Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties

of Pure Substances: Water

A snowflake at high
magnification. The
solid phase of water in
one of its forms.
(Courtesy of Kenneth G.
Libbrecht, Cal Tech)

G.G.M. Stoffels Thermal Engineering, University of Twente

 Recapitulate class 2
• Energy within system boundaries
• Kinetic / potential / internal energy / total energy
• State and path functions
w = Pdv
• Mechanisms of energy transfer across system boundaries
• Work
• Boundary work, W = PdV or w = Pdv
• P-v diagrams (compare to F-s diagram)
• Mechanical work
• Heat transfer, due to a temperature difference
• Flow work (Pv), energy transfer due to mass transport across the
boundaries of an open system
• The rate of doing work (power) / heat transfer / mass
• First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy)
• Energy balances, Ein - Eout = Esystem
• New properties
• Enthalpy, h = u + Pv, open systems
• Entropy
• Efficiencies of energy conversion processes
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 2
 Content Class 3
• In Class 1 and 2 we have seen
• Thermodynamics deals with the transformation of energies
• There are different forms of energy: heat, work, internal energy u, pe, ke
• The state of a thermodynamic system is described by properties (T,P,v)
• A system changes state by a process with the exchange of energy in
the form of work / heat / mass
• New properties: enthalpy, entropy

• In Class 3 we will do
• How can we get values for properties
• Physics of phase change processes
• Phase change and P - v - T surface
• Liquid / steam / mixture
• Saturation / quality
• Diagrams and tables to obtain
thermodynamic properties of water
• Specific heat of water

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 12

 State Principle
• From class 1 the state principle is known
Any two independent thermodynamic properties
are sufficient to describe the state of a system
containing a single pure substance

Postulate: A statement
accepted as true for the
purposes of argument or
scientific investigation.
• The state principle is a postulate (or axiom) Axiom: A principle that is
• A postulate is not proven, but accepted as a basic accepted as true without
proof but never contra-
theorem, which is never contradicted by observations dicted by observations

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 14

 Pure Substances
• Pure substances are composed of a single chemical species
(e.g. either O2 or CO2 but not a mixture of O2 and CO2).
• However pure substances may exist in more than one phase
(e.g. solid and liquid or liquid and vapor)

A mixture of
snow, ice,
liquid water
and water
vapor is a
pure
substance.
• Mixtures of substances are treated in chapter 14 (not done in this course)
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 15
 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Every day example: Heat a pan of water on the furnace
• Heat added at constant pressure to the water, what happens?
• In thermodynamic terms you can translate this problem to
Constant pressure heating in piston-cylinder at P = 1 atm

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 16

 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Every day example: Heat a pan of water on the furnace
• Heat added at constant pressure to the water, what happens?
• In thermodynamic terms you can translate this problem to
Constant pressure heating in piston-cylinder at P = 1 atm

• Which line
is correct?
• Red
• Blue
• Green
• Purle
• No one

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 17

 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Every day example: Heat a pan of water on the furnace
• Heat added at constant pressure to the water, what happens?
• In thermodynamic terms you can translate this problem to
Constant pressure heating in piston-cylinder at P = 1 atm
All vapor at T > 100oC
Volume even larger
All water just turned into va-
por, large volume, still 100oC
Mixture of saturated liquid
and vapor, still 100oC but
volume increased, where
goes the energy from heat?
Water starts boiling 100oC
Volume has increased
Start: water T < 100oC
Small volume

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 20

 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Every day example: Heat a pan of water on the furnace
• Heat added at constant pressure to the water, what happens?
• In thermodynamic terms you can translate this problem to
Constant pressure heating in piston-cylinder at P = 1 atm

Which line ? The green line is correct

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 21

 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Replace the pan by a high pressure one (P = 2 atm)
• Again add heat at constant pressure, what is the difference?
• In thermodynamic terms you can translate this problem to
Constant pressure heating in piston-cylinder at P = 2 atm

• What happens?
• Actually the same
happens as at 1 atm
P=2 atm
• However the
temperatures and P=1 atm
volumes are
different 120
• At every pressure 100
same behavior but
at different
combinations of
volume-pressure-
temperature
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 22
 Phase Change and T-v Diagram
• Repeating this process with different pressures results in the horizontal line
to become a point, critical point (above this point the fluid is supercritical)
• A dome can be drawn around the vertical lines, this saturation dome (or
vapor dome) divides the T-v diagram into different regions
• Region under the dome: liquid-vapor region or two phase region
• Region left of the dome: compressed liquid region
• Region right of the dome: superheated vapor region
• The dome consists of two lines
• Saturated liquid line (between the compressed liquid and two phase region)
• Saturated vapor line (between the two phase region & the superheated vapor)

Critical point
Compressed liquid region
Superheated vapor region
Saturated liquid line
Saturated vapor line
Two phase region

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 23

 Plasma and Supercritical Fluid
• In physics and chemistry, plasma is a gas in which
a certain portion of the particles are ionized. The
presence of a non-negligible number of charge
carriers makes the plasma electrically conductive
so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic
fields. Plasma therefore has properties quite unlike Plasma Light
those of solids, liquids, or gases and is sometimes Plasma Globe,
considered to be a distinct state of matter. The http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma
transition from gas to plasma is continues
while there is a sharp distinction between the solid, liquid and gas phase.
• A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above
its critical point. It can diffuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve mate-
rials like a liquid. In addition, close to the critical point, small changes in
pressure or temperature result in large changes in density, allowing many
properties of a supercritical fluid to be "fine-tuned". Supercritical fluids are
suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a range of industrial and labo-
ratory processes. Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly used
supercritical fluids, being used for decaffeination and power generation.
(Extra information, not part of the exam)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 24

 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
The process of carbon dioxide undergoing a phase transition to form a supercritical fluid

http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/People/CMR/criticalpics.html

1. Here we can see the seperate phases of carbon dioxide (fluid at the bottom and
gas above). The meniscus is easily observed.
2. With an increase in temperature the meniscus begins to diminish.
3. Increasing the temperature further causes the gas and liquid densities to become
more similar. The meniscus is less easily observed but still evident.
4. Once the critical temperature and pressure have been reached the two distinct
phases of liquid and gas are no longer visible. The meniscus can no longer be
seen. One homogenous phase called the "supercritical fluid" phase occurs which
shows properties of both liquids and gases.
A movie of SF6: http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b3/b315262f-e/
(Extra information, not part of the exam)
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 25
 Extractie op basis van superkritische CO2
Het gebruik van klassieke organische oplosmiddelen in de voedingsmiddelenindustrie brengt milieu- en gezond-
heidsrisico’s met zich mee. Daarom wordt al jaren bestudeerd welke milde oplosmiddelen gebruikt kunnen
worden bij extractie processen ter vervanging van deze organische oplosmiddelen. CO2 is zo'n oplosmiddel.
Een stof wordt superkritisch genoemd wanneer de faseovergang tussen vloeibaar en gasvormig niet meer
waarneembaar is. Dit verschijnsel treedt op boven een specifieke druk en temperatuur en is afhankelijk van de
stof. Bij superkritische extractie - supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in het Engels - worden specifieke
componenten geëxtraheerd uit het uitgangsmateriaal met behulp van een superkritisch oplosmiddel.
Verschillende oplosmiddelen kunnen hiervoor ingezet worden maar over het algemeen wordt CO2 gebruikt. Ook
water is goed oplosbaar in superkritisch CO2. Hierdoor heeft de technologie ook de potentie om ingezet te
worden als droogtechniek = specifieke extractie van water als alternatief voor vriesdrogen.
De kritische temperatuur van CO2 is 31.3 ˚C bij een kritische druk van 72.9 bar, zie Figuur 1. (Ter vergelijk: voor
water bedraagt de kritische temperatuur 374.4˚C bij een kritische druk van 226.8 bar.)
Fysisch-chemische eigenschappen kunnen sterk veranderen op het
moment dat een stof superkritisch wordt. In deze toestand lijken de fysisch-
chemische eigenschappen van CO2 in sommige geval op die van vloeibaar
CO2 en in andere gevallen op die van gasvormig CO2. Zo heeft
superkritisch CO2 (afgekort als scCO2) de fysische eigenschappen van
gasvormig CO2 (hoge diffusiviteit, lage viscositeit, geen
oppervlaktespanning) en de chemische eigenschappen van vloeibaar CO2
(hoge dichtheid en groot oplossend vermogen). Deze fysisch-chemische
eigenschappen kunnen vrij sterk worden gewijzigd door het aanpassen van
druk en/of temperatuur. Het is m.a.w. mogelijk de eigenschappen van
scCO2 aan te passen aan de specifieke toepassing, waardoor scCO2 in tal
van processen gebruikt kan worden.
(Extra information, not part of the exam) http://www.agrofoodwiki.nl/index.php/Extractie_op_basis_van_superkritische_CO2

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 26

 Phase Change and P-v-T Surface
• Regions on T-v diagram • Regions on P-v diagram
• Note saturation lines, • Note saturation lines,
saturated liquid and saturated liquid and
saturated vapor saturated vapor

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 27

 Phase Change and P-v-T Surface
• Regions on T-v diagram • Regions on P-v diagram
• Note directions of isobars • Note directions of isotherms
(constant pressure lines) (constant temperature lines)
horizontal inside the dome horizontal inside the dome
• Rising slope outside • Decreasing slope outside

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 28

 Phase Change and P-v-T Surface
• Some questions arise from the diagrams
1. Why is the pressure for boiling higher for higher temperatures?
2. Why are the lines in the vapor dome on the T-v and P-v diagram
horizontal, this is why does the temperature or pressure not increase
inside the dome? Why is the slope as it is?

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 29

 Saturation Temperature and Pressure
• Some questions arise from the diagrams
1. Why is the pressure for boiling higher for higher temperatures?

1. The temperature at which a liquid starts to boil depends on the pressure

(in the mountains at lower pressure, water boils at a lower temperature)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 30

 Saturation Temperature and Pressure
• Some questions arise from the diagrams
2. Why are the lines in the vapor dome on the T-v and P-v diagram horizontal,
this is why does the temperature or pressure not increase inside the dome?

2. In the saturated liquid vapor region pressure and temperature are

dependent properties and do not increase because
• At the moment a fluid starts to boil the extra heat is used to destroy the
bounding of the liquid to turn it into vapor, once all liquid is vaporized the heat
can be used to heat the vapor
• It takes a large amount of energy to vaporize a liquid, the same amount of
energy is released if vapor is condensed, this is called latent heat

• During a phase change process pressure and temperature are dependent

properties Tsat = f(Psat) (we need another second property)
• In the two phase region → saturated pressure Psat and temperature Tsat

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 31

 Saturation Temperature and Pressure
• During a phase change process pressure and temperature
are dependent properties Tsat = f(Psat)
• In the two phase region: saturated pressure Psat and temperature Tsat

Temperature Absolute Vapor Pressure

- t – (oC) pv – (103 Pa, N/m2)
0 0.6105
5 0.8722
10 1.228
20 2.338
30 4.243
40 7.376
50 12.33
60 19.92
70 31.16
80 47.34
90 70.10
100 101.3

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 32

 Phase Change and P-v-T Surface
• Three-dimensional P-v-T surface

Region of the
surface important
in thermodynamics

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 33

 Example: Steam Cycle
• Energy change
steam generator
• Qin = Eout-Ein

• Similar for the

condenser
• Qout = Ein-Eout

• Eout and Ein of

the water and
vapor depend
on the
temperature and
• In a steam cycle two times phase transitions occur pressure of the
1. From liquid to vapor in the steam generator water and vapor
2. From vapor to liquid in the condenser
• To analyze the system knowledge about the energy of water / vapor at
different temperatures and pressures is necessary
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 34
 Liquid-Vapor Tables
• To analyze a system it necessary to know the energy of water at different
temperatures and pressures
• Ideally, simple relations describe the relationships between
properties, they are called equations of state
• For ideal gases (treated later):
• Pv = RT, du = cv dT, dh = cp dT
• Very simple and accurate relations (handy for e.g. Matlab programs)
• However, no similar relation exists for liquids, saturated liquid vapor
mixtures or superheated vapors
• Typically superheated vapors do not obey the ideal gas law
• Use data tabulated based on T and P
• Compressed liquid tables (A7)
• Saturated liquid-vapor tables (A4 and A5)
• Superheated vapor tables (A6)

• Which tables and how to do that?

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 35
 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor Lines
• For saturated values use tables A4 and A5

• On the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines

• Saturated liquid denoted by L (e.g. vL and uL) (also f (fluid) is used)
• Saturated vapor denoted by V (e.g. vV and uV) (also g (gas) is used)
• LV = difference between saturated vapor and liquid values (vLV = vV - vL)

• Under the dome in the saturated liquid vapor region

• Saturated mixture denoted by SAT (TSAT and PSAT)

Table A5 vLV = vV - vL

VLV
VL Vv Known P (for known T table A4)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 36

 Saturation and Quality
• Saturated liquid vapor region, this is under the vapor dome → liquid
and vapor in equilibrium
• P and T are coupled (dependent) → extra parameter needed

Saturated mixture, T & P coupled →

extra parameter needed → x

• Total mass = mass liquid +

mass vapor

• The ratio between mass of the vapor, mv and total mass, m is denoted
by the quality (x): Mass fraction of saturated vapor

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 37

 Saturation and Quality
• Saturated mixture → extra parameter needed
• The ratio between the mass of the vapor and the total mass is denoted by
the quality (x): Mass fraction of saturated vapor

• Quality (x) of a saturated mixture

• Saturated vapor line x = 1
• Saturated liquid line x = 0
• In between, a saturated mixture
0<x<1
vV • Outside the saturation area x is not
defined! x is never negative or > 1

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 38

 Saturation and Quality
• Specific volume, v, of saturated liquid vapor mixture with quality, x:
v = vL + xvLv or specific enthalpy: h = hL + xhLV
• Quality of saturated liquid vapor mixture with specific volume, v
v  vL v  vL or with enthalpy, h h  hL h  hL
x  x 
v V  vL vLV hV  hL hLV

• These relations also held for specific internal energy u (and entropy, s)

Table A5

X=0

X=1
v  vL
x
v V  vL

vL VLV vv
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 39
 Example: Saturation and Quality
• Determine phase if:
• P = 100 kPa and v = 0.001000 m3/kg • v < vL, liquid phase
• P = 100 kPa and T = 1000C • T > Tsat, vapor phase
• P = 100 kPa and v = 1.0000 m3/kg • vL < v < vv, saturated
mixture
Table A5

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 40

 Superheated Vapor
• For superheated vapor values use table A6
• Superheated vapor denoted by SV, (e.g. vSV and uSV)

Steam entering the turbine is at

T = 4000C & P = 3000 kPa
TSAT@3000 kPa = 233.90C
Since T > TSAT(P) → Superheated Vapor

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 41

 Superheated Vapor
• Superheated vapor with: P = 300 kPa and T = 200oC
Table A6

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 42

 Compressed (Subcooled) Liquids
• For compressed liquid values use table A7
• Compressed liquid denoted by CL, (e.g. vCL and uCL)

Isobar (P=100 kPa)

99.630C

210C

P = 1000 kPa & T = 1050C T = 210C & P = 100 kPa

PSAT@105oC = 122.35 kPa TSAT@100kPa = 99.630C
Since P > PSAT(T) Since T < TSAT(P)
→ Compressed Liquid → Subcooled Liquid

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 43

 Incompressible Liquid Approx (ICL)
• Table A7 is only given for pressures above 5 MPa
• What to do for lower pressures?

• Use incompressible liquid Table A7

approximation

• Table A7
• vCL(700C, 5000 kPa) =
0.001020 m3/kg Table A4
• Table A4
• vL(700C) = 0.00102 m3/kg
• Table A5
• vL(5000 kPa) = 0.00129 m3/kg
Table A5
• Conclusion
• ICL → vCL(T,P)  vL(T)
(the volume depends
mostly on T)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 44

 Incompressible Liquid Approx (ICL)
• vCL(T,P)  vL(T)

• For all other properties

• uCL(T,P)  uL(T)
• hCL(T,P)  hL(T) + vL(T) [P – PSAT(T)]
• Recall h = u + Pv → h sensitive to P
• If P  PSAT(T)
→ hL(T) >> vL(T) [P – PSAT(T)]
→ hCL(T,P)  hL(T)

• In conclusion: in order to find a property in the compressed liquid

region (with too low pressure for the compressed liquid tables) use the
value of the saturated liquid at the right temperature
(Note: this is often forgotten)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 45

 Overview Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
• Regions in T-v diagrams and data tabulated
• Saturated liquid-vapor
• Compressed liquid
• Superheated vapor Phase: Saturated liquid mixture
• Which region, which table? Table 4 and 5: Saturated

Phase: Saturated vapor

Phase: Saturated liquid Table 4 & 5: Saturated
Table 4 & 5: Saturated

Phase: Superheated
vapor
Phase: Compressed liquid Table 6: Superheated
Table 7: Compressed liquid vapor
(if not available use table
4 / 5 and ICL)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 47

 Overview Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Region Table (from the book Çengel and Boles)
Compressed liquid Properties of compressed liquid water (A7)
Saturated liquid line Properties of saturated water: temperature table (A4)
Saturated vapor line Properties of saturated water: pressure table (A5)
Saturated mixture Quality x
Superheated vapor Properties of superheated water (A6)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 48

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
• Water at 150 0C has a specific volume of 0.3928 m3/kg.
Find the pressure and specific enthalpy.

• Properties of saturated water: temperature table

Temp Pres Specific Internal Ener- Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy
(0C) (Bar) volume (m3/kg) gy (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)

T P vL x 103 vv uL uv hL hlv hv sL sv
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299

150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 49

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Water at 150 0C has a specific volume of 0.3928 m3/kg.
Find the pressure and specific enthalpy.
A. P = 1 Bar, Temp Pres Specific Internal Ener- Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
(0C) volume (m3/kg)
h = 2114.3 kJ/kg (Bar) gy (kJ/kg)

B. P = 1 Bar, T P vL x 103 vv uL uv hL hlv hv

h = 632.20 kJ/kg 120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3
C. P = 4.758 Bar, 130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5
h = 2114.3 kJ/kg 140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 The 589.13
2550.0 question will open2733.9
2144.7
when you start your
D. P = 4.758 Bar, 150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20
session 2114.3
and slideshow.2746.5

h = 2746.5 kJ/kg 160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7
E. P not known from
180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2
this table,
h = 632.20 kJ/kg Closed
# Votes: 0

Internet Go to shakeq.com and log in with utwenteTTD

TXT Send to 06 4250 0030: utwenteTTD <space> your choice (e.g. utwenteTTD b)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 50

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Water at 150 0C has a specific volume of 0.3928 m3/kg.
Find the pressure and specific enthalpy.
A. P = 1 Bar, h = 2114.3 kJ/kg 20.0%
B. P = 1 Bar, h = 632.20 kJ/kg 40.0%
C. P = 4.758 Bar, h = 2114.3 kJ/kg 60.0%
D. P = 4.758 Bar, h = 2746.5 kJ/kg 80.0%
P not known from this table, h=
E. 100.0%
632.20...

Temp Pres Specific Internal Ener- Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy

(0C) (Bar) volume (m3/kg) gy (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)

T P vL x 103 vv uL uv hL hlv hv sL sv
Closed
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299

150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
170 7.917
Class 3: Thermodynamic 1.1143
Properties of0.2428 718.33 2576.5
Pure Substances: Water 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
GGM Stoffels 51
 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
• Water at 150 0C has a specific enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg.
Find the pressure and specific volume.

• Properties of saturated water: temperature table

Temp Pres Specific Internal Ener- Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy
(0C) (Bar) volume (m3/kg) gy (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)

T P vL x 103 vv uL uv hL hlv hv sL sv
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.50 2529.3 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.02 2539.9 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.6344 7.0269
140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 588.74 2550.0 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299

150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 631.68 2559.5 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379
160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 674.86 2568.4 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 718.33 2576.5 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 762.09 2583.7 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.1396 6.5857

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 52

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Water at 150 0C has a specific enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg.
Find the pressure and specific volume.
A. P = 4.758 Bar, Temp Pres Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg) E
v = 0.3928 m3/kg (0C) (Bar) volume (m3/kg) (k

B. P = 4.758 Bar,
T P vL x 103 vv hL hlv hv s
v = 0.0010797 m3/kg
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.
C. P not known from this table,
130 2.701 1.0697 0.6685 546.31 2174.2 2720.5 1.
v = 0.3928 m3/kg
The question will open
140 3.613 1.0797 0.5089 589.13 2144.7 2733.9 1.
D. P not known from this table, when you start your
150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928session
632.20and2114.3 2746.5 1.
v = 0.0010797 m3/kg slideshow.
160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.
E. P and v not known from this
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.
table, use superheated table
180 10.02 1.1274 0.1941 763.22 2015.0 2778.2 2.
F. P and v not known from this
table, use compressed liquid
# Votes: 0 Closed
table

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Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 53

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Water at 150 0C has a specific enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg.
Find the pressure and specific volume.
A. P = 4.758 Bar, v = 0.3928 m3/kg 16.7%
B. P = 4.758 Bar, v = 0.0010797 m3/kg 33.3%
C. P not known from this table, v = 0.3928 m3/kg 50.0%
D. P not known from this table, v = 0.0010797 m3/kg 66.7%
E. P and v not known from this table, use superheated table 83.3%
F. P and v not known from this table, use compressed liquid table 100.0%

Temp Pres Specific Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy

(0C) (Bar) volume (m3/kg) (kJ/kgK)

T P WevLwill
x 10 3
set vv example
these hL results
hlv to zero
hvonce sL sv
you've started your session and your slide show. Closed
120 1.985 1.0603 0.8919 503.71 2202.6 2706.3 1.5276 7.1296
130 2.701 In the
1.0697 0.6685
meantime, 546.31
feel free 2174.2the 2720.5
to change looks of 1.6344 7.0269
140 3.613 1.0797 your0.5089
results (e.g.
589.13the colors).
2144.7 2733.9 1.7391 6.9299

150 4.758 1.0905 0.3928 632.20 2114.3 2746.5 1.8418 6.8379

160 6.178 1.1020 0.3071 675.55 2082.6 2758.1 1.9427 6.7502
170 7.917 1.1143 0.2428 719.21 2049.5 2768.7 2.0419 6.6663
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 54
 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
• Water at 15 MPa has a specific volume of 0.001006 m3/kg. Find the
temperature and enthalpy of the water.
• Solution:
1. Determine the phase
P is given, table A5
(properties of saturated water – pressure)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 55

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
Water
P = 15 MPa P T
vl
v = 0.001006 m3/kg

Table A5
(properties
of saturated
water – pressure)

vL@15000kPa =
0.001657m3/kg

→ v < vL → compressed liquid (Tsat@15000kPa = 342.190C)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 56

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
P T v u h s
Up to now we know:
• Water
• Compressed liquid
• P = 15 MPa = 15000 kPa
• v = 0.001006 m3/kg

• Compressed liquid table A7

• At 15000 kPa look for the
volume and see:

T = 500C and h = 222.22 kJ/kg

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 57

 Examples: Liquid-Vapor Diagram & Tables
• Water at 15 Mpa has a specific volume of 0.001006 m3 /kg.
• Find the temperature and enthalpy of the water
• Solution:

1. Determine the phase

P is given, table A5 (properties of saturated water – pressure) gives:
vL@15000kPa = 0.001657m3/kg
v < vL → compressed liquid (Tsat@15000kPa = 342.190C)

2. Compressed liquid table A7, 15000 kPa and v = 0.001006 m3/kg

T = 500C and h = 222.22 kJ/kg
3. The water is in the compressed liquid phase, the temperature is
500Celsius which is indeed lower than the 342.190C which is the
saturation temperature of water at 15 MPa

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 58

 Specific heat
• Specific heat, c [kJ/kgK]: the amount of energy required
to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by
one degree in a specified way

ௗ௘
• Approximately specific is defined as: T
ௗ்

• The specific heat depends on:

• The substance (water, oil, air, helium, steel, wood,…)
• The temperature
• The process (constant pressure or constant volume)

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 59

 Specific heat
• Depending on the process different forms of heat
capacity are defined (more about this when gases are T
studied in class 9)

• Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The energy

required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the volume is maintained
constant

• Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The energy

required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree as the pressure is maintained
constant

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 60

 Specific heat
• Depending on the process different forms of heat capacity are defined
cv (constant volume) and cp (constant pressure)
• Solids and liquids are incompressible, volume does not change,
therefore v = constant, no difference between specific heat for constant
pressure and constant volume
• For solids and liquids: cP = cV (sometimes denoted as c)

• Values of cp and cv can be found in tables

• Tables A2 (gasses), A3 (liquids / solids) and A27 (fuels and
hydrocarbons)

• Note: for gases cp and cv have different values, we will treat this later in
class 9

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 61

 Old Faithful Geyser (Yellowstone Nat. Park)

Old Faithfull eruption

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=tShhZvvIM84&vq=medium#t=32

How does it work?

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=X4zA_YPCyHs&vq=medium#t=32

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 62

 How works a hot water geyser?
• For geyser to occur there must be heat, water, and a plumbing system. A
magma chamber provides the heat, which radiates into surrounding rock.
Water from rain and snow works its way underground through fractures in
the rock.

• As the water reaches hot rock it begins to

rise back to the surface, passing through
rhyolite, which is former volcanic ash or lava
rich in silica. The hot water dissolves the
silica and carries it upward to line rock
crevices. This forms a constriction that holds
in the mounting pressure, creating a
geyser's plumbing system.

• As superheated water nears the surface, its

pressure drops, and the water flashes into
steam as a geyser. Hot springs have
unconstricted plumbing systems.
(Extra information, not part of the exam) http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/geysers_work.htm

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 63

 Recapitulate class 3
• Pure substances change phases
• Solid, liquid, gas phase
• Saturated mixtures of them
• Different regions P – v – T diagram
• Vapor dome, critical point
• Saturated liquid and saturated vapor line
T-v diagram of water showing the
• Liquid-vapor saturated region vapor dome and the different regions

• Saturated mixture, constant dependent Psat and Tsat in the

mixture region
• Quality of the mixture:
• Compressed liquid region
• Superheated vapor region
• Tables to find values of v, u, s and h
• Specific heat of a liquid
Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 64
 Next Class 4: First law of Thermodynamics
• Energy balance of closed systems
• Conservation of mass and mass balances
• Flow work
• Total energy of a flowing fluid
• Energy balance of steady flow systems
• Applications of the first law of thermodynamics to
• Turbines
• Compressors
• Pumps, blowers
• Nozzles and diffusers
• Throttling valves
• Heat exchangers Air being heated in- A rocket demonstrates
• Mixing device side the cylinder some of the energy
shows energy transfer flows that can occur in
in a closed system an open system

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 65

 Keep in mind: Important formulas
• Specific volume v=V/m [m3/kg] and density =1/v=m/V [kg/m3]
• Volume work w = Pdv or W = PdV
• Enthalpy h = u + Pv, where u is internal energy, P is pressure
v is volume (and not velocity!)
• Conservation of energy (first law) Ein - Eout = Esystem

• Efficiency
• Different phases in phase diagrams
• Mixture fraction

Class 3: Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances: Water GGM Stoffels 66