Cl

ass9t
hHi
stor
y

Chapt
er1- Fr
enchRev
olut
ion

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Frenchrevoluti
onstart
edin1789.Theseriesofeventsstart
edbyt
hemiddl
eclassshakenthe
upperclasses.Thepeopl erev
olt
edagainstthecruelregi
meofmonar
chy.Thi
sr ev
olut
ionput
forwar
dt heideasofli
bert
y,f
rat
erni
ty,
andequali
ty.

•Therev
olut
ionbeganon14thJuly,
1789wit
hthestormingofthefor
tress-pr
ison,
theBast
il
le.
•
→TheBastil
l
e,thefor
tresspr
isonwashat
edbyall
,becauseitstoodf
ort hedespoti
cpowerofthe
ki
ng.

→ Thef
ort
resswasdemol
i
shed.

Causesoft
heFr
enchRev
olut
ion:

Soci
alCause

Fr
enchSoci
etyDur
ingt
heLat
eEi
ght
eent
hCent
ury

Theterm‘
OldRegi
me’i
susual
l
yusedt
odescr
ibet
hesoci
etyandi
nst
it
uti
onsofFr
ancebef
ore
1789.

Thesocietywasdi vi
dedintothreeestates.
1.1stEstate:Cl
ergy(Groupofper sonsinvol
vedinchurchmat t
ers)
2.2ndEstate:Nobili
ty(Personswhohav ehi
ghrankinstateadminist
rat
ion)
3.3rdEstate:(Compr i
sesofBi gbusinessmen,merchants,courtoff
ici
als,l
awy
ers,Peasant
sand
art
isans,
landlesslabour,serv
ants)

•Fi
rsttwocl
asseswereexemptedfrom pay
ingt
axes.Theyenj
oyedpr
ivi
l
egesbybi
rt
h.Nobi
l
ity
cl
assesal
soenj
oyedfeudal
pri
vi
leges.

•Onlythemembersofthethir
destatehadtopaytaxestothestat
e.
→ Directt
axcal
ledtai
l
leandal soanumberofi ndir
ecttaxeswhichwer
echar
gedonar
ti
clesof
ever
ydayconsumpti
onlikesal
tortobacco.

•At
axcal
l
edTi
thewasal
socol
l
ect
edbyt
hechur
chf
rom t
hepeasant
s.

•Cl
ergyandNobil
it
ywere10%oft hepopul
ati
onbutpossessed60%ofl
ands.Thi
rdEst
atewas
90%ofthepopul
ati
onbutpossessed40%ofthelands.

Economi
cCause

Subsi
stenceCr
isi
s

•Thepopul
ati
onofFr
ancer
osef
rom about23mi
l
li
oni
n1715t
o28mi
l
li
oni
n1789.

•Thi
sincr
easedt
hedemandforthefoodgr
ains.Howev
er,product
ioncoul
dnotkeeppacewi
th
t
hedemandwhichul
ti
mat
elyi
ncreasedt
hepricesoft
hefoodgrai
ns.

•Mostwor
ker
swor
kasl
abour
ersi
nthewor
kshopsandt
heydi
dn’
tseei
ncr
easei
nthei
rwages.
•Si
tuat
ionbecamewor
sewhenev
erdr
oughtorhai
lreducedt
hehar
vest
.

•Thisl
edtothescar
cit
yoff
oodgr
ainsorSubsi
stenceCr
isi
swhi
chst
art
edoccur
ri
ngf
requent
ly
dur
ingol
dregi
me.

Pol
i
tical
Cause

•Loui
sXVIcamei
ntot
hepoweri
n1774andf
oundempt
ytr
easur
y.

•Longy
ear
sofwarhaddr
ainedt
hef
inanci
alr
esour
cesofFr
ance.

•UnderLoui
sXVI,Fr
ancehelpedthethi
rt
eenAmer
icancol
oni
est ogai
nthei
rindependencef
rom
thecommonenemy ,Br
it
ainwhichaddedmoret
hanabil
li
onli
vrestoadebtt
hathadalreadyr
isen
tomorethan2bi
l
lionli
vres.

•Anext
rav
agantcour
tatt
hei
mmensepal
aceofVer
sai
l
lesal
socostal
ot.

•Tomeeti t
sr egul
arexpenses,suchasthecostofmai
ntai
ninganar my
,thecour
t,r
unni
ng
gov
ernmentoff
icesoruni
versi
ti
es,t
hestat
ewasfor
cedt
oincr
easetaxes.

Gr
owi
ngMi
ddl
eCl
ass

•Theei
ghteent
hcent
urywitnessedtheemergenceofsoci
algroups,ter
medt hemiddleclass,
whoear
nedthei
rweal
tht
hroughov er
seast
rade,f
rom manuf
act
uringofgoodsandprofessi
ons.

•Thi
scl
asswaseducat
edbel
i
evedt
hatnogr
oupi
nsoci
etyshoul
dbepr
ivi
l
egedbybi
rt
h.

•Theywereinspi
redbytheideasputforwar
dbythevar
iousphi
losopher
sandbecameamatterof
tal
kint
ensi
velyfort
heseclassesinsalonsandcof
fee-
housesandspreadamongpeopl
ethr
ough
booksandnewspapers.

•TheAmericanconst
it
utionandi
tsguar
ant
eeofi
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
swasani
mpor
tantexampl
efor
pol
it
ical
thi
nker
sinFrance.

Phi
l
osopher
sandt
hei
rcont
ri
but
ioni
nrev
olut
ion

•JohnLocke:(
wri
tt
enabooknamed‘ TwoTreat
isesofGov
ernment
’)i
nwhi
chhecr
it
ici
zedt
he
doct
ri
neofthedi
vi
neandabsol
uter
ightoft
hemonarch.

•JeanJacquesRousseau(
wri
tt
enabooknamed‘ Soci
alCont
ract
’)i
nwhichheproposedaf
orm
ofgover
nmentbasedonasoci
alcont
ractbet
weenpeopl
eandthei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves.

•Montesqui
eu(wri
tt
enabooknamed‘TheSpi
ritoftheLaws’)i
nwhichheproposedadi
vi
sionof
powerwithi
nthegover
nmentbet
weent
helegi
slat
ive,t
heexecut
iveandt
hejudi
ciar
y.

TheOut
breakoft
heRev
olut
ion

•Loui
sXVIcal
l
edanassembl
yoft
heEst
atesGener
alt
opasshi
spr
oposal
stoi
ncr
easet
axeson
5t
hMay1789.

•Thefi
rstandsecondestat
essent300r
epresent
ati
veseach,whowereseatedi
nrowsfaci
ng
eachot
herontwosides,
whil
ethe600membersofthethi
rdest
atehadt
ostandatt
heback.

•Thet hir
destatewasrepr
esent
edbyi t
smoreprosperousandeducat
edm8ember
sonl
ywhi
l
e
peasants,ar
ti
sansandwomenwer edeni
edent
ryt
ot heassembl
y.
•VotingintheEst
atesGenerali
nthepasthadbeenconductedaccor
dingt
othepri
nci
plet
hat
eachestat
ehadonev oteandsamepract
icetobecont
inuedt
histi
me.Butmembersoft
hethi
rd
estat
edemandedindiv
idualv
oti
ngri
ght
,whereeachmemberwouldhaveonevot
e.

•Afterr
eject
ionoft hi
spr
oposalbyt
heki
ng,member
soft
het
hir
dest
atewal
kedoutoft
he
assembl
yinpr ot
est
.

•On20thJune,t
her epresentat
ivesofthet hi
rdest
ateassembl
edinthehal
lofani ndoort
enni
s
cour
tinthegroundsofVer sai
ll
eswher et heydecl
aredthemsel
vesaNationalAssemblyand
vowedt
odraftaconstit
utionforFrancethatwouldl
imitt
hepowersoft
hemonar ch.

•Mi
rabeau,
anobl
eandAbbéSi
eyès,
apr
iestl
edt
het
hir
dest
ate.

•Whi
let
heNati
onalAssembl
ywasbusyatVer
sai
l
lesdr
aft
ingaconst
it
uti
on,t
her
estofFr
ance
wasi
ntr
oubl
e.

•Sever
ewint
erdestr
oyedthefoodcropswhichr
esult
edi
nincr
easei
nthepr
ices.Thebaker
sal
so
hoar
dedsuppl
iesofbreadsf
ormakinggreat
erprof
it
.

•Afterspendi
nghour
sinl
ongqueuesatt
hebaker
y,cr
owdsofangr
ywomenst
ormedi
ntot
he
shops.

•Atthesameti
me,theki
ngorderedt
roopst
omov
eint
oPar
is.On14Jul
y,t
heagi
tat
edcr
owd
st
ormedanddest
roy
edtheBast
il
le.

•I
nthecount
rysi
derumour
sspreadfrom vi
ll
aget ovi
ll
agethatt
hel
ordsoft
hemanorwer
eon
t
hei
rwaytodestr
oyt
heri
pecropsthr
oughtheirhi
redgangs.

•Duetofear
,peasant
sinseveraldi
str
ict
satt
ackedt
hecastl
eofnobl
es,
loot
edhoar
dedgr
ainand
bur
ntdowndocument scont
aini
ngrecordsofmanor
ial
dues.

•Lar
genumber
sofnobl
efl
edf
rom t
hei
rhomesandmanymi
grat
edt
onei
ghbour
ingcount
ri
es.

•Loui
sXVIf
inal
l
yrecogni
sedt
heNat
ional
Assembl
yandaccept
edt
heconst
it
uti
on.

•On4t hAugust
,1789,
Francepassedt
hel
awf
orabol
i
shi
ngt
hef
eudalsy
stem ofobl
i
gat
ionsand
taxes.

•Thememberofcl
ergywer
eal
sof
orcedt
ogi
veupt
hei
rpr
ivi
l
eges.

•Ti
theswer
eabol
i
shedandl
andsownedbyt
heChur
chwer
econf
iscat
ed.

Fr
anceBecomesaConst
it
uti
onal
Monar
chy

•TheNati
onalAssembl
ycompl
etedt
hedr
aftoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
n1791whi
chmai
nobj
ectwas
tol
imi
tthepowersoft
hemonar
ch.

•Thepower swerenow separ

ated and assi
gned t
o di
ff
erenti
nsti
tut
ions– t
hel
egi
slat
ure,
execut
iveandj
udi
ciar
ywhi
chmadeFranceaconstit
uti
onal
monarchy.

•TheConst
it
uti
onof1791gavet
hepowerofmaki
ngl
awsi
nthehandsofNat
ionalAssembl
y,
whi
chwasindi
rect
lyel
ect
ed.

•TheNat
ional
Assembl
ywasel
ect
edbyagr
oupofel
ect
ors,
whi
chwer
echosenbyact
iveci
ti
zens.

•Act
iveCi
ti
zenscompr
isesofonl
ymenabov
e25y
ear
sofagewhopai
dtaxesequalt
oatl
east3
day
sofal
abour
er’
swage.

•Ther
emai
ningmenandal
lwomenwer
ecl
assedaspassi
veci
ti
zenswhohadnov
oti
ngr
ight
s.

Fr
anceConst
it
uti
onatt
hatt
ime

•TheConst
it
uti
onbeganwi
thaDecl
arat
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofManandCi
ti
zen.

•Ri
ght
ssuchasther
ightt
oli
fe,
freedom ofspeech,
freedom ofopi
nion,
equal
i
tybef
orel
aw,
wer
e
gi
vent
oeachhumanbeingbybi
rthandcouldnotbetakenaway .

•I
twast hedut yoft hest atet opr otecteachci ti
zen’
snat uralri
ghts.
•Vari
ousPol it
ical Sy mbol s:
→ Thebrokenchai n:standsf ortheactofbecomi ngfree.
→ Thebundl eofr odsorf asces: Showst rengthli
esinuni t
y .
→ Theey ewi thinat r
iangl er adiatinglight:Theall-
seeingey estandsforknowl
edge.
→ Sceptre:Symbol ofroy al power .
→ Snakebi t
ingi tst ai
l t
of orm ar ing: Symbol ofEterni
ty.
→ RedPhr ygiancap: Capwor nbyasl aveuponbecomi ngfree.
→ Blue-
whi t
e-red: Thenat ionalcol oursofFr ance.
→ Thewi ngedwoman: Per sonificationoft helaw.
→ TheLawTabl et:Thel awi st hesamef orall
,andal l
ar eequal bef
oreit
.

Fr
anceAbol
i
shesMonar
chyandBecomesaRepubl
i
c

•LouisXVIhadsi
gnedt
heConst
it
uti
on,butheent
eredi
ntosecr
etnegot
iat
ionswi
tht
heKi
ngof
Prussi
a.

•Rul
ersofothernei
ghbour
ingcount
ri
est oowereworr
iedbyt hedevel
opment
sinFr
anceand
madeplanst
osendtroopst
ostoptherev
oluti
onar
yev
entstaki
ngplace.

•Bef
orethi
scouldhappen,t
heNat
ionalAssembl
yvot
edi
nApr
il1792t
odecl
arewaragai
nst
Pr
ussi
aandAustr
ia.

•Thousandsofv
olunt
eer
sjoi
nedt
hear
myf
rom t
hepr
ovi
ncest
ojoi
nthear
my.

•Peopl
esawt
hiswarasawaroft
hepeopl
eagai
nstki
ngsandar
ist
ocr
aci
esal
lov
erEur
ope.

•Thepatri
oti
csongMarsei
l
lai
se,composedbythepoetRogetdeL’
Isl
ewassungforthefir
st
ti
mebyv ol
unteer
sfr
om Mar
seil
l
esastheymarchedi
ntoPari
swhichi
snowthenat
ionalant
hem
ofFr
ance.

•Ther
evol
uti
onar
ywar
sbr
oughtl
ossesandeconomi
cdi
ff
icul
ti
est
othepeopl
e.

•TheConst
it
uti
onof1791gav
epol
i
tical
right
sonl
ytot
her
ichersect
ionsofsoci
ety
.

•Pol
i
ticalcl
ubswereest
abl
ishedbyt
hepeopl
ewhowi
shedt
odi
scussgov
ernmentpol
i
ciesand
pl
antheirownfor
msofacti
on.

•Themostsuccessf
uloft
hesecl
ubswast
hatoft
heJacobi
ns.

•Themembersoft heJacobi
nclubbel
ongedmainl
yt ot
helesspr
osperoussect
ionsofsoci
ety
suchassmallshopkeeper
s,ar
ti
sansaswellasservant
sanddail
y-wageworker
s.Theirl
eader
wasMaxi
mil
ianRobespierr
e.

•Jacobi
nsst
artwear
ingl
ongst
ri
pedt
rouser
sandcamet
obeknownast
hesans-
cul
ott
es,
l
i
ter
all
ymeani
ngt
hosewi
thoutkneebr
eeches.

•I
nthesummerof1792theJacobi
nsplannedarevol
tofalar
genumberoft
hepeopl
eofPar
is
whower
eanger
edbytheshor
tsuppl
iesandhighpr
icesoff
ood.

•OnAugust10,theyst
ormedthePalaceoftheTui
l
eri
es,massacr
edt
heki
ng’
sguar
dsandhel
d
t
heki
nghimselfashostagef
orsev
eralhour
s.

•Lat
ert
heAssembl
yvot
edt
oimpr
isont
her
oyal
fami
l
y.El
ect
ionswer
ehel
d.

•Fr
om nowonal
lmenof21y
ear
sandabov
e,r
egar
dlessofweal
th,
gott
her
ightt
ovot
e.

•Thenewl
yel
ect
edassembl
ywascal
l
edt
heConv
ent
ion.

•On21stSept
ember1792,
itabol
i
shedt
hemonar
chyanddecl
aredFr
ancear
epubl
i
c.

•Loui
sXVIwassent
encedt
odeat
hbyacour
tont
hechar
geoft
reason.

•ThequeenMar
ieAnt
oinet
temetwi
tht
hesamef
ateshor
tl
yaf
ter
.

TheRei
gnofTer
ror

•Theperiodfr
om 1793to1794isrefer
redt
oast
heRei
gnofTer
rorasRobespi
err
efol
l
oweda
pol
icyofsever
econt
rolandpuni
shment.

•Al
lhi
senemies,
Ex-
nobl
es,cl
ergy
,member sofotherpoli
ti
calpart
ies,
evenmembersofhi
sown
par
tywhodi
dnotagr
eewithhi
smet hodswerear
rested,
imprisonedandguil
l
oti
ned.

•Robespi
err
e’sgovernmentissuedlawspl aci
ngamaxi mum ceil
ingonwagesandpri
ces.
→ Meatandbr eadwer er
ati
oned.
→ Peasantswer eforcedtotransporttheirgraintothecit
iesandselli
tatpri
cesfixedbythe
gover
nment.
→ Theuseofmor eexpensi
vewhi t
ef l
ourwasf orbi
ddenandallci
ti
zenswer
erequi
redt oeatt
he
equal
it
ybread,aloafmadeofwhol ewheat .

•Insteadoft
het
radit
ionalMonsi
eur(
Sir
)andMadame(
Madam)al
lFr
enchmenandwomenwer
e
addressedasCi
toy
enandCi t
oyenne(Ci
ti
zen)
.

•Chur
cheswer
eshutdownandt
hei
rbui
l
dingsconv
ert
edi
ntobar
racksorof
fi
ces.

•Robespi
err
e pur
sued hi
s pol
i
cies so har
shl
ythatev
en hi
s suppor
ter
s began t
o demand
moder
ati
on.

•Final
ly
,hewasconv ictedbyacour ti
nJuly1794,ar
restedandonthenextdaysentt othe
guil
l
oti
ne.
(Theguil
l
oti
neisadeviceconsi
sti
ngoftwopolesandabladewi
thwhi
chapersonisbeheaded.I
t
wasnamedaf t
erDr.Guil
lot
inwhoinv
entedi
t.
)

ADi
rect
oryRul
esFr
ance

•Anewconst
it
uti
onwasi
ntr
oducedwhi
chdeni
edt
hev
otet
onon-
proper
ti
edsect
ionsofsoci
ety
.

•I
tprov
idedfort
woelect
edl
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
swhi
cht
henappoi
ntedaDi
rect
ory
,anexecut
ive
madeupoffi
vemembers.

•TheDi
rect
orsof
tencl
ashedwi
tht
hel
egi
slat
ivecounci
l
s,whot
hensoughtt
odi
smi
sst
hem.
•Thepoli
ti
cal
inst
abi
l
ityoft
heDi
rect
orypav
edt
hewayf
ort
her
iseofami
l
itar
ydi
ctat
or,
Napol
eon
Bonapar
te.

WomenRev
olut
ion

•Fr
om t
hev
erybegi
nni
ngwomenwer
eact
ivepar
ti
cipant
sinr
evol
uti
on.

•Theyhopedthatt
hei
rinvol
vementwoul
dpr
essur
iset
her
evol
uti
onar
ygov
ernmentt
oint
roduce
measur
estoimprovet
heirl
iv
es.

•Mostwomenoft hethi
rdestatehadt owor
kforal
i
vingasl
aundr
esses,sel
l
ers,domest
ic
ser
vant
sint
hehousesofpr
osperouspeopl
e.

•Mostwomendi
dnothav
eaccesst
oeducat
ionorj
obt
rai
ning.

•Todiscussandvoicet
heiri
nter
est
swomenstar
tedt
hei
rownpol
i
tical
clubsandnewspaper
s.
→ TheSocietyofRevol
uti
onar
yandRepubl
i
canWomenwasthemostfamousofthem.

•Womenwer
edi
sappoi
ntedt
hatt
heConst
it
uti
onof1791r
educedt
hem t
opassi
veci
ti
zens.

•Theydemandedt
her
ightt
ovot
e,t
obeel
ect
edt
otheAssembl
yandt
ohol
dpol
i
tical
off
ice.

•Therev ol
utionar
ygov ernmentdi dintr
oducelawsthathelpedimpr ovetheliv
esofwomen.
→ Bycreationofst at
eschool s,schoolingwasmadecompul sor
yf orallgi
rl
s.
→ Theirfatherscouldnol ongerforcethem intomarri
ageagainsttheirwil
l.
→ Marriagewasmadei ntoacont ractenter
edint
of r
eelyandregister
edunderci vi
ll
aw.
→ Div
or cewasmadel egal ,
andcoul dbeappl i
edforbybothwomenandmen.
→ Womencoul dnowt rai
nf orj
obs, couldbecomearti
stsorrunsmal lbusinesses.

•Duri
ngtheReignofTer r
or,t
henewgov er
nmenti
ssuedl
awsor deri
ngclosur
eofwomen’
scl
ubs
andbanni
ngtheirpol
i
ticalact
ivi
ti
es.
→ Manyprominentwomenwer earr
est
edandanumberofthem execut
ed.

•I
twasf
inal
l
yin1946t
hatwomeni
nFr
ancewont
her
ightt
ovot
e.

TheAbol
i
tionofSl
aver
y

•Theunwi l
l
ingnessofEur opeanstogoandwor kinthecoloni
esint heCaribbeanwhichwere
i
mportantsuppli
ersofcommodi ti
essuchastobacco,i
ndi
go,sugarandcof f
eecreatedashor
tage
ofl
abouront heplant
ati
ons.Thus,thesl
avet
radebeganintheseventeenthcentury
.

→ Fr
enchmer chant
ssai
l
edf
rom t
hei
rpor
tst
otheAf
ri
cancoast
,wher
etheyboughtsl
avesf
rom
l
ocalchi
eft
ains.

→ Brandedandshackl
ed,t
heslaveswer epackedt
ight
lyi
ntoshi
psf
ort
het
hree-
mont
hlong
v
oyageacrosst
heAtl
anti
ctotheCari
bbean.

•Ther
et heywer
esol
dtopl
antat
ionowner
s.Theexpl
oit
ati
onofslav
el abourmadei
tpossi
blet
o
meetthegrowi
ngdemandi
nEuropeanmar
ketsf
orsugar,
coff
ee,
andi ndigo.

•Portci
ti
esl
i
keBor
deauxandNant
esowedt
hei
reconomi
cpr
osper
it
ytot
hef
lour
ishi
ngsl
ave
t
rade.

•TheNati
onalAssemblyhel
dl ongdebatesf
oraboutwhet
hert
her
ight
sofmanshoul
dbe
ext
endedt
oall
Frenchsubj
ect
sincludi
ngt
hosei
nthecol
oni
es.
•Buti
tdidnotpassanyl
aws,
fear
ingopposi
ti
onf
rom busi
nessmenwhosei
ncomesdependedon
thesl
avetr
ade.

•Jacobi
nregi
mei
n1794,
abol
i
shedsl
aver
yint
heFr
enchcol
oni
es.

•Howev
er,
teny
ear
slat
er,
Napol
eonr
eint
roducedsl
aver
y.

•Sl
aver
ywasf
inal
l
yabol
i
shedi
nFr
enchcol
oni
esi
n1848.

TheRev
olut
ionandEv
ery
dayLi
fe

•Af
tert
hest
ormi
ngoft
heBast
il
lei
nthesummerof1789wast
heabol
i
tionofcensor
shi
p.

•TheDecl
arat
ionoftheRi
ght
sofManandCi
ti
zenpr
ocl
aimedf
reedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
on
tobeanat
uralri
ght
.

•Newspapers,pamphl et
s,booksandprint
edpi
ctur
esfloodedthetownsofFrancefr
om where
t
heytr
avell
edr apidl
yintothecount
rysi
deanddescr
ibedanddiscussedt
heeventsandchanges
t
aki
ngplaceinFr ance.

•Pl
ays,songsandf esti
veprocessi
onsattr
act
edl ar
genumbersofpeopl
ewhi
chwasoneway
t
heycouldgraspandidenti
fywi
thideassuchasl
ibert
yorj
ust
ice.

Ri
seofNapol
eonBonapar
te

•Af
tert
heendofr
eignoft
err
or,
dir
ect
orycr
eat
edpol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ity
.

•I
n1804,
Napol
eonBonapar
tecr
ownedhi
msel
fEmper
orofFr
ance.

•Heconquer
edmanynei
ghbour
ingcount
ri
esandpl
acedmember
sofhi
sfami
l
yont
hecr
own

•Napol
eonsawhi
srol
easamoder
niserofEur
ope.

•Heintr
oducedmanyl
awssuchasthepr
otecti
onofpri
vat
epr
oper
tyandauni
for
m sy
stem of
wei
ghtsandmeasur
espr
ovi
dedbyt
hedeci
mal syst
em.

•Ini
ti
all
y,manywelcomedNapol
eonasali
ber
atorwhowoul
dbri
ngfreedom fort
hepeopl
e.But
soontheNapoleoni
carmi
escametobev
iewedever
ywher
easani
nvadingfor
ce.

•Hewasf
inal
l
ydef
eat
edatWat
erl
ooi
n1815.

Legacyoft
heFr
enchRev
olut
ion

•Theideasofl
i
ber
tyanddemocr
ati
cri
ght
swer
ethemosti
mpor
tantl
egacyoft
heFr
ench
Rev
olut
ion.

•Thesespr
eadfrom Francet
other
estofEur
opedur
ingt
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury
,wher
efeudal
sy
stemswereaboli
shed.

•Lat
er,t
hesei
deaswer
eadopt
edbyI
ndi
anr
evol
uti
onar
yst
ruggl
ers,Ti
puSul
tanandRammohan
Royal
so.