Cour

se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
ASSI
GNMENTNo.1
Name.
JumaRahi
m
Rol
lNo.
CE614579
Regi
str
ati
onno.
21bzb00158
Semest
er.Spr
ing2022
Lev
el.B.
ed2,
5year

Q.1Di
scusst
heAi
ms,
goal
s,andobj
ect
ivesofChemi
str
yTeachi
ng.
Chemi
str
yisabr
anchofsci
ence.Al
thoughsci
encei
tsel
fisdi
ff
icul
ttodef
ineexact
ly,t
hef
oll
owi
ng
def
ini
ti
oncanser
veasst
art
ingpoi
nt.
 Sci
ence 
i
sthepr
ocessofknowi
ngaboutt
henat
uraluni
ver
se
t
hroughobser
vat
ionandexper
iment
.Sci
encei
snott
heonl
ypr
ocessofknowi
ng(
e.g.
,theanci
ent
Gr
eekssi
mpl
ysatand 
thought
),buti
thasev
olv
edov
ermor
ethan350y
ear
sint
othebestpr
ocess
t
hathumani
tyhasdev
isedt
odat
etol
ear
naboutt
heuni
ver
sear
oundus.
Thepr
ocessofsci
encei
susual
l
yst
atedast
he 
sci
ent
if
icmet
hod,
whi
chi
srat
hernaï
vel
ydescr
ibedas
f
oll
ows:(
1)st
ateahy
pot
hesi
s,(
2)t
estt
hehy
pot
hesi
s,and(
3)r
efi
net
hehy
pot
hesi
s.Act
ual
l
y,
howev
er,
thepr
ocessi
snott
hatsi
mpl
e.(
Forexampl
e,Idon’
tgoi
ntomyl
abev
erydayandexcl
aim,
“I
am goi
ngt
ost
ateahy
pot
hesi
stodayandspendt
hedayt
est
ingi
t!
”)Thepr
ocessi
snott
hatsi
mpl
e
becausesci
enceandsci
ent
ist
shav
eabodyofknowl
edget
hathasal
readybeeni
dent
if
iedascomi
ng
f
rom t
hehi
ghestl
evel
ofunder
standi
ng,
andmostsci
ent
ist
sbui
l
dfr
om t
hatbodyofknowl
edge.
Aneducat
edguessabouthow t
henat
uraluni
ver
sewor
ksi
scal
l
eda 
hypot
hesi
s.Asci
ent
istwhoi
s
f
ami
l
iarwi
thhowpar
toft
henat
uraluni
ver
sewor
ks—say
,achemi
st—i
sint
erest
edi
nfur
ther
ingt
hat
knowl
edge.Thatper
sonmakesar
easonabl
eguess—ahy
pot
hesi
s—t
hati
sdesi
gnedt
oseei
fthe
uni
ver
sewor
ksi
nanewwayaswel
l
.Her
e’sanexampl
eofahy
pot
hesi
s:“
ifImi
xonepar
tofhy
drogen
wi
thonepar
tofoxy
gen,
Icanmakeasubst
ancet
hatcont
ainsbot
hel
ement
s.”

1
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
Mostgoodhy
pot
hesesar
egr
oundedi
npr
evi
ousl
yunder
stoodknowl
edgeandr
epr
esentat
est
abl
e
ext
ensi
onoft
hatknowl
edge.Thesci
ent
istt
hendev
isesway
stot
esti
fthatguessi
sori
snotcor
rect
.
Thati
s,t
hesci
ent
istpl
ansexper
iment
s. 
Exper
iment
s ar
etest
soft
henat
uraluni
ver
set
oseei
fa
guess(
hypot
hesi
s)i
scor
rect
.Anexper
imentt
otestourpr
evi
oushy
pot
hesi
swoul
dbet
oact
ual
l
ymi
x
hy
drogenandoxy
genandseewhathappens.Mostexper
iment
sincl
udeobser
vat
ionsofsmal
l
,wel
l
-
def
inedpar
tsoft
henat
ural
uni
ver
sedesi
gnedt
oseer
esul
tsoft
heexper
iment
s.
Whydowehav
etodoexper
iment
s?Whydowehav
etot
est
?Becauset
henat
uraluni
ver
sei
snot
al
way
ssoobv
ious,exper
iment
sar
enecessar
y.Forexampl
e,i
tisf
air
lyobv
ioust
hati
fyoudr
opan
obj
ectf
rom ahei
ght
,itwi
l
lfal
l
.Sev
eralhundr
edy
ear
sago(
coi
nci
dent
all
y,neart
hei
ncept
ionof
moder
nsci
ence)
,theconceptofgr
avi
tyexpl
ainedt
hatt
est
.Howev
er,i
sitobv
ioust
hatt
heent
ir
e
nat
uraluni
ver
se i
s composed ofonl
yabout115 f
undament
alchemi
calbui
l
ding bl
ocks cal
l
ed
el
ement
s?Thi
swoul
dn’
tseem t
ruei
fyoul
ookedatt
hewor
ldar
oundy
ouandsaw al
lthedi
ff
erent
f
ormsmat
tercant
ake.I
nfact
,theconceptof
 t
heel
ement
 i
sonl
yabout200y
ear
sol
d,andt
hel
ast
nat
ural
l
yoccur
ri
ngel
ementwasi
dent
if
iedabout80y
ear
sago.I
ttookdecadesoft
est
sandmi
l
li
ons
ofexper
iment
stoest
abl
i
shwhatt
heel
ement
sact
ual
l
yar
e.Thesear
ejustt
woexampl
es;
amy
riadof
suchexampl
esexi
stsi
nchemi
str
yandsci
encei
ngener
al.
Whenenoughev
idencehasbeencol
l
ect
edt
oest
abl
i
shagener
alpr
inci
pleofhowt
henat
ural
uni
ver
se
wor
ks,t
heev
idencei
ssummar
izedi
nat
heor
y.A 
theor
y i
sagener
alst
atementt
hatexpl
ainsal
arge
numberofobser
vat
ions.“
Allmat
teri
scomposedofat
oms”i
sagener
alst
atement
,at
heor
y,t
hat
expl
ainsmanyobser
vat
ionsi
nchemi
str
y.At
heor
yisav
erypower
fulst
atementi
nsci
ence.Ther
ear
e
manyst
atement
sref
err
edt
oas“
thet
heor
yof_
___
___
”ort
he“
___
___t
heor
y”i
nsci
ence(
wher
ethe
bl
anksr
epr
esentawor
dorconcept
).Whenwr
it
teni
nthi
sway
,theor
iesi
ndi
cat
ethatsci
encehasan
ov
erwhel
mingamountofev
idenceofi
tscor
rect
ness.Wewi
l
lseesev
eralt
heor
iesi
nthecour
seof
t
hist
ext
.
Aspeci
fi
cst
atementt
hati
sthoughtt
obenev
erv
iol
atedbyt
heent
ir
enat
uraluni
ver
sei
scal
l
eda 
l
aw.
Asci
ent
if
icl
awi
sthehi
ghestunder
standi
ngoft
henat
ural
uni
ver
set
hatsci
encehasandi
sthoughtt
o
bei
nvi
olat
e.Forexampl
e,t
hef
actt
hatal
lmat
terat
tr
act
sal
lot
hermat
ter
—thel
awofgr
avi
tat
ion—i
s
onesuchl
aw.Not
ethatt
het
erms 
theor
y and 
l
aw 
usedi
nsci
encehav
esl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erentmeani
ngs
f
rom t
hosei
ncommonusage;t
heor
yisof
tenusedt
omeanhy
pot
hesi
s(“
Ihav
eat
heor
y…”
),wher
eas
al
aw i
sanar
bit
rar
yli
mit
ati
ont
hatcanbebr
okenbutwi
thpot
ent
ialconsequences(
suchasspeed
l
i
mit
s).Her
eagai
n,sci
enceusest
heset
ermsdi
ff
erent
ly,andi
tisi
mpor
tantt
oappl
ythei
rpr
oper
def
ini
ti
onswheny
ouuset
hesewor
dsi
nsci
ence.
Ther
eis an addi
ti
onalphr
ase i
n ourdef
ini
ti
on ofsci
ence:“
the nat
uraluni
ver
se.
”Sci
ence i
s
concer
ned 
onl
y 
wit
hthenat
uraluni
ver
se.Whati
sthenat
uraluni
ver
se?I
t’
sany
thi
ngt
hatoccur
s
ar
oundus,
wel
l
,nat
ural
l
y.St
ars;
planet
s;t
heappear
anceofl
i
feonear
th;
andhowani
mal
s,pl
ant
s,and

2
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
ot
her mat
ter f
unct
ion ar
e al
l par
t of t
he nat
ural uni
ver
se. Sci
ence i
s concer
ned wi
th
t
hat
—and 
onl
y 
that
.
Ofcour
se,
ther
ear
eot
hert
hingst
hatconcer
nus.Forexampl
e,i
stheEngl
i
shl
anguagepar
tofsci
ence?
Mostofuscaneasi
l
yanswerno;Engl
i
shi
snotsci
ence.Engl
i
shi
scer
tai
nlywor
thknowi
ng(
atl
east
f
orpeopl
einpr
edomi
nant
lyEngl
i
sh-
speaki
ngcount
ri
es)
,butwhyi
sn’
titsci
ence?Engl
i
sh,orany
humanl
anguage,i
sn’
tsci
encebecauseul
ti
mat
elyi
tis 
cont
ri
ved;i
tismadeup.Thi
nkofi
t:t
hewor
d
spel
l
edb-
l-
u-er
epr
esent
sacer
tai
ncol
or,
andweal
lagr
eewhatcol
ort
hati
s.Butwhati
fweusedt
he
wor
dh-
a-r
-d-
n-r
-ft
odescr
ibet
hatcol
or?(
See 
Figur
e1.
9“Engl
i
shI
sNotSci
ence”
.)Thatwoul
dbe
f
ine—asl
ongasev
ery
oneagr
eed.Any
onewhohasl
ear
nedasecondl
anguagemusti
nit
ial
l
ywonder
whyacer
tai
nwor
disusedt
odescr
ibeacer
tai
nconcept
;ul
ti
mat
ely
,thespeaker
soft
hatl
anguage
agr
eedt
hatapar
ti
cul
arwor
dwoul
drepr
esentapar
ti
cul
arconcept
.Itwascont
ri
ved.
Car
bondi
oxi
dei
sacompoundcomposedofcar
bonandoxy
gen.Undernor
malcondi
ti
ons,
iti
sagas.
I
fyoucooli
tdownenough,i
tbecomesasol
i
dknownasdr
yice.Car
bondi
oxi
dei
sani
mpor
tant
compoundi
nthecy
cleofl
i
feonear
th.
Ev
ent
houghi
tisagas,car
bondi
oxi
decandi
ssol
vei
nwat
er,j
ustl
i
kesugarorsal
tcandi
ssol
vei
n
wat
er.Whent
hatoccur
s,wehav
eahomogeneousmi
xtur
e,orasol
uti
on,ofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
nwat
er.
Howev
er,
ver
yli
tt
lecar
bondi
oxi
decandi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.I
ftheat
mospher
ewer
epur
ecar
bondi
oxi
de,
t
hesol
uti
onwoul
dbeonl
yabout0.
07%car
bondi
oxi
de.I
nreal
i
ty,t
heai
risonl
yabout0.
03%car
bon
di
oxi
de,
sot
heamountofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
nwat
eri
sreducedpr
opor
ti
onal
l
y.
Howev
er,whensodaandbeerar
emade,manuf
act
urer
sdot
woi
mpor
tantt
hings:t
heyusepur
e
car
bondi
oxi
degas,andt
heyusei
tatv
eryhi
ghpr
essur
es.Wi
thhi
gherpr
essur
es,mor
ecar
bon
di
oxi
decandi
ssol
vei
nthewat
er.Whent
hesodaorbeercont
aineri
sseal
ed,t
hehi
ghpr
essur
eof
car
bondi
oxi
degasr
emai
nsi
nsi
det
hepackage.(
Ofcour
se,t
her
ear
emor
eingr
edi
ent
sinsodaand
beerbesi
descar
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er.
)
Wheny
ouopenacont
ainerofsodaorbeer
,youhearadi
sti
nct
ive 
hiss 
ast
heexcesscar
bondi
oxi
de
gasescapes.Butsomet
hingel
sehappensaswel
l
.Thecar
bondi
oxi
dei
nthesol
uti
oncomesoutof
sol
uti
onasabunchoft
inybubbl
es.Thesebubbl
esi
mpar
tapl
easi
ngsensat
ioni
nthemout
h,so
muchsot
hatt
hesodai
ndust
rysol
dov
er 
225bi
l
li
on 
ser
vingsofsodai
ntheUni
tedSt
atesal
onei
n
2009.
Somespar
kli
ngwi
nesar
emadei
nthesameway
—byf
orci
ngcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntor
egul
arwi
ne.Some
spar
kli
ngwi
nes(
incl
udi
ngchampagne)ar
emadebyseal
i
ngabot
tl
eofwi
newi
thsomey
easti
nit
.
They
east
 f
erment
s,apr
ocessbywhi
cht
hey
eastconv
ert
ssugar
sint
oener
gyandexcesscar
bon
di
oxi
de.Thecar
bondi
oxi
depr
oducedbyt
hey
eastdi
ssol
vesi
nthewi
ne.Then,
whent
hechampagne
bot
tl
eisopened,
thei
ncr
easedpr
essur
eofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
srel
eased,
andt
hedr
inkbubbl
esj
ustl
i
ke
anexpensi
vegl
assofsoda.

3
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
Q.2Doy
out
hinkt
hatSci
enceLabor
ator
ycanpl
ayanef
fect
iver
olei
nthet
eachi
ngofChemi
str
y?
El
abor
ate.
Li
ter
atur
eonl
abor
ator
yeducat
ionov
ert
hel
astf
ourdecades(
andmor
e,I
’
m sur
e) 
hasal
ott
osayon
t
her
oleofpr
act
icalwor
kinunder
graduat
ecur
ri
cul
a.I
ndeedBai
rdLl
oyd(
1992)sur
vey
sopi
nionson
t
her
oleofpr
act
icalwor
kinNor
thAmer
icanGener
alChemi
str
ysy
ll
abiov
ert
hecour
seoft
he20t
h
cent
uryandopenswi
tht
hisdel
i
ciousquot
e,appar
ent
lyof
fer
edbyast
udenti
n 1928i
na$10
compet
it
ion:
Chemi
str
ylabor
ator
yis so 
i
nti
mat
ely connect
ed 
wit
hthe sci
ence of chemi
str
y, 
that
,wi
thout
exper
iment
ati
on,
thet
ruespi
ri
toft
hesci
encecannot
 possi
blybeacqui
red.
 
Il
ovet
hisquot
ebecausei
tcapt
uressoni
cel
ythesenset
hatl
abor
ator
ywor
kisatt
hehear
tof
chemi
str
yteachi
ng–i
tsi
mpl
i
citr
olei
nthet
eachi
ngofchemi
str
yisunquest
ionabl
e.Andal
thoughi
t
hasbeenquest
ionedal
ot,r
epeat
edl
y,ov
ert
hef
oll
owi
ngdecades;notmanyt
odaywoul
dadv
ocat
ea
chemi
str
ysy
ll
abust
hatdi
dnotcont
ainl
abor
ator
ywor
k.
If
eelanot
heraspectofourconsi
der
ati
onofchemi
str
ylabsi
sof
tenunchal
l
enged,andneedst
obe.
Thati
sthenot
iont
hatchemi
str
ylabor
ator
iesar
einsomewaypr
ovi
nggr
oundf
orwhatst
udent
s
comeacr
ossi
nlect
ures.Thatt
heypr
ovi
deanoppor
tuni
tyf
orst
udent
stov
isual
i
seandseef
or
t
hemsel
veswhatt
het
eacherorl
ect
urerwast
alki
ngabout
.Ormor
elaudabl
y,t
oev
en“
discov
er”f
or
t
hemsel
vesbyf
oll
owi
ngacont
rol
l
edexper
imentapar
ti
cul
arr
elat
ionshi
p. 
Didn’
t 
bel
i
evei
tincl
asst
hat
anaci
dandanal
coholmakeanest
er?Wel
lnowy
ouar
einl
abs,y
oucanpr
ovei
t.Can’
timagi
net
hat
v
apourpr
essur
eincr
easeswi
tht
emper
atur
e?Thencomeoni
n–wehav
ejustt
hepr
act
icalf
ory
ou.
Far
adaysai
dthathewasnev
erabl
etomakeaf
acthi
sownwi
thoutseei
ngi
t.Butt
henagai
n,hewas
agr
eatdemonst
rat
or.
Apr
obl
em wi
tht
hisonanoper
ati
onall
evel
,especi
all
yatuni
ver
sit
y,andespeci
all
yint
hephy
sical
chemi
str
ylabor
ator
y,i
sthati
sneari
mpossi
blet
oschedul
epr
act
ical
ssot
hatt
heyf
oll
owonf
rom t
he
i
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heor
yincl
ass.Thi
sleadst
otheannualcompl
aintf
rom st
udent
sthatt
heycan’
tdo
t
hepr
act
icalbecauset
heyhav
en’
tdonet
het
heor
y.Yourst
udent
sar
esay
ingt
his,
ify
ouhav
en’
thear
d
t
hem,
youneedt
otuney
oursur
vey
s.
I
t’
sanent
ir
elyunder
standabl
esent
imentf
rom st
udent
sbecausewesi
tuat
epr
act
ical
sasasubsi
diar
y
ofl
ect
ures.Butt
his 
i
saf
alser
elat
ionshi
pforav
ari
etyofr
easons.Thef
ir
sti
sthati
fyouaccepta
modelwher
ebyy
out
eachst
udent
schemi
str
ycont
enti
nlect
ures,whyi
sther
eaneedt
osuppl
ement
t
hist
eachi
ngwi
thar
e-t
eachi
ngofasub-
setoft
opi
cs,ar
bit
rar
il
ychosenbasedont
hewhi
m ofal
ab
cour
seor
gani
serandt
hesi
zeofadepar
tment
’sbudget
?Secondl
y,al
thoughweai
mtor
e-t
each,
orhi
t
homesomemaj
orpr
inci
pleagai
ninl
abwor
k,wedon’
treal
l
yassesst
hat
.Wemi
ghtgr
adest
udent
s’
l
abr
epor
tandgi
vef
eedback,
buti
tisnotr
elev
antt
othem ast
heywon’
tneedt
oknowi
tagai
nint
hat
cont
ext
.Thel
abr
epor
tisdone.Andf
inal
l
y,t
hemodel
compl
etel
yunder
minest
het
ruer
oleofpr
act
ical

4
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
wor
kandv
aluei
tcanof
fert
hecur
ri
cul
um.
Sci
enceeducat
orshav
ebel
i
evedt
hatt
hel
abor
ator
yisani
mpor
tantmeansofi
nst
ruct
ioni
nsci
ence
si
ncel
atei
nthe19t
hcent
ury
.Labor
ator
yact
ivi
ti
eswer
eusedi
nhi
ghschoolchemi
str
yint
he1880s
(
Fay
,1931)
.In1886,Har
var
dUni
ver
sit
ypubl
i
shedal
i
stofphy
sicsexper
iment
sthatwer
etobe
i
ncl
udedi
nhi
ghschoolphy
sicscl
assesf
orst
udent
swhowi
shedt
oenr
ollatHar
var
d(Moy
er,1976)
.
Labor
ator
yinst
ruct
ionwasconsi
der
edessent
ialbecausei
tpr
ovi
dedt
rai
ningi
nobser
vat
ion,
suppl
i
ed
det
ail
edi
nfor
mat
ion,
andar
ousedpupi
l
s'i
nter
est
.Thesesamer
easonsar
est
il
laccept
edal
most100
y
ear
slat
er.
Shul
manandTami
r,i
nthe 
SecondHandbookofResear
chonTeachi
ng 
(Tr
aver
s,ed.
,1973)
,li
stedf
ive
gr
oupsofobj
ect
ivest
hatmaybeachi
evedt
hrought
heuseoft
hel
abor
ator
yinsci
encecl
asses:
1.ski
l
ls-mani
pul
ati
ve,
inqui
ry,
inv
est
igat
ive,
organi
zat
ional
,communi
cat
ive
2.concept
s-f
orexampl
e,hy
pot
hesi
s,t
heor
eti
cal
model
,taxonomi
ccat
egor
y
3.cogni
ti
veabi
l
iti
es-cr
it
ical
thi
nki
ng,
probl
em sol
vi
ng,
appl
i
cat
ion,
anal
ysi
s,sy
nthesi
s
4.under
standi
ngt
henat
ureofsci
ence-sci
ent
if
icent
erpr
ise,sci
ent
ist
sandhow t
heywor
k,
exi
stence ofa mul
ti
pli
cit
yofsci
ent
if
icmet
hods,i
nter
rel
ati
onshi
psbet
ween sci
ence and
t
echnol
ogyandamongt
hev
ari
ousdi
sci
pli
nesofsci
ence
5.at
ti
tudes -f
orexampl
e,cur
iosi
ty,i
nter
est
,ri
sk t
aki
ng,obj
ect
ivi
ty,pr
eci
sion,
conf
idence,
per
sev
erance,sat
isf
act
ion,r
esponsi
bil
i
ty,consensus,col
l
abor
ati
on,andl
i
kingsci
ence(
1973,
p.
1119)
.
Wr
it
ingaboutl
abor
ator
yteachi
ngatt
hecol
l
egel
evel
,McKeachi
esai
d:
Labor
ator
yteachi
ngassumest
hatf
ir
st-
handexper
iencei
nobser
vat
ionandmani
pul
ati
onoft
he
mat
eri
alsofsci
encei
ssuper
iort
oot
hermet
hodsofdev
elopi
ngunder
standi
ngandappr
eci
ati
on.
Labor
ator
ytr
aini
ngi
sal
sof
requent
lyusedt
odev
elopski
l
lsnecessar
yformor
eadv
ancedst
udyor
r
esear
ch.

Fr
om t
hest
andpoi
ntoft
heor
y,t
heact
ivi
tyoft
hest
udent
,thesensor
imot
ornat
ureoft
heexper
ience,
andt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
i
zat
ionofl
abor
ator
yinst
ruct
ionshoul
dcont
ri
but
eposi
ti
vel
ytol
ear
ning.I
nfor
mat
ion
cannotusual
l
ybeobt
ained,howev
er,bydi
rectexper
ienceasr
api
dlyasi
tcanf
rom abst
ract
ions
pr
esent
edor
all
yori
npr
int
..
.Thus,onewoul
dnotexpectl
abor
ator
yteachi
ngt
ohav
eanadv
ant
age
ov
erot
hert
eachi
ngmet
hodsi
ntheamountofi
nfor
mat
ionr
etent
ion,i
nabi
l
ityt
oappl
ylear
ning,ori
n
act
ual
ski
l
linobser
vat
ionormani
pul
ati
onofmat
eri
als.
..(
inGage,
1962,
p.1144-
1145)
.
Anot
herwr
it
er,Pi
cker
ing(
1980)
,ident
if
iedt
womi
sconcept
ionsaboutt
heuseoft
hel
abor
ator
yin
col
l
egesci
ence.Onei
sthatl
abor
ator
iessomehow "
il
lust
rat
e"l
ect
urecour
ses-af
unct
iont
hat(
in
Pi
cker
ing'
sopi
nion)i
snotpossi
blei
nasi
mpl
e,one-
aft
ernoonexer
cise.Pi
cker
ingcont
endedt
hat
mostsci
ent
if
ict
heor
ies ar
e based on a l
arge numberofv
erysophi
sti
cat
ed exper
iment
s.He

5
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
suggest
edt
hat
,ifl
ect
uret
opi
csar
etobei
l
lust
rat
ed,t
hisshoul
dbedonet
hrought
heuseofaudi
o-
v
isualai
ds ordemonst
rat
ions.The second mi
sconcept
ion i
sthatl
abor
ator
ies ex
istt
oteach
mani
pul
ati
veski
l
ls.Pi
cker
ingar
guedt
hatt
hemaj
ori
tyofst
udent
sinsci
encel
abor
ator
ycl
assesdo
nothav
eacar
eergoal
ofbecomi
ngapr
ofessi
onal
sci
ent
ist
. 
I
tisi
mper
ati
vef
orschool
stohav
ethel
atestandhi
ghqual
i
tysci
encel
absuppl
i
est
heseday
s.
Sci
encei
sdi
ff
erentf
rom anyot
hersubj
ect
.Inor
dert
ounder
standi
tsconcept
s,onehast
olook
bey
ondt
hebooksandconv
ent
ionalcl
assr
oom t
eachi
ng.Ef
fect
ivet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningofsci
ence
i
nvol
vesseei
ng,
handl
i
ng,
andmani
pul
ati
ngr
eal
obj
ect
sandmat
eri
als.Theknowl
edget
hatki
dsat
tai
n
i
ncl
assr
oomswoul
dbei
nef
fect
ualunl
esst
heyact
ual
l
yobser
vet
hepr
ocessandunder
standt
he
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenact
ionandr
eact
ion.
Ef
fect
ivet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningofsci
encei
nvol
vesaper
pet
ualst
ateofshowandt
ell
.Goodschool
s
combi
necl
assr
oom t
eachi
ngwi
thl
abor
ator
yexper
iment
stoensur
ethatt
hei
rst
udent
sgr
aspeach
andev
eryconceptt
hor
oughl
y.I
tisal
sobel
i
evedt
hatl
abor
ator
yteachi
ngandexper
iment
sthatar
e
bei
ngconduct
edt
her
ehel
pencour
agedeepunder
standi
ngi
nchi
l
dren.Chi
l
drenar
eabl
etor
etai
nthe
knowl
edgef
orl
ongerwhent
heyseet
heexper
iment
sbei
ngper
for
medi
nfr
ontoft
hei
rey
es.
Sci
encel
abequi
pmental
l
owsst
udent
stoi
nter
actdi
rect
lywi
tht
hedat
agat
her
ed.Theygetaf
ir
st-
handl
ear
ningexper
iencebyper
for
mingv
ari
ousexper
iment
sont
hei
rown.St
udent
sar
emadet
ouse
t
hemodel
sandunder
standdi
ff
erentsci
ent
if
ict
heor
iesandconcept
s.I
tisal
sof
oundt
hatschool
sci
encel
abequi
pmentandsuppl
i
esmaket
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningeasybot
hfort
het
eacher
s,aswel
l
asf
ort
hest
udent
s.Ther
ear
esev
eralsci
ent
if
ict
heor
iesandconcept
sthatar
edi
ff
icul
ttoexpl
ain
di
rect
lyf
rom t
hebooks.Anat
omymodel
s,phy
sicssci
enceki
ts,andchemi
str
ysci
enceki
tsf
or
i
nst
ancemakei
teasyt
ounder
standt
heot
her
wisecompl
ext
heor
iesofsci
ence.
Byv
irt
ueofequi
ppi
ngt
hemsel
veswi
tht
hel
atestandt
headv
ancedmat
eri
alsandsuppl
i
es,school
s
ar
eabl
etocont
ri
but
eal
oti
nthesci
ent
if
icadv
ancesy
ett
ocome.Theadv
ancesanddev
elopment
sin
t
hef
iel
dofmedi
calsci
enceandt
echnol
ogywoul
dnott
akepl
acei
fschool
sdi
dnotpr
epar
ebr
il
li
ant
anddedi
cat
edsci
ent
ist
sandr
esear
cher
s.Chi
l
drendev
elopi
nter
esti
nsci
ent
if
icr
esear
chi
nsci
ence
l
abs.Whent
heyobser
vev
ari
oust
hingsandcar
ryoutdi
ff
erentexper
iment
s,t
hei
rreasoni
ngski
l
lsar
e
honedandt
heyst
artt
hinki
ngdeepl
yont
hoset
heor
iesandconcept
s.School
sthuspl
ayav
italr
olei
n
br
ingi
ngupt
henextgener
ati
onofengi
neer
sanddoct
ors.
Toconcl
ude,school
smusthav
ethel
atestsci
encel
absuppl
i
esandequi
pmentt
omakesci
ence
i
nter
est
ingandef
fect
ivef
orst
udent
sandt
oencour
aget
hem t
omakesi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ionsi
nthe
f
iel
dofphy
sics,
biol
ogy
,chemi
str
y,andot
herst
reamsofsci
encel
ateri
nli
fe.
Q.3Di
scussv
ari
ouski
ndsofpr
act
ical
wor
kfort
het
eachi
ngofsci
encesubj
ect
satsecondar
ylev
el.
Pr
act
icalwor
kcanencompassnumer
ouscomponent
sthatcanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreemai
ngr
oupsas
descr
ibedi
nthe 
SCOREr
epor
t 
publ
i
shedi
n2008.

6
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
Cor
eAct
ivi
ti
es
I
ncl
udedi
nthi
scat
egor
yar
ehands-
onact
ivi
ti
essuchas:
 
 i
nvest
igat
ions;
 l
abor
ator
ywor
kandpr
ocedur
es;
 f
iel
dwor
k.
Suchact
ivi
ti
escanhel
pimpr
ovet
hedev
elopmentofst
udent
s'pr
act
icall
abor
ator
yski
l
lsandhel
p
t
hem compr
ehendkeysci
ent
if
icconcept
sandphenomena.
Di
rect
lyRel
atedAct
ivi
ti
es
Thi
staskcat
egor
yiscl
osel
yconnect
edt
otheaf
orement
ionedcor
eact
ivi
ti
esandencompassest
he
f
oll
owi
ng:
 pl
anni
ngi
nvest
igat
ions;
 dat
aanal
ysi
swi
tht
hehel
pofI
CT;
 r
esul
tsanal
ysi
s;
 t
eacherdemonst
rat
ions;
 phenomenaexper
ienci
ng.
Asy
oucansee,t
heset
asksdonotusual
l
yrequi
rehands-
onpar
ti
cipat
ionori
nter
act
ionwi
thcer
tai
n
obj
ect
s butr
atherpr
ocessi
ng dat
a,anal
yzi
ng i
t,and dr
awi
ng concl
usi
ons.Nev
ert
hel
ess,such
act
ivi
ti
espr
ovi
deadeeperi
mmer
sioni
ntot
het
opi
cthanr
egul
arl
essons.
Compl
ement
aryAct
ivi
ti
es
Suchpr
act
ical
tasksent
ail
theuseof
:
 pr
esent
ati
ons;
 r
olepl
ay;
 model
i
ng;
 si
mul
ati
ons;
 sci
ence-
rel
atedv
isi
ts;
 gr
oupdi
scussi
ons.
Howev
er,manywoul
dnotagr
eet
oputt
heset
asksundert
hepr
act
icalact
ivi
tyumbr
ell
a,consi
der
ing
t
hem r
athersuppl
ement
aryt
hansubst
it
uti
onar
y.
Thet
opi
cofwhet
herornotpr
act
icalt
asksshoul
dbeapar
toft
henat
ionalcur
ri
cul
um ateducat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
onsi
scont
rov
ersi
al.Whi
l
ether
ear
epl
ent
yofar
gument
ssuppor
ti
ngpr
act
icalact
ivi
ti
est
o
boostsci
ent
if
icknowl
edge,
manypeopl
edi
sagr
eewi
tht
hat
.Let
'st
akeal
ookatt
hemaj
orar
gument
s
f
rom bot
hsi
des.
I
mpr
ovedLear
ning
I
tist
houghtt
hatpr
act
icalact
ivi
ti
esar
ebenef
ici
alf
orst
udent
sast
heyhel
pthem st
rengt
hent
he
concept
ualunder
standi
ngofsci
enceandal
l
ow t
hem t
ovi
sual
i
zeandmakesenseofcompl
ex

7
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
sci
ent
if
icl
awsandt
heor
ies.
I
nfact
,accor
dingt
oEdgarDol
e'
sConeofExper
ience,pr
act
icalwor
kist
hef
oundat
ionofpr
ofound
l
ear
ningout
comes:

I
ncr
easedMot
ivat
ion
Thi
sper
tai
nst
otheenj
oymentand mot
ivat
ionalaspect
sofpr
act
ical
 
sci
enceact
ivi
ti
es.I
ndeed,
pr
act
icalt
asksar
eof
tenusedt
ospar
kint
erestandent
husi
asm amongst
udent
sandar
eal
soknown
t
oassi
stst
udent
sinr
emember
ingt
hings.
Accor
dingt
othe 
Jour
nalofTechnol
ogyandSci
enceEducat
ion,whenchoosi
ngani
nst
ruct
ional
met
hod,i
tiscr
uci
alt
oinv
olv
est
udent
sint
hepr
ocessf
ort
hesakeofmaxi
mizi
ngt
hei
rinf
ormat
ion
r
etent
ion.
Ski
l
lsAcqui
sit
ion
Pr
act
icalact
ivi
ti
escanhel
pdev
elopmanyt
ransf
erabl
eski
l
ls.I
not
herwor
ds,suchski
l
lscanadd
v
aluet
ost
udent
sandai
dthem ont
hei
rchosencar
eerpat
hs.
Pot
ent
ial
Conf
usi
on
Pr
act
icalact
ivi
ti
es can somet
imes conf
use r
athert
han i
mpr
ovet
he st
udent
s'under
standi
ng,
especi
all
yift
hepr
act
icedoesn'
tgot
opl
an.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
her
eisanassumpt
iont
hatpr
act
icalt
asks
ar
enotagoodmet
hodoft
eachi
ngt
heor
y,suggest
ingt
hatt
heor
iescompr
iseabst
racti
deaswhi
ch

8
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
can'
tbedemonst
rat
edphy
sical
l
y:'
I
nthecont
extoft
heschooll
abor
ator
yiti
scl
eart
hatst
udent
s
cannotdev
elopknowl
edget
hrought
hei
rownobser
vat
ions,ast
het
heor
eti
calent
it
iesofsci
encear
e
nott
her
etobeseen.
'(Wel
l
ingt
onbook-LeachandScot
t1995:
48)
Possi
bleDemot
ivat
ion
Manyst
udent
sdi
sli
ket
hepr
ospectofper
for
mingpr
act
icalt
asks.Ther
eisal
soev
idencei
ndi
cat
ing
t
hatt
ypi
cal
l
yboy
senj
oypr
act
icalwor
kwaymor
ethangi
rl
s,andt
her
efor
ethel
att
ercanof
tenbel
ess
ent
husi
ast
icwhenpar
ti
cipat
ingi
nthesamepr
act
ical
act
ivi
ty(
Wel
l
ingt
on)
.
LackofEngagement
Somest
udi
esshowt
hatgr
oupwor
kwi
thi
npr
act
icalsci
enceof
tenwi
l
lnoti
mpr
ovekeyski
l
lssuchas
communi
cat
ion and i
nter
act
ion,as wi
del
ybel
i
eved.I
nst
ead,when st
udi
ed mor
e cl
osel
y,such
act
ivi
ti
es demonst
rat
e mor
efor
cef
ulst
udent
s'domi
nat
ing t
he dut
y,r
esul
ti
ng i
ninsuf
fi
ci
ent
enj
oymentandengagementf
orot
herst
udent
s(Wel
l
ingt
on)
.
Q.4Di
scussl
ear
ningSt
yle.How woul
dyoudi
ff
erent
iat
efi
elddependentandf
iel
dindependent
l
ear
ningi
nthecont
extofchemi
str
yteachi
ng?
A 
l
ear
ningst
yle 
i
sthewayt
hatdi
ff
erentst
udent
slear
n.Ast
yleofl
ear
ningr
efer
stoani
ndi
vi
dual
’
s
pr
efer
redwayt
oabsor
b,pr
ocess,compr
ehendandr
etai
ninf
ormat
ion.Thef
ourkeyl
ear
ningst
yles
ar
e:v
isual
,audi
tor
y,t
act
il
eandki
naest
het
ic.Vi
sual
lear
ner
spr
efert
ousepi
ctur
es,
graphsandi
mages
t
oor
gani
zeandcommuni
cat
ethei
rthought
sandl
ear
nbestf
rom usi
ngf
lashcar
ds.Audi
tor
ylear
ner
s
pr
efert
oli
sten,
discuss,
memor
izeanddebat
eincl
ass.Theyl
ear
nbestf
rom audi
obooksr
athert
han
pr
intones.Tact
il
elear
ner
slear
nbestbyt
ouchandmov
ement
—theyf
indoppor
tuni
ti
est
otakepar
tin
demonst
rat
ions,
wri
ti
ngorbui
l
dingmodel
s.Ki
nest
het
icl
ear
ner
spr
efert
ouset
hei
rwhol
ebodyi
nthe
l
ear
ningpr
ocess—t
heyusegest
urest
ocommuni
cat
eideasandl
ear
nbesti
nahands-
onenv
ironment
.
A 
l
ear
ningst
yle 
ref
erst
oani
ndi
vi
dual
’
smet
hodofmaki
ngsenseofnew mat
eri
al,commonl
ydone
t
hroughsi
ght
,touchandsound.Tast
eandsmel
l
,al
thoughnotasf
requent
lyusedast
hel
astt
hree,
canst
il
lbeef
fect
ivewhenai
mingt
osol
i
dif
yideasi
nourbr
ain.
 
I
nthef
iel
d-dependent
/i
ndependentmodelofcogni
ti
veorl
ear
ningst
yle,af
iel
d-i
ndependentl
ear
ning
st
ylei
sdef
inedbyat
endencyt
osepar
atedet
ail
sfr
om t
hesur
roundi
ngcont
ext
.Itcanbecompar
edt
o
af
iel
d-dependentl
ear
ningst
yle,
whi
chi
sdef
inedbyar
elat
ivei
nabi
l
ityt
odi
sti
ngui
shdet
ailf
rom ot
her
i
nfor
mat
ion ar
ound i
t.Theor
ist
s def
ine t
hese t
wo cogni
ti
ve st
yles i
nter
ms ofhow t
heyar
e
psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
ydi
ff
erent-whi
chmakest
hisausef
ulmodelf
ort
eacher
str
yingt
ounder
standt
hei
r
l
ear
ner
s.
TheFi
eldDependence–I
ndependence(
FDI
)concepthasbeensubj
ectofext
ensi
ver
esear
chf
orov
er
30y
ear
sandi
sawel
l
-est
abl
i
shedconst
ructf
ori
dent
if
yingi
ndi
vi
dual
s’v
isuospat
ialandper
cept
ual
pr
ocessi
ngabi
l
ity
.Cont
rar
ytocogni
ti
on,whi
chr
efer
stot
hei
ndi
vi
dual
’
sper
for
mancecapaci
tyandi
s
consi
der
edt
obedomai
n-speci
fi
c,cogni
ti
vel
ear
ningst
yledescr
ibesr
elat
ivel
yst
abl
eappr
oachesofa

9
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
l
ear
nert
owar
dal
ear
ningt
askacr
ossar
angeofdi
ff
erentdomai
nsAf
teral
l
,cogni
ti
onr
efer
stot
he
ment
alabi
l
ityofacqui
ri
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,st
ori
ngi
tandpr
ocessi
ngi
ttogener
atenew knowl
edge.I
t
encompassesnumer
ouspr
ocesses,f
rom at
tent
ion,memor
yandper
cept
ion,t
opr
obl
em-
sol
vi
ngand
deci
si
onmaki
ng.Ont
heot
herhand,
ani
ndi
vi
dual
’
scogni
ti
vel
ear
ningst
yler
efer
stot
hedi
sti
ngui
shi
ng
mannert
o acqui
re,or
gani
ze,mani
pul
ate,and i
nter
preti
nfor
mat
ion,and addr
esses how t
hese
i
nter
pret
ati
onsar
eaf
fect
inghi
s/heract
ions.I
not
herwor
ds,
thesecogni
ti
vel
ear
ningst
ylesdescr
ibea
l
ear
ner
’sappr
oacht
owar
dlear
ning.
 I
nit
ial
l
yint
roducedt
heFDIconst
ructwhent
heydev
elopedt
he
Hi
ddenFi
gur
esTest(
HFT)
.Thi
spsy
chol
ogi
calt
aski
sdesi
gnedt
omeasur
eani
ndi
vi
dual
’
sabi
l
ityt
o
i
dent
if
yembeddedpar
tsofanor
gani
zedv
isualf
iel
dassepar
ateent
it
iesf
rom t
hatgi
venf
iel
d.
Accor
ding t
othe under
lyi
ng t
heor
y,t
her
e ar
etwo di
ff
erentway
s ofpr
ocessi
ng i
nfor
mat
ion
cal
l
ed 
Fiel
dDependence(
FD)
 and 
Fiel
dIndependence(
FI)
.Thesepr
ocessi
ngst
ylesr
elat
etot
wo
di
sti
nctandcont
rast
ingl
ear
ningandt
eachi
ngmet
hods.Fr
om t
hispoi
nton,
thet
erms‘
cogni
ti
vest
yle’
and‘
cogni
ti
veabi
l
ity
’ar
eusedi
nter
changeabl
yandt
reat
edassy
nony
ms.
Vi
sualper
cept
ivenesshi
ghl
i
ght
sthef
undament
aldi
ff
erencebet
weent
het
wot
ypesofl
ear
ner
s.The
ov
eral
lvi
sualst
ruct
ureofast
imul
usmai
nlyi
nfl
uencest
hepat
ter
nrecogni
ti
onabi
l
ityoft
he 
Fiel
d
Dependentl
ear
ner
s. 
Fiel
dIndependentl
ear
ner
s f
indi
teasi
ert
obr
eakupacompl
exf
igur
e’sv
isual
st
ruct
ureanddi
scer
nit
sdi
sti
nct
ivepi
eces.Mor
egener
all
y,FDi
ndi
vi
dual
sar
elessabl
etov
iewacue
wi
thouti
tscont
ext
ualsur
roundi
ngs,
whi
l
eFIpeopl
ear
ebet
teratdi
scr
imi
nat
ingbet
weenobj
ect
sand
backgr
ound.
Thedi
ff
erencesi
ncogni
ti
vepr
ocessi
ngunder
lyi
ngt
heper
for
manceofFDandFIi
ndi
vi
dual
sinv
isual
at
tent
iont
asksar
enoty
etf
ull
yrev
eal
ed.Ey
etr
acki
ngst
udi
eshav
ebeenconduct
edt
owar
dthi
send,
si
nceey
emov
ementpat
ter
nsdur
ingv
isualt
askscoul
dindi
rect
lybeusedt
oinf
ert
hepar
ti
cipant
s’
ment
alst
ate.
 Thesi
gni
fi
canti
mpactofcogni
ti
veabi
l
iti
es,suchasper
cept
ualspeedandv
erbal
wor
kingmemor
y,ont
heuser
’sgazebehav
ior
.Fur
therst
udi
esi
dent
if
ieddi
ff
erencesbet
weent
heFDI
cogni
ti
veabi
l
iti
esi
nter
msofsear
cht
askst
imecompl
eti
onandey
egazepat
ter
ns.
I
nthecur
rentst
udyweopt
edf
ort
heuseofanexper
imentt
hatempl
oysambi
guousi
magest
ost
udy
t
hedi
ff
erencesbet
weenFDandFIi
ndi
vi
dual
s.Ambi
guousorbi
stabl
eimages,suchast
heNecker
cube orMy Wi
fe and My Mot
her
-i
n-Law ar
e st
ati
cimages desi
gned t
orendert
wo di
ff
erent
i
nter
pret
ati
ons;al
thought
hev
isualst
imul
usdoesnotchange,t
hepeopl
eof
tenr
epor
tspont
aneous
r
ever
sal
sbet
weent
hement
alst
atescor
respondi
ngt
othet
woi
nter
pret
ati
ons.Twomai
nappr
oaches
at
temptt
oexpl
ainsuchper
cept
uali
nst
abi
l
ityphenomena,namel
ythebot
tom–up(
sensor
y)andt
he
t
op–down(
cogni
ti
ve)appr
oaches.Thest
imul
us-
dri
venbot
tom–uppr
ocessessuggestt
hatneur
onal
r
esponsest
ost
imul
ati
onsoft
heey
esar
efor
medi
nthev
isualcor
tex.Thet
op–downappr
oachi
s
based on t
he mor
e act
ive pr
ocesses ofat
tent
ion,expect
ati
on,and l
ear
ning.Al
though most
r
esear
cher
shav
esuggest
edei
therabot
tom–uporat
op–downbasedappr
oach,ani
ncr
easi
ng

10
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
numberofst
udi
esi
ndi
cat
ethatbot
hty
pesofper
cept
ualpr
ocessespl
ayi
mpor
tantr
olesi
nthe
expl
anat
ionoft
her
ever
salphenomenon 
suggest
edt
hatt
heper
cept
ionofbi
stabl
eimagesseemst
o
beaf
fect
edbybot
hbot
tom–upandt
op–downpr
ocessesi
ndependent
ly,whi
l
eot
her
sar
guet
hatt
he
obser
vedswi
tchi
ngpat
ter
nsar
ear
esul
tofdi
str
ibut
edsy
stem.
Q.5Descr
ibet
heev
aluat
ionst
rat
egyf
ort
hechemi
str
yteachi
ngatsecondar
ylev
el.
Teacher
scancapi
tal
i
zeont
hei
mpor
tanceofchemi
str
yinev
ery
dayl
i
fet
oengaget
hei
rst
udent
s.
Teacher
sshoul
dfol
l
owt
hroughwi
thoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orst
udent
stoact
ivel
yexpl
oreandst
ruggl
ewi
th
newconcept
sinawayt
hatal
l
owst
hem t
oembr
acet
hree-
dimensi
onal
lear
ning.
To mot
ivat
e st
udent
s and deepen t
hei
runder
standi
ng ofchemi
str
y,i
nst
ruct
ors need t
o pl
an
t
hought
full
essonsi
nadv
anceandest
abl
i
shcl
earl
ear
ninggoal
s.Al
l
owi
ngst
udent
stor
efl
ectont
hei
r
knowl
edgecompl
ement
edbyef
fect
ivequest
ioni
ngf
rom t
hei
nst
ruct
orhel
pst
hem sol
i
dif
yconcept
s.
Pl
anni
ngI
sCr
uci
al
Adv
anced pl
anni
ng i
scr
uci
alf
oract
ive st
udentengagement
.Asgui
ded byl
ocaland/
orst
ate
cur
ri
cul
um gui
del
i
nes,t
eacher
sshoul
d deci
deon t
heconcept
uall
ear
ning goal
s,wi
thf
ocuson
chemi
cal
pri
nci
plesandconcept
swi
thi
nthecor
eideasi
nchemi
str
y.
Spi
ral
i
ngt
hecur
ri
cul
um (
bui
l
dingonandmaki
ngconnect
ionst
owhatst
udent
shav
eal
readyl
ear
ned)
encour
agesst
udentpar
ti
cipat
ionandunder
standi
ng.Maki
ngt
hemat
eri
alr
elev
antt
ost
udent
s’l
i
ves
1
wi
l
lal
sopr
omot
eengagementi
nthei
rlear
ning.
Teacher
sshoul
dhi
ghl
i
ghtgui
dingquest
ionsatt
hebegi
nni
ngofeachl
essont
ofocust
heat
tent
ionof
bot
hteacher
sandst
udent
sont
hekeyl
ear
ningobj
ect
ivesf
ort
hel
esson.Thi
spedagogi
calappr
oach
f
ost
erspar
ti
cipat
ionandi
ncl
usi
onofl
ear
ningv
iat
het
hreedi
mensi
ons.
Sev
erall
essonf
ormat
ssuchasgui
dedi
nqui
ry,model
i
ng,andi
nvest
igat
ingapr
obl
em pr
omot
e
deeperunder
standi
ngbyst
udent
s.
Ot
herAppr
opr
iat
eFor
mat
s
Ot
heref
fect
ivel
esson f
ormat
s appr
opr
iat
eforsome t
opi
cs i
n chemi
str
yincl
ude r
ole pl
ayi
ng,
mani
pul
ati
on of concept
svi
a si
mul
ati
ons,and di
ff
erent
iat
ed i
nst
ruct
ion.Cogni
ti
ve sci
ence
di
scour
ages“
teachi
ngast
ell
i
ng,
”ther
efor
ecar
efulpl
anni
ngi
snecessar
ytoav
oidt
hispi
tf
all
.Ifa
l
ect
uref
ormati
sdeci
dedt
obet
hemostef
fect
ivewayt
oteachaconcept
,al
l
owst
udent
stopr
evi
ew
t
hei
nfor
mat
ionandpr
ovi
det
hem i
nadv
ancewi
th 
organi
zer
s t
omaxi
mizepar
ti
cipat
ionandpr
omot
e
st
udentunder
standi
ng.
AssessSt
udentUnder
standi
ngbyQuest
ioni
ng
Regar
dlessoft
hel
essonf
ormatt
hati
schosen,t
eacher
smustpr
epar
eappr
opr
iat
equest
ionst
o
assessst
udentunder
standi
ngdur
ingeachphaseoft
hel
esson.Thesequest
ionsi
ncl
ude:
 an 
engagi
ngquest
ion 
att
hebegi
nni
ngofal
essont
odet
ermi
newhatst
udent
sal
readyknow,
 pr
obi
ngquest
ions 
dur
ingt
hel
essont
ogui
dest
udentl
ear
ning,

11
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
 cl
osi
ngquest
ions 
att
heendoft
hel
essont
ogaugewhatst
udent
slear
ned.
Engagi
ngQuest
ions
Theengagi
ngquest
ionsshoul
dbeanswer
edbyst
udent
swi
tht
heunder
standi
ngt
hatst
udent
sdon’
t
hav
etohav
ethe“
ri
ght
”answer
;thepur
poseoft
hesequest
ionsi
stogener
atei
nit
ial
ideas.
 Di
agr
amsanddr
awi
ngsal
l
ow f
orst
udent
stodev
elopani
nit
ialconcept
ualmodelf
ort
hei
r
cur
rentunder
standi
ng.
 Al
esson abouti
nter
mol
ecul
arf
orces coul
d begi
n wi
th a quest
ion abouthow wat
er
pol
l
utant
sdi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.Of
tent
hesequest
ionsuncov
ernai
vei
deasormi
sconcept
ionst
hat
wi
l
lbeaddr
essedl
ateri
nthel
esson.
 St
udent
scoul
dbepr
esent
edwi
thapr
ovocat
ivequest
ionr
elat
edt
othei
rli
vesorpr
ovi
ded
wi
thapuzzl
i
ngdi
scr
epantev
entt
ochal
l
engepr
iorconcept
ions.
 Manychemi
str
yteacher
senj
oybegi
nni
ngal
essonwi
thademonst
rat
ionorv
ideocl
i
pthat
makesst
udent
sthi
nkaboutt
het
opi
cinadi
ff
erentway
.Somet
imesasi
mpl
edemonst
rat
ion
pai
redwi
thagoodquest
ioni
ssuf
fi
cientt
ospar
kst
udentl
ear
ning.
Pr
obi
ngQuest
ions 
Dur
ingal
esson,
eff
ect
ivepr
obi
ngquest
ionshel
pst
udent
sdev
elopt
hei
rabi
l
ityt
osol
vepr
obl
ems.The
quest
ionsshoul
dhel
pst
udent
smakeconnect
ionst
oot
herl
ear
ning.Todet
ermi
newhatst
udent
str
uly
under
stand,open-
endedquest
ionsar
emor
eef
fect
ivet
hanquest
ionst
hathav
eonl
yoneansweror
quest
ionst
hatcanbeanswer
edwi
thy
esorno.
Cl
osi
ngQuest
ions
Att
heconcl
usi
onoft
hel
esson,i
t’
sagoodi
deat
oaskacl
osi
ngquest
ion,whi
chal
l
owsst
udent
sto
consi
derwhatwasdi
scusseddur
ingt
hel
essonandpr
ovi
desf
eedbackt
othei
nst
ruct
orabout
possi
blemi
sconcept
ionst
hatwer
egener
ated.Usi
ngt
her
esponsest
othecl
osi
ngquest
ionscan
al
l
owt
hei
nst
ruct
ort
opr
epar
eappr
opr
iat
eengagi
ngquest
ionsf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngl
esson.
St
udent
scanusev
ocabul
aryt
ohi
demi
sconcept
ions.Fori
nst
ance,st
udent
smaybeabl
etodef
ine
densi
tymat
hemat
ical
l
y,aswel
lasst
atet
hatanobj
ectwi
l
lfl
oati
nwat
eri
fit
sdensi
tyi
slesst
han1
cm3.Butwhen asked why
g/ ,st
udent
smaybe unabl
eto expl
ainf
loat
ing i
nter
msofpar
ti
cle
or
gani
zat
ion.
Vocabul
aryshoul
dbei
ntr
oducedneart
heendoft
hel
essont
ogi
venamest
otheconcept
sthe
2
st
udent
shav
ecomet
ocompr
ehendmor
ethor
oughl
y. 
Eff
ect
ivemodel
i
ngandt
hree-
dimensi
onal
assessment
scanhel
pat
eacherknowwhathi
sorherst
udent
sknow.
Pr
ovi
dingst
udent
sti
met
oref
lectont
hei
rnewknowl
edgehel
psensur
ethei
runder
standi
ngendur
es
pastt
hecl
osi
ngbel
l
.
 Askst
udent
stocompl
eteexi
tcar
dswi
thpr
ompt
s,suchas“
TodayILear
ned…,
”“Iwoul
dst
il
l
l
i
ket
oknowmor
eabout…,
”or“
Ist
il
ldon’
tunder
stand…”
.

12
 Cour
se:Teachi
ngofChemist
ry(
6460)
Semester:
Spri
ng,
2022
 St
udent
scanwr
it
eal
ett
ert
oar
elat
iveoraf
ri
endexpl
aini
ngi
nnont
echni
cal
ter
mswhatwas
l
ear
nedi
nchemi
str
ythatweek.
 St
udent
scankeepaj
our
nalorsear
chf
orr
eal
-wor
ldexampl
esasev
idenceoft
opi
csl
ear
ned
i
ncl
ass.
 Addnew r
ulesorev
idencet
o ast
udent
-gener
atedorcl
assr
oom-
publ
i
cmodelt
o bui
l
d
under
standi
ng.

13