20 + 25 y = 0
dx dx
4m 2 + 20m + 25 = 0
( 2m + 5)( 2m + 5) = 0
5
m= −
2
5
− x
y
= ( A + Bx ) e 2

d2 y dy
h 2
+ 2 3 + 3y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 2 3m + 3 =0
( m + 3 )( m + 3 ) =
0
m= − 3
y
= ( A + Bx ) e− 3x

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 d2 y
3 a + 25 y =0
dx 2
m 2 + 25 = 0
m = ±5i
= y A sin 5 x + B cos 5 x

d2 y
b + 81 y =0
dx 2
m 2 + 81 = 0
m = ±9i
=y A sin 9 x + B cos 9 x

d2 y
c +y= 0
dx 2
m2 + 1 =0
m = ±i
=y A sin x + B cos x

d2 y
d 9 2 + 16 y = 0
dx
9m 2 + 16 = 0
16
m2 = −
9
4
m= ± i
3
4  4 
= y A sin  x  + B cos  x 
3  3 

d2 y dy
e 2
+ 8 + 17 y =
0
dx dx
m 2 + 8m + 17 =
0
−8 ± 82 − 4 (1)(17 )
m=
2 (1)
−8 ± −4
m=
2
−8 ± 2i
=
2
m =−4 ± i
=y e −4 x ( A sin x + B cos x )

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 d2 y dy
3 f 2
− 4 + 5y =
0
dx dx
( −4 ) − 4 (1)( 5 )
2
4±
m=
2 (1)
4 ± −4
=
2
= 2±i
= y e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x )

d2 y dy
g 2
+ 20 + 109 y =
0
dx dx
m 2 + 20m + 109 =
0
−20 ± 202 − 4 (1)(109 )
m=
2 (1)
−20 ± −36
m=
2
−20 ± 6i
=
2
m= −10 ± 3i
=y e −10 x ( A sin 3 x + B cos 3 x )

d2 y dy
h 2
+ 3 + 3y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 3m + 3 =0

( 3)
2
− 3± − 4 (1)( 3)
m=
2 (1)
− 3 ± −9
m=
2
− 3 ± 3i
=
2
3 3
m= − ± i
2 2
3
− x  3   3 
=y e 2
 A sin  2 x  + B cos  2 x  
    

d2 y dy
4 a 2
+ 14 + 49 y = 0
dx dx
m 2 + 14m + 49 = 0
( m + 7 )( m + 7 ) = 0
m = −7
y ( A + Bx ) e −7 x
=

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 d 2 y dy
4 b + − 12 y = 0
dx 2 dx
m 2 + m − 12 = 0
( m + 4 )( m − 3) = 0
m= −4 or m = 3
3x −4 x
=y Ae + Be

d2 y dy
c 2
+ 4 + 13 y =
0
dx dx
m 2 + 4m + 13 =
0
−4 ± 42 − 4 (1)(13)
m=
2 (1)
−4 ± −36
m=
2
−4 ± 6i
=
2
m =−2 ± 3i
=y e −2 x ( A sin 3 x + B cos 3 x )

d2 y dy
d 16 2 − 24 + 9 y = 0
dx dx
16m 2 − 24m + 9 = 0
( 4m − 3)( 4m − 3) = 0
3
m=
4
3
x
y
= ( A + Bx ) e 4

d2 y dy
e 9 2
− 6 + 5y =0
dx dx
9m 2 − 6m + 5 =0
( −6 ) − 4 ( 9 )( 5 )
2
6±
m=
2 (9)
6 ± −144
m=
18
6 ± 12i
=
18
1 2
m= ± i
3 3
1
x 2   2 
=y e 3  A sin  x  + B cos  x  
 3   3 

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 d 2 y dy
4 f 6 2 − − 2y = 0
dx dx
6m 2 − m − 2 =0

(3m − 2)(2m + 1) =0
2 1
m= or m = −
3 2
2 1
x − x
=y Ae 3 + Be 2

d2 x dx
5 a i 2
+ 2k + 9 x =0
dt dt
m 2 + 2km + 9 =0
( 2k ) − 4 (1)( 9 )
2
−2k ±
m=
2 (1)
1
m =−k ± 4 ( k 2 − 9)
2
=−k ± k 2 − 9
If |k| > 3 then k2 > 9
m =−k + k 2 − 9 or m =−k − k 2 − 9

=x Ae
(−k + )
k 2 −9 t
+ Be
(−k − )
k 2 −9 t

ii If k < 3 then k2 < 9

m =−k + i k 2 − 9 or m =−k − i k 2 − 9

=x e − kt  A cos
 ( )
k 2 − 9 t + B cos ( )
k2 − 9 t


iii If k =|3| then k2 – 9 = 0 and m = −k

=x ( A + Bt ) e − kt

b i m =−2 ± i k 2 − 9
=−2 ± 5i
= (
x e −2t A cos 5t + B cos 5t )
ii As t → ∞, x(t) → 0

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6 =
y ( A + Bx ) eα x
dy
=α ( A + Bx ) eα x + Beα x
dx
d2 y
2
=α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x + Bα eα x + Bα eα x
dx
=α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x + 2 Bα eα x
am 2 + bm + c =, 0 m = 𝛼𝛼
Therefore:
y ( A + Bx ) eα x
=
b
Since the auxiliary equation has repeated roots b 2 − 4ac =
0 and α = −
2a
b2
b 2 − 4ac = 0 ⇒ c = (1)
4a
b b
α =− ⇒ a =−
2a 2α
b
Substituting a = − into (1) gives:
2α
b2
c=
 b 
4 − 
 2α 
2α b 2
= −
4b
1
= − αb
2
Thus
ay ''+ by '+ cy
b bα
= − y ''+ by '− y
2α 2
= by ''− 2α by '+ bα 2 y
= y ''− 2α y '+ α 2 y
=α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x + 2 Bα eα x − 2α (α ( A + Bx ) eα x + Beα x ) + α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x
= α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x + 2 Bα eα x − 2α 2 ( A + Bx)eα x − 2α Beα x + α 2 ( A + Bx ) eα x
=0
Thus
y ( A + Bx ) eα x
=
is a solution.

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7 ay ''+ by '+ cy = 0 (1)
Has solutions f(x) and g(x)
Consider
Af(x) + Bg(x)
a ( Af '' ( x ) + Bg '' ( x ) ) + b ( Af ' ( x ) + Bg ' ( x ) ) + c ( Af ( x ) + Bg ( x ) )
= A ( af '' ( x ) + bf ' ( x ) + cf ( x ) ) + B ( ag '' ( x ) + bg ' ( x ) + cg ( x ) )
But f(x) and g(x) are solutions to (1) therefore:
A ( af '' ( x ) + bf ' ( x ) + cf ( x ) ) + B ( ag '' ( x ) + bg ' ( x ) + cg ( x ) ) =
0
and
y = Af(x) + Bg(x)
is a solution to (1)

Challenge

Ae( + ) + Be( − )
p q x i
p q x i
Aeα x + Be β=
x

= Ae px e qix + Be px e − qix
= e px ( Ae qix + Be − qix )
= e px ( A cos qx + iA sin qx + B cos qx − iB sin qx )
= e px ( ( A + B ) cos qx + i ( A − B ) sin qx )
A, B ∈ C so let A = r + is and let B = r – is
A + B = 2r and A − B = 2is
So
Be β x e px ( 2r cos qx + i ( 2is ) sin qx )
Aeα x +=
= e px ( 2r cos qx − 2 s sin qx )
let C = 2r and let D = –2s
then:
Be β x e px ( C cos qx − D sin qx ) as required.
Aeα x +=

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