i

saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

ES
SAYS
FORM3WORK
21.Descr
ibet
hepr
ocessofmei
osi
s. (
20mar
ks)
Occur
sint
wost
eps;
mei
osi
sIwhi
chi
ster
medt
her
educt
iondi
vi
sionofmei
osi
s;andmei
osi
sii
whi
chi
smuchmor
eli
kemi
tot
icdi
vi
sionandi
sthuscal
l
edt
heequat
ionofdi
vi
sion;
Mei
osi
s1has4di
scr
etest
ages:
Prophasel
,Met
aphasel
,AnaphaseIandTel
ophaseI
;
Mei
osi
s1i
spr
ecededby(
occur
saf
ter
)int
erphase1dur
ingwhi
cht
hechr
omosomesar
enot
v
isi
bleasdi
sti
nctbodi
es;
thegenet
icmat
eri
alr
epl
i
cat
essot
hatsuf
fi
cientDNAi
smadeav
ail
abl
e
f
ort
het
wodaught
ercel
l
s;t
her
eisf
ormat
ionofnewcy
topl
asmi
cor
ganel
l
es;
thecel
lbui
l
dsup
suf
fi
cientamountofener
gyr
eser
voi
rfort
hesuccessi
vest
agesofmi
tosi
stooccur
;thecel
lthen
ent
erspr
ophaseIDur
ingPr
ophase1t
henucl
eol
usdi
sappear
s;t
hecent
ri
oles(
ifpr
esent
)become
ar
rangedatopposi
tesi
desoft
henucl
eus;
homol
ogouschr
omosomespai
rupandl
i
esi
debysi
de,
eachpai
rofwhi
chi
scal
l
edabi
val
enti
.
e.t
her
eispai
ri
ngofhomol
ogouschr
omosomes;
each
chr
omosomespl
i
tsi
nto2chr
omat
idsexceptatt
hecent
romer
es;
thechr
omosomesshor
tenand
t
hickenandcoi
lar
oundeachot
heri
.e.cr
ossi
ngov
eroccur
s;cont
actbet
weent
hebi
val
entl
oosens
andt
hechr
omosomesmov
eawayf
rom eachot
her
;howev
er,
theyst
il
lret
aincont
actatt
he
chi
asmat
a;chr
omat
idpor
ti
onst
henbr
eakandr
e-uni
teatcr
oss-
overpoi
ntsi
.e.t
ermi
nal
i
zat
ion;
the
cel
lthenent
ersmet
aphaseI
.Met
aphaseIi
sthest
ageofi
ndependentassor
tmentofhomol
ogous
chr
omosomes;
thehomol
ogouschr
omosomesal
i
gnatt
heequat
oroft
hecel
li
ntwol
i
nesi
.e.t
he
bi
val
ent
smov
etot
heequat
oroft
hespi
ndl
eandar
ranget
hemsel
vesi
npai
rs;
Dur
inganaphase1t
her
eissepar
ati
onoft
hebi
val
ent
sthr
oughshor
teni
ng(
cont
ract
ion)ofspi
ndl
e
f
ibr
es;
cent
romer
esdon'
tsepar
ate;
eachuni
val
ent(
asi
ngl
ememberoft
heor
igi
nal
homol
ogous
pai
r)mov
est
othepol
es;
uponar
ri
vai
att
hepol
eseachchr
omosomei
srepl
i
cat
edt
ofor
m
chr
omat
ids;
Anaphase1i
sther
educt
ionst
age(
chr
omosomenumberi
shal
ved)andt
henumberof
chr
omosomesofeachdaught
ercel
!i
shal
fthenumberi
nthemot
hercel
l
s;t
hecel
lthenent
ers
t
eiophase1;
Tel
ophase1i
schar
act
eri
zedbyar
ri
vai
ofuni
val
ent
satt
hepel
es:
thechr
omosomesuncoi
l
hencemov
eandt
hin;
spi
ndl
efi
bresdi
sappear
;nucl
eusandnucl
earmembr
aner
eappear
;the

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

nucl
earmembr
anemaysomet
imeshowev
ernotr
efor
m ar
oundt
het
woset
sofchr
omosomes
andpr
ophaseI
lfol
l
owsi
mmedi
atel
y;cy
toki
nesi
s(di
vi
sionoft
hecy
topl
asm)mayormaynot
occur
;Mei
osi
s1i
sthuscompl
ete;
Mei
osi
s1i
smuchmor
eli
kemi
tot
iccel
ldi
vi
sion;
inmostcases,
mei
osi
s1doesnotr
each
t
elophaseandhencesecondmei
osi
sfol
l
owsanaphase1i
mmedi
atel
y;t
husanucl
earmembr
ane
doesnotf
ormr
oundt
hepai
redchr
omat
idsbyt
heendofAnaphase1;
inst
ead,
theyi
mmedi
atel
y
under
goaseconddi
vi
sionatr
ightangl
est
othef
ir
st,
onl
ythi
sti
met
hechr
omat
idsar
esepar
ated
att
hecent
romer
esOustl
i
kei
nmi
tosi
s).
I
nter
phaseI
lmai
nlyoccur
sinani
mal
cel
l
s;andi
smuchmor
eli
kei
nter
phase1andt
her
eis
dupl
i
cat
ionofcent
ri
oles,
exceptf
oronemaj
ordi
ff
erence:
ther
eisnor
epl
icat
ionofnucl
eot
ides
(
DNA)si
nceai
lthegenet
icmat
eri
alwasf
ormeddur
ingi
nter
phase1;
Dur
ingpr
ophase1t
hechr
omosomehasal
readyspl
i
tint
o2chr
omat
ids;
newspi
ndl
efi
bres
f
orm,
atr
ightangl
est
othosef
ormeddur
ingmei
osi
si;
nucl
eol
usdi
sint
egr
atesandnucl
ear
membr
anedi
ssol
ves;
howev
eri
npl
antcel
l
sthenucl
eol
usper
sist
sanddoesnotdi
sint
egr
ate;
I
nMet
aphasei
ichr
omosomesmov
eandal
i
gnatt
heequat
oroft
hecel
li
nasi
ngl
eli
ne;
spi
ndl
e
f
ibr
esat
tacht
othechr
omat
ids,
att
hecent
romer
es;
AtanaphaseI
lther
eissepar
ati
onofchr
omat
idsatt
hecent
romer
esandmov
ementofeach
membert
otheopposi
tepol
es;
thespi
ndl
efi
brescont
ractandpul
lthesi
sterchr
omat
idst
othe
opposi
tepol
e
Thecel
lthenent
erst
elophaseI
lwher
ethechr
omosomesl
engt
henandbecomet
hin;
the
spi
ndl
efi
bresdi
sint
egr
ate;
thenucl
earmembr
aneandnucl
eol
usr
e-appearateachpol
e;
cy
toki
nesi
soccur
sresul
ti
ngi
nto2daught
ercel
l
sfr
om eachoft
het
wof
ormedatt
heendof
mei
osi
s1;
henceat
otal
off
ourhapl
oiddaught
ercei
l
s;i
nani
mal
cel
l
scy
toki
nesi
s(di
vi
sionoft
he
cy
topl
asm)occur
sbyconst
ri
cti
onoft
hecel
lmembr
ane;
whi
l
einpl
antcel
l
scy
toki
nesi
sisby
deposi
ti
onofacel
lpl
ateal
ongt
heequat
oroft
he
spi
ndl
es;

22.(
a).Descr
ibehowi
nsectpol
l
inat
edf
lower
sar
eadapt
edt
opol
l
inat
ion.(
10mar
ks)
-
Hav
elar
gebr
ight
lycol
our
edpet
als;
whi
chat
tracti
nsect
s.
-Pr
esenceofnect
ari
es;
thatsecr
etesweetscent
ednect
ar;
whi
chser
veasbai
tfort
hei
nsect
s.
-Hav
esmal
l
;st
ickyst
igma;
whi
chenabl
est
hepol
l
engr
ainsf
rom t
hei
nsect
sbodyt
ost
ickont
oit
.
-Ant
her
sar
esmal
l
;andhel
dfi
rml
yont
othef
il
ament
s;t
oensur
ethatt
heydon'
tbr
eakwhent
he
i
nsect
srubagai
nstt
hem ast
heycr
awl
int
othef
lower
.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Hav
elar
ge;
heav
yandst
ickypol
l
engr
ainssoast
ost
ickont
hei
nsect
s'body
.
-Theant
her
spr
oducef
ewbutl
argegr
ains;
toi
ncr
easet
hechancesoft
hei
rtr
ansf
ert
oast
igma
f
orpol
l
inat
ion.
-Fl
ower
snor
mal
l
yhav
eshapest
hatar
econv
eni
entf
ort
hei
nsect
sbodyt
hust
hei
nsect
sfr
ts
comf
ort
abl
ye.
g.f
lowerpet
alsf
ormi
ngacor
oll
atube;
Tot
al16mar
ks;
maxi
mum =10mar
ks;

(
b).(
i)
.Di
scusst
headv
ant
agesofr
epr
oduct
ionbyseeds
-
Fer
ti
li
zat
ionbr
ingsaboutgenet
icmi
xi
ngwhi
chl
eadt
ofor
mat
ionofdesi
rabl
equal
i
ties.
-
Var
iant
sof
tenshowhy
bri
dvi
gour
,hencebet
tercompet
it
iveabi
l
ityf
orr
esour
ces;
-
Var
iant
sar
ebet
teradapt
edt
oenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons.
-
Var
iat
ionsnor
mal
l
ypr
ovi
det
hebasi
sforev
olut
ionar
ychanges;

(
ii
).Expl
aint
hedi
sadv
ant
agesofr
epr
oduct
ionbyseeds(
5mar
ks)
-Someseedshav
ever
ylowv
iabi
l
ity
.
-Someseedshav
elongdor
mancyandmayneedspeci
alt
reat
menti
nor
dert
oger
minat
e.
-Seedsar
elessl
i
kel
ytosur
viv
ehar
shenv
ironment
al(
soi
l
)condi
ti
ons;
-Resul
tantof
fspr
ingshav
esl
owmat
uri
tyr
ate;
-Goodpar
ent
alt
rai
tsmaybel
ostduet
orecombi
nat
ionwhi
l
ebad(
def
ect
ive)r
ecessi
vet
rai
tsi
n
par
ent
smaybeexpr
essedi
nof
fspr
ings
Any5cor
rect
;5x1=5mar
ks;

23.Gi
vi
ngr
elev
antexampl
es,
expl
ainhowseedsandf
rui
tsar
eadapt
edt
othev
ari
ousmet
hodsof
di
sper
sal
(20mar
ks)
Adapt
ati
onsofwi
nddi
sper
sedseedsandf
rui
ts;
-Seedsandf
rui
tsdev
elophai
ryandf
eat
her
-l
ikepr
oject
ions;
toi
ncr
easet
hei
rsur
facear
ea
enabl
i
ngt
hem t
obecar
ri
edbywi
nd,
andbedr
oppedsomedi
stancef
rom par
entpl
ant
.
Exampl
es:Fr
uit
s/seedsofcot
ton,
dandel
i
onandsonchus.
-Someseedsandf
rui
tsdev
eloppaper
yext
ensi
onst
husf
or ngwi
mi ng-
li
kest
ruct
ures.
-Theext
ensi
onsi
ncr
easet
hesur
facear
eaofseedandf
rui
tsot
hatt
heyar
eeasi
l
ycar
ri
edaway
byai
r-
cur
rent
s,whi
chdr
opt
hem awayf
rom t
hepar
entpl
ant
.
Ex
ampl
es:
frui
tsofj
acar
andaandNandi
flame;
-Sev
eral
wind-
disper esmal
sedseedsar landl
i
ght
,enabl
i
ngt
hem t
obecar
ri
edbyai
rcur
rent
s.
Ex
ampl
es:
Seedsofgr
assesandsomeor
chi
ds.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Censormechani
sm;
somecapsul
eshapedov
ari
esdr
yupandar
epar
ti
all
yopenedof
fatt
het
op.
-Thecapsul
eispl
acedatt
heendoft
hest
alksucht
hatwheni
tisshaken,
to-andf
ro-bywi
nd,
the
seedsbecomeshakenoutandscat
ter
ed.
Exampl
es:-
Sesamum spp/
stmal
m)Ni
: cot
ianaspp.(
Tobacco)
Adapt
ati
onsofani
maldi
sper
sedseedsandf
rui
ts.
-Somef
rui
tsar
ehooked(
sti
cky
)ont
heov
arywal
l
,ori
ntot
hecal
yx.
-Thesehooksst
ickont
hef
ur/
hai
rs(
orcl
othesi
nman)ofpassi
ngani
mal
s;t
hisenabl
est
hem t
o
becar
ri
edandbedeposi
tedt
oanewsi
tef
rom par
entpl
ant
.
Exampl
es:-Bl ack(
ackj Bidenspi
l
osa)
,desmodi
um et
c.
-Fr
uit
sthatar
esuccul
ent/
fleshy
/jui
cy(
fl
eshyper
icar
p)ar
eeat
enbyani
mal
sandt
hei
rseeds
di
scar
dedsamedi
stanceawayf
rom par
entpl
ant
.
Exampl
es:Ber
ri
esl
i
keor
anges,
Bananas,
mangoes,
guav
aset
c.
-Somef
rui
t ebr
shav ight
lycol
our
edepi
car
p,whi
chat
tr
act
sani
mal
s,f
aci
l
itat
ingf
eedi
ngand
hencedi
sper
sal
.
Exampl
es:-Or
anges,
Bananas,
mangoeset
c.
-Ot
hersuccul
entf
rui
t ear
sar omat
ic/
scent
edi
.e.hassweetsmel
l
;whi
chat
tract
sani
mal
s.The
ani
mal
sfeedont
hef
rui
tsanddi
scar
dtheseedsawayf
rom t
hepar
entpl
ant
.
Exampl
es:-Or
angesandbananas.
-Somef
rui
tshav
eseedswi
thcoat
s(t
est
a)t ehar
hatar dandr
esi
stantt
odi
gest
iveenzy
mes.
-Thef
rui
ttoget
herwi
tht
heseedsar
eswal
l
owed;
theseedsbei
nghar
dandi
ndi
gest
ibl
ear
e
passedoutwi
thf
aeceswhi
l
etheyar
est
il
lcapabl
eofger
minat
ion.
Exampl
es:-
Guav
a,mangoes,
avocadoes,
orangeset
c.
-Ot
herseedsar
ecov
eredwi
thst
icky(
mucoi
d)mat
eri
al,
andar
ecar
ri
edont
hef
eetofbi
rds,
and
consequent
lydi
scar
dedawayf
rom t
hepar
entpl
ant
.

Adapt
ati
onsofwat
erdi
sper
sedseedsandf
rui
ts:
eai
-Theyhav rspacesmaki
ngt
hem l
i
ghtandabl
etof
loatonwat
er.i
.e.t
heyar
ebuoy
ant
.
Exampl
es:-Wat
erl
i
ly,
coconutet
c.
-Theyhav
eawat
erpr
oofcov
erwhi
chmakest
hem f
loatwi
thoutwat
erent
eri
ngt
hem.
Exampl
e:-Coconut
s.

Adapt
ati
onsofsel
f-
disper
sedseedsandf
rui
ts(
expl
osi
vemechani
sm)
.
-Occuri
ndr
ydehi
scentf
rui
tse.
g.l
egumes/pods.
-Af
terpoddr
iesup,
theseedsbr
eakof
ffr
om t
hepl
acent
aandar
epl
acedi
nsi
det
hepod.
Duet
olossofwat
erf
rom t
hepodandt
hepr
essur
ewi
thi
nthepod,
thedi
vi
dingwal
l
sopen

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

v
iol
ent
ly.
-I
nthepr
ocessseedsar
ethr
ownawayf
rom t
hepar
entpl
ant
.
Exampl
es:-
Beans,
peaet
c.
-Somef
rui
tshav
eli
nesofweakness(
sut
ures)al
ongwhi
cht
hepodopensv
iol
ent
lyduet
o
dev
elopmentofpr
essur
efr
om wi
thi
n.

24.(
a).Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weencr
oss-
pol
l
inat
ionandsel
f-
pol
l
inat
ion.(
2mar
ks)
Sel
f-
pol
l
inat
ioni
sthet
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ainsf
rom t
heant
hert
othest
igmaoft
hesamef
lower
;
whi
l
ecr
oss-
pol
l
inat
ioni
sthet
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ainst
othest
igmaofanot
herf
lowerei
theront
he
samepl
antoranot
herbutoft
hesamespeci
es;

(
b).Descr
ibepol
l
inat
ion,
fer
ti
li
zat
ionandseedandf
rui
tfor
mat
ioni
ncommonpl
ant
s.(
18mar
ks)
-Thepol
l
engr
ainsl
andandst
ickont
othest
igma.
-Thest
igmasecr
ete/
produceast
ickychemi
cal
flui
dthatcausespol
l
engr
ainst
oadher
eont
oit
.
-Thest
ickysecr
eti
onsal
sost
imul
atet
hepol
l
engr
aint
oger
minat
eint
oapol
l ube.
ent
-Thepol
l
ent
ubegr
owsi
ntot
hest
igma,
andpr
otr
udesdownt
hest
ylet
issues.
-Thepol
l
ent
ubeder
ivesi
tsnut
ri
ti
onf
rom t
hest
ylet
issues.
-Ast
het
ubegr
owsdownwar
ds,
thet
ubenucl
eusoccupi
est
heposi
ti
onj
ustbehi
ndt
het
ip.
-Thegener
ati
venucl
eust
henent
erst
het
ube;
anddi
vdesmi
i tot
ical
l
ytogi
veapai
rofmal
e
gamet
enucl
ei,
whi
chf
oll
owt
het
ubenucl
eus,
ast
hepol
l
ent
ubegr
owsf
urt
herdownt
hest
yle.
-Onr
eachi
ngt
heov
aryt
hepol
l
ent
ubeent
erst
heov
aryv
i hemi
at cropy
le.
-I
tthenpenet
rat
est
heembr
yosacwal
landbur
stsopen.
-Thet
ube(
veget
ati
ve)nucl
eust
hendi
sint
egr
ates,
leav
ingacl
earpassagef
ort
heent
ryoft
het
wo
mal
egamet
enucl
ei.
-Fer
ti
li
zat
iont
akespl
acewher
eonemal
egamet
efuseswi
thbot
hpol
arnucl
eit
ofor
m at
ri
ploi
d
nucl
euscal
l
edpr
imar
yendosper
m nucl
eus.
-Theot
hermal
enucl
eusf
useswi
tht
hef
unct
ional
eggcel
ltof
orm aDi
ploi
dzy
got
e.
-Thi
sisDoubl
efer
ti
li
zat
ion,
auni
quef
eat
ureoff
lower
ingpl
ant
s.
-Af
terf
ert
il
izat
ionanumberofchanges(
postf
ert
il
izat
ionchanges)occuri
nthef
lower
;
Mai
nchangesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
-
-Thez
ygot
edi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
y,gr
owi
nganddev
elopi
ngi
ntoanembr
yo.
-Theembr
yobecomesdi
ff
erent
iat
edi
ntoar
adi
cle(
embr
yoni
croot
),pl
umul
e(embr
yoni
cshoot
),
andoneor2cot
yledons.
-Thet
ri
ploi
dpr
imar
yendosper
m nucl
eusdi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
ytof
orm endosper
m,whi
chsur
rounds
t
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo,
andpr
ovi
dei
twi
thnour
ishment
.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Theembr
yosacexpandst
oaccommodat
ethedev
elopi
ngandgr
owi
ngembr
yo.
-Thenucel
l
usbecomescr
ushedsot
hatt
heembr
yoandendosper
m comet
ofi
l
lthewhol
ear
ea
i
nsi
det
hei
ntegument
s.
-Theov
ulesdev
elopi
ntot
heseed.Thei
ntegument
sbecomet
heseedcoat(
Theout
er
i
ntegumentbecomest
het
est
aandt
hei
nneri
nter
gument
sbecomet
het
egmen)
.
-Thef
inal
transf
ormat
ionofov
ulei
ntoseedi
nvol
vesr
emov
alofwat
erf
rom ani
nit
ial
90%t
ofi
nal
15%t
husf
ormi
ngador
mantr
esi
stantst
ruct
uret
hatcanwi
thst
andadv
ersecondi
ti
ons.
-Theov
arydev
elopsi
ntoaf
rui
t;t
hispr
otect
stheseedandai
dsi
ndi
sper
sal
.
-Theov
arywal
lbecomest
heper
icar
p(wal
loft
hef
rui
t)
.
-Pet
als,
stamen,
sty
leandst
igmawhi
ther
,di
eandf
all
off
.
25.(
a)Descr
ibewi
tht
heai
dofl
abel
l
eddi
agr
ams:
(
i)
.thest
ruct
ureofamat
urecar
pel
andov
ule. (
10mar
ks)
-Thecar
pel
const
it
utest
hef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem oft
hepl
ant
.
-I
tismadeupofsev
eral
str
uct
ureswhi
chper
for
mvar
iousf
unct
ionsi
.e.t
hest
igmar
ecei
ves
pol
l
engr
ainsdur
ingpol
l
inat
ion;
thest
ylehol
dst
hest
igmai
nposi
ti
on,
all
owspassageoft
he
pol
l
ent
ubet
hroughi
tthusconnect
ingt
hest
igmat
otheov
ary
;theov
arycont
ainsov
ules,
whi
ch
dev
elopsi
ntoseeds;
Di
agr
am:
c·
··
Wr"
"St
igma

Theov
ule:
-I
tcompr
isesoft
heembr
yosac,
thenucel
l
usandt
hei
ntegument
s;t
hei
ntegument
ssur
roundt
he
embr
yosacext
ernal
l
y;t
heembr
yosaci
smadeupof3ant
ipodal
cel
l
s,2pol
arnucl
ei,
2sy
ner
gids
and1f
unct
ional
eggcel
l
,whi
chf
useswi
tht
hemal
enucl
eit
ofor
mthedi
ploi
dzy
got
e

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

(
ii
).Thest
ruct
ureofamat
ureant
herandexpl
ainhowdehi
scenceoccur
s(10mks)
-Acr
osssect
ionoft
heant
her
sshowsf
ourpol
l
ensacs(
micr
ospor
angi
a);
-Theout
erl
ayerofeachpol
l
ensaci
sthet
apet
um;
alay
erofcel
l
sthatsecr
etenut
ri
ent
sint
othe
pol
l
ensac;
eachpol
l
ensaci
sfi
l
ledwi
thdi
ploi
dpol
l
enmot
hercel
l
s;t
hepol
l
enmot
hercel
l
sar
e
t
heonesdest
inedt
ogi
ver
iset
opol
l
engr
ainst
hroughamul
ti
-st
eppr
ocess;
uponmat
uri
ty,
the
ant
herl
oseswat
erandr
apt
ures(
bur
stsopen)t
orel
easet
hepol
l
engr
ainsi
nhundr
edsoft
hem;

(
b)Gi
veadet
ail
edaccountof
:-
(
i)
.thepr
ocessl
eadi
ngt
othef
ert
il
izat
ionofanov
uleaf
terpol
l
enhasl
andedont
hest
igma,
and
(
ii
).t
hef
ormat
ionofaseedf
oll
owi
ngf
ert
il
izat
ionoft
heov
ule. (
10mar
ks)
-Thepol
l
engr
ainsl
andandst
ickont
othest
igma.
-Thest
igmasecr
etes/pr
oduceast
ickychemi
cal
flui
dthatcausespol
l
engr
ainst
oadher
eont
o
i
t.
-Thest
ickysecr
eti
onsal
sost
imul
atet
hepol
l
engr
aint
oger
minat
eint
oapol
l
ent
ube.
-Thepol
l
ent
ubegr
owsi
ntot
hest
igma,
andpr
otr
udesdownt
hest
ylet
issues.
-Thepol
l
ent
ubeder
ivesi
tsnut
ri
ti
onf
rom t
hest
ylet
issues.
-Ast
het
ubegr
owsdownwar
ds,
thet
ubenucl
eusoccupi
est
heposi
ti
onj
ustbehi
ndt
het
ip.
-Thegener
ati
venucl
eust
henent
erst
het
ube;
anddi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
ytogi
veapai
rofmal
e
gamet
enucl
ei,
whi
chf
oll
owt
het
ubenucl
eus,
ast
hepol
l
ent
ubegr
owsf
urt
herdownt
hest
yle.
-Onr
eachi
ngt
heov
aryt
hepol
l
ent
ubeent
erst
heov
aryv
iat
hemi
cropy
le.
-I
tthenpenet
rat
est
heembr
yosacwal
landbur
stsopen.
-Thet
ube(
veget
ati
ve)nucl
eust
hendi
sint
egr
ates,
leav
ingac1earpassagef
ort
heent
ryoft
he
t
womal
egamet
enucl
ei.
-Fer
ti
li
zat
iont
akespl
acewher
eonemal
egamet
efuseswi
thbot
hpol
arnucl
eit
ofor
m at
ri
ploi
d
nucl
euscal
l
edpr
imar
yendosper
m nucl
eus.
-Theot
hermal
enucl
eusf
useswi
tht
hef
unct
ional
eggcel
ltof
orm aDi
ploi
dzy
got
e.
-Thi
sisDoubl
efer
ti
li
zat
ion,
auni
quef
eat
ureoff
lower
ingpl
ant
s.
-Af
terf
ert
il
izat
ionanumberofchanges(
postf
ert
il
izat
ionchanges)occuri
nthef
lower
;
~Mai
nchangesi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
-
-Thez
ygot
edi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
y,gr
owi
nganddev
elopi
ngi
ntoanembr
yo.
-Theembr
yobecomesdi
ff
erent
iat
edi
ntoar
adi
cle(
embr
yoni
croot
),pl
umul
e(embr
yoni
cshoot
),
andoneor2cot
yledons.
-Thet
ri
ploi
dpr
imar
yendosper
m nucl
eusdi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
ytof
orm endosper
m,whi
ch
sur
roundst
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo,
andpr
ovi
dei
twi
thnour
ishment
.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Theembr
yosacexpandst
oaccommodat
ethedev
elopi
ngandgr
owi
ngembr
yo.
-Thenucel
l
usbecomescr
ushedsot
hatt
heembr
yoandendosper
m comet
ofi
l
lthewhol
ear
ea
i
nsi
det
hei
ntegument
s.
-Theov
ulesdev
elopi
ntot
heseed.Thei
ntegument
sbecomet
heseedcoat(
Theout
er
i
ntegument
becomest
het
est
aandt
hei
nneri
nter
gument
sbecomet
het
egmen)
.
-Thef
inal
transf
ormat
ionofov
ulei
ntoseedi
nvol
vesr
emov
alofwat
erf
rom ani
nit
ial
90%t
o
f
inal
15%t
husf
ormi
ngador
mantr
esi
stantst
ruct
uret
hatcanwi
thst
andadv
ersecondi
ti
ons.
-Theov
arydev
elopsi
ntoaf
rui
t,t
hispr
otect
stheseedandai
dsi
ndi
sper
sal
.
-Theov
arywal
lbecomest
heper
icar
p(wal
loft
hef
rui
t)
.
-Pet
als,
stamen,
sty
leandst
igmawhi
ther
,di
eandf
all
off
;
26.a)Descr
ibet
hepr
ocesst
hatoccur
sdur
ingt
hepr
oduct
ionofapol
l
engr
ain,
int
heant
herofa
f
lower
ingpl
antunt
ilt
hemat
uregr
aini
sexposedt
oav
isi
ti
ngpol
l
inat
or.(
14mar
ks)
-Pol
l
engr
ainsar
ethemal
egamet
es.
-For
mat
ionoccur
sint
heant
her
s.
-Theant
her
scont
ainf
ourpol
l
ensacsi
nwhi
chpol
l
engr
ainsar
efor
med.
-Eachpol
l
ensaccont
ainsdensel
ypackedpol
l
enmot
hercel
l
s,al
lofwhi
char
edi
ploi
d.
-Eachpol
l
enmot
hercel
lunder
goesmei
osi
stogi
veat
etr
adof4Hapl
oidpol
l
engr
ains,
whi
ch
l
atersepar
ate.
-Wi
thi
neachpol
l
engr
aint
henucl
eusdi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
yint
o-2nucl
ei,
thegener
ati
venucl
eus
andt
hepol
l
ent
ubenucl
eus.
-Thi
smi
tot
icdi
vi
sioni
saccompani
edbyt
hickeni
ngandscul
ptur
ingoft
hepol
l
engr
ainwal
l
,
f
ormi
ngt
hemat
urepol
l
engr
ain.
-Fur
therel
abor
ati
onoft
hepol
l
engr
aint
ofor
mthemal
egamet
eoccur
saf
terpol
l
inat
ion.
b)Bywhatmeansmaysuchgr
ainsbepr
event
edf
rom r
eachi
ngt
her
ecept
ivest
igmaoft
he
samef
lower
?(6mks)
Di
chogamy/Pr
otandr
yandpr
otogy
ny;
Si
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chmal
eandf
emal
epar
tsi
napl
antmat
ureatdi
ff
erentt
imes;
whenmal
epar
ts
1/
andr
oeci
um mat
uresear
li
ert
hisi
spr
otandr
yandwhenf
emal
epar
tsmat
ureear
li
estt
hisi
s
pr
otogy
ny;
Thesepr
ocessensur
est
hatwhenmal
epar
tsar
emat
ureandsheddi
ngpol
l
engr
ainst
hef
emal
e
par
tsar
est
il
li
mmat
ureandt
huscannotr
ecei
vepol
l
enI
lwhenf
emal
epar
tsar
emat
ureand
r
eadyt
orecei
vepol
l
en,
themal
epar
tsar
est
il
li
mmat
ureandcannotshedpol
l
en;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Sel
fst
eri
l
ity
;
Ref
erst
othei
nabi
l
ityoft
hepol
l
engr
ainsofaf
lowert
oef
fectf
ert
il
izat
ioni
ntheov
ulesoft
he
samef
lower
;thepol
l
engr
ainmayf
ail
toger
minat
etopol
l
ent
ube;
ger
minat
ionmayoccurbut
f
usi
onofgamet
enucl
eif
ail
etc;
thi
sensur
est
hatt
hef
lowerobt
ainspol
l
enf
rom anot
herf
lower
oft
hesamespeci
es;
Di
oeci
sm;
Ref
erst
otheexi
stenceofexcl
usi
vel
ymal
eandf
emal
epl
ant
sinaspeci
es;
sucht
hatai
lfl
ower
s
i
na
pl
antar
eei
therexcl
usi
vel
yst
ami
nat
eorpi
sti
l
lat
e;f
orsuchpl
ant
spol
l
inat
ionandhence
f
ert
il
izat
ioncan
onl
yoccuri
fpol
l
engr
ainsar
eshedf
rom onepl
antt
oanot
heroft
hesamespeci
es;
e.g.i
n
Pawpaw-
pl Car
ant( icapapay
a);
Het
erost
yly
;
Ref
erst
othepossessi
onofst
ylesofdi
ff
erentl
engt
hsondi
ff
erentpl
ant
soft
hesamespeci
es;
Member
soft
hespeci
eswhosest
igmaoccurabov
etheant
her
scanonl
yhav
efer
ti
li
zat
ionby
r
ecei
vi
ng
pol
l
engr
ainsf
rom anot
herpl
antoft
hesamespeci
eshencecr
osspol
l
inat
ion;
Exi
stenceoff
eat
urest
hatat
tractpol
l
inat
ingagent
s.
Fl
ower
swi
thf
eat
urest
hatat
tracti
nsect
spol
l
inat
orssuchassweetscent
ednect
ar;
bri
ght
ly
col
our
ed
pet
alset
ctendt
oav
oidsel
fpol
l
inat
ionsi
ncet
hev
isi
ti
ngi
nsect
swi
l
lsur
elycar
rypol
l
engr
ainst
o
t
henextf
lowert
heyv
isi
t;
27.Wi
thr
efer
encet
onamedexampl
esi
neachcase,
showhowf
lower
sar
eadapt
edf
or:
-
(
i)
.Wi
ndpol
l
inat
ion.(
8mar
ks)
-Fl
ower
sar
esmal
l
,inconspi
cuousandhav
edul
lcol
our
edbr
act
sori
nfl
orescence,
whi
chcan'
t
at
tracti
nsect
sorev
enabsent
.
-Lacknect
ari
esandt
husnotsweatscent
ed;
lacki
ngt
hescentbai
ttoat
tracti
nsect
s;
-Havest
igmat
hatar
elar
ge,
longandf
eat
her
yandhangout
sidet
hef
lower
stor
ecei
veanypol
l
en
gr
ainsf
rom t
heai
r
-Thel
argeandf
eat
her
ynat
ureoft
hest
igmai
ncr
easest
hesur
facear
eaf
ort
rappi
ngpol
l
en
gr
ains
-Pol
l
engr
ainsar
esmal
l
;li
ghtandsmoot
handhencecaneasi
l
ybebl
ownawaybyai
rcur
rent
s
wi
thoutst
icki
ngt
oget
her
;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Thepol
l
engr
ainsar
eal
sodr
y;sot
hatt
heyar
eeasi
l
ypi
ckedupandbl
owov
ergr
eat
er
di
stancesbywi
nd;
-Fl
ower
sar
eir
regul
ari
nshape;
wit
hthemal
epar
tsexposed;
foreasyt
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ains
bywi
nd.
-Ant
her
sar
elar
geandl
oosel
yat
tachedt
othef
il
amentsot
hatt
hesl
i
ght
estai
rmov
ementcan
shaket
hem;
tom di
sper
sepol
l
engr
ains;
(
ii
).I
nsectpol
l
inat
ed.(
8mar
ks)
-Fl
ower
sar
elar
ge;
conspi
cuouswi
thbr
ight
lycol
our
edpet
alsorbr
act
sori
nfl
orescence;
to
at
tracti
nsect
s;
-Thef
lower
shav
enect
ari
es;
tosecr
etesweetscent
ednect
ar;
toat
tracti
nsect
s.
-Thef
lowershapei
sespeci
all
ydesi
gnedt
oal
l
owt
hei
nsectt
ogeti
ntot
henect
il
ee.
g.t
he
f
lower
sar
efusedt
ofor
m acor
oll
atube;
dur
ingwhi
cht
imet
heycar
ryawaypol
l
engr
ains;
-Theyhav
esmal
lant
her
s,whi
char
efi
rml
yat
tachedt
othef
il
ament
;tor
esi
stsbr
eakagewhen
i
nsect
smakecont
act
;
-Theyhav
elar
ge,
heav
y,andr
oughpol
l
engr
ains;
tost
ickont
othebodyoft
hei
nsect
s.
-Theyhav
est
igmas,
whi
char
esmal
l
,st
ickyandoccuri
nsi
det
hef
lower
;sot
hatpol
l
enon
i
nsect
s'bodi
eseasi
l
yst
ickont
othem;
-Somef
lower
shav
ehoneyornect
argui
dest
odi
recti
nsect
stowar
dst
henect
ari
es;
hence
f
aci
l
itat
ingt
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ainsi
ntot
hei
nsect
s'bodi
esort
ost
igma;
-Somef
lowershapesmi
micst
heshapeofpol
l
inat
ingi
nsect
s;t
her
ebyat
tract
ingi
nsect
sint
o
t
hem;
dur
ingwhi
cht
imet
hei
nsect
scomei
ntocont
actwi
thst
amensandcar
pel
s;
-Somef
lower
shav
epet
alsmodi
fi
edt
ost
andar
dandkeel
topr
ovi
desui
tabl
elandi
ngsur
facef
or
pol
l
inat
ingi
nsect
s;hencecont
actwi
thant
her
sandst
igma;
toef
fectpol
l
inat
ion;
(
ii
i)
.Sel
fpol
l
inat
ion(
4mar
ks)
-Thest
igmai
ssi
tuat
edatal
owerposi
ti
ont
othatoft
heant
her
s;t
orecei
vepol
l
engr
ainsf
rom
i
tsownant
her
s;
-Fl
ower
sar
esmal
landcl
osed;
sucht
hatt
heycan'
teasi
l
yopenandmostt
her
efor
esel
f-
pol
l
inat
e.
28(
a)Gi
vei
l
lust
rat
eddescr
ipt
ionofanamedf
lower
,st
atei
tsmet
hodofpol
l
inat
ion.(
7mar
ks)
Anysui
tabl
enamedf
loweri
saccept
abl
eandmustbedi
scussedont
hebasi
soft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
-Nonessent
ial
par
ts:
pet
alsandsepal
sdescr
ipt
ion(
col
our
,text
ure,
fusi
on,
number
,et
c);
-Themal
epar
ts:
theant
her
sandt
hef
il
ament
s(number
s;hei
ght
;col
our
,et
c)
-Thef
emal
epar
ts:
sty
le,
ovar
yandst
igma(
number
,col
our
,text
ureet
c»
-Anyot
herspeci
alchar
act
eri
sti
cse.
g.nect
argui
desshoul
dbei
ncl
uded;
-Agentofpol
l
inat
ionmustbest
atedbasedont
hef
eat
uresgi
ven;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

Not
e:f
orawi
ndpol
l
inat
edgr
assf
lower
;C/
eardi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenani
nfl
orescence;
aspi
ke/
et
andaf
loweri
sver
yimpor
tant
;
Useofdi
agr
amsf
ori
l
lust
rat
ionsi
sencour
aged;
(
b)Rev
iewt
het
ypi
cal
dif
fer
encest
hatmayber
ecogni
zedbet
weeni
nsect
-pol
l
inat
edandwi
nd-
pol
l
inat
edf
lower
s.(
8mar
ks)
I
nsect
-pol
l
inat
edf
lower
s Wi
nd–pol
l
inat
edf
lower
s

Hav
elar
geandconspi
cuousbr
act
s(pet
als) Hav
esmal
landi
nconspi
cuouspet
als

Pet
alsar
eusual
l
ybr
ight
lycol
our
ed; Pet
alsar
edul
l(notbr
ight
lycol
our
ed)
;

Hav
enect
ari
est
hatsecr
etenect
ar; Lacknect
ari
es;

Ant
her
sar
efi
rml
yat
tachedt
othef
il
ament
; Ant
her
sar
eloosel
yat
tachedt
ofi
l
amentandsway
ing;

Pol
l
engr
ainsar
elar
geandst
icky
; Pol
l
engr
ainsar
eli
ghtandsmoot
h;

St
igmai
ssmoot
h,st
ickyandi
nsi
det
hecor
oll
a; St
igmahasf
eat
her
ysur
faceandi
sexposed;

Hav
especi
alshapese.
g.cor
oll
afor
mingcor
oll
a!t
ube; Hav
enospeci
fi
cfl
owershapes;
Di
ff
erencesmustbecor
respondi
ng;
Anyf
ourcor
rectdi
ff
erences2x4=8mar
ks;

(
c)Di
scussr
elat
iveadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofi
nsectandwi
ndpol
l
inat
ion.(
5mar
ks)
-I
nwi
ndpol
l
inat
iont
hechancesofanypol
l
engr
ainl
andi
ngonast
igmai
soft
her
ightpl
antar
e
sl
i
m;
sol
argeamount
sofpol
l
enar
epr
oduced;
-I
nsectpol
l
inat
ioni
smuchmor
eef
fi
cientt
hanwi
ndpol
l
inat
ionbecausel
esspol
l
enget
swast
ed
and
sol
essi
spr
oduced;
-Wi
ndpol
l
inat
ionwor
ksonl
ywel
lforpl
ant
sthatexi
sti
nlar
genumber
sinapar
ti
cul
arar
ea;
i
nsect
pol
l
inat
ioncanbeappl
i
cabl
eev
eni
npl
ant
sthatoccursi
ngl
y;
-Becauseoft
heneedt
obeconspi
cuousi
nsectpol
l
inat
edf
lower
sinv
estal
argeamountof
ener
gyi
n
maki
ngl
argepet
als;
att
heexpenseofgamet
efor
mat
ionhencef
ewernumberofgamet
es;
wind
pol
l
inat
edf
lower
spr
oducel
argeamount
sofpol
l
en;
-Wi
ndpol
l
inat
ioni
smor
esuscept
ibl
etoweat
her
;thani
nsectpol
l
inat
ion;
29(
a).Descr
ibet
hest
ruct
ureofapol
l
engr
ain. (
4mar
ks)

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-I
tist
hemal
egamet
einpl
ant
swhi
chhast
wonucl
ei,
gener
ati
venucl
eusandpol
l
ent
ube
nucl
eusandar
oughscul
ptur
edwal
l
.
-Theout
erwal
li
sel
abor
ateandi
smadeofpr
otei
nandsugar
s;
-Thewal
lmaybesmoot
hori
nsomecasesr
ough(
spi
ky)
;dependi
ngont
heagentofpol
l
inat
ion;
(
b)Gi
veadet
ail
edaccountoff
ormat
ion,
transf
erandger
minat
ionofapol
l
engr
ainofa
f
lower
ingpl
antupt
othemomentoff
ert
il
izat
ion.(
16mar
ks)
-Amat
ureant
herhasf
ourpol
l
ensacswi
thdensel
ypackedact
ivedi
vi
dingmot
hercel
l
.
-Thedi
ploi
dmot
hercel
lunder
goesmei
osi
stof
orm at
etr
adofhapl
oidcel
l
s.
-Thehapl
oidcel
l
ssepar
ateaseachoft
hei
rnucl
eidi
vi
demi
tot
ical
l
ytof
ormt
wonucl
eii
.e.t
he
pol
l
ent
ubenucl
eusandt
hegener
ati
venucl
eus.
-Thi
ckeni
ngandscul
ptur
ingoft
hepol
l
enwal
lfol
l
owst
her
eaf
tert
ofor
mthemat
urepol
l
engr
ain;
-Theant
hert
hendehi
scest
orel
easepol
l
engr
ains,
whi
char
etr
ansf
err
edf
rom t
heant
hert
othe
st
igmabyei
theragent
ssuchaswi
nd,
ani
mal
sori
nsect
s.
-Oncet
hepol
l
engr
ainsl
andont
hest
igma,
thest
igmapr
oducesast
ickychemi
cal
subst
ance
t
hatpr
ovi
desasui
tabl
emedi
um f
orgener
ati
onoft
hepol
l
ent
ubef
rom t
hepol
l
engr
ains.
-Ast
hepol
l
ent
ubegr
owsdownt
hest
yle,
itr
ecei
vesnut
ri
ent
sfr
om t
hesur
roundi
ngst
yle
t
issues;
-Thet
ubenucl
eust
akesi
tsposi
ti
onj
ustbehi
ndt
het
ipoft
hepol
l
ent
ube;
-Thegener
ati
venucl
eusdi
vi
desmi
tot
ical
l
ytof
ormt
womal
enucl
ei;
-Thepol
l
ent
ubeent
erst
heov
ulet
hrought
hemi
cropy
leandbur
stsopencr
eat
ingacl
earway
f
ort
hepassageoft
hemal
enucl
ei;
-Oncet
hepol
l
ent
ubebur
sts,
thepol
l
ent
ubenucl
eusdegener
ateandoneoft
hemal
enucl
ei
f
use
wi
tht
hepol
arnucl
eust
ofor
m at
ri
ploi
dpr
imar
yendosper
m;
-Theot
heronecombi
neswi
tht
heeggcel
lnucl
eust
ofor
m adi
ploi
dzy
got
e;
30(
a).Descr
ibet
hemammal
i
anmal
eur
inogeni
tal
syst
em (
10mar
ks)
(
i)
.Test
es.
-I
sapai
rofcr
eam-
col
our
edov
oidst
ruct
uressi
tuat
edi
nthel
owerabdomen.
-l
nmat
uremammal
stheydescendi
ntoapai
rofsacsonei
thersi
deoft
hepeni
s,hescr
t otal
sacs/
scr
otum.
-Thet
est
esar
econnect
edt
othescr
otal
wal
l
sbyat
i edgubemacul
ssuecal
i um.
Funct
ionsoft
hescr
otum
-Suspendst
het
est
esout
sidet
hebodypr
ovi
dingacool
erenv
ironmentf
ort
hepr
oduct
ionof

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

sper
msandhor
mones.
-Pr
otect
sthet
est
esf
rom ext
ernal
mechani
cal
damage.
(
ii
).Semi
nif
eroust
ubul
es.
-Ar
esev
eral
highl
ycoi
l
edt
ubul
es,
whi
char
etheonest
hatmakeupt
het
est
es.
Funct
ion.
Hav
eact
ivel
ydi
vi
dingcel
l
swhi
chul
ti
mat
elygi
ver
iset
osper
ms
Epi
dydi
mis
I
samuchcoi
l
edt
ubul
e,about1.
6cm l
ongwhenf
ull
yst
ret
ched;
for
medf
rom t
heuni
onof
semi
nif
eroust
ubul
es.
I
tli
esout
sideandf
oundont
hesur
faceoft
het
est
es.
Funct
ion.
St
orageofsper
ms;
Hassmoot
hmuscl
est
hatcont
ractt
ofor
cesper
msi
ntot
hev
asdef
erensdur
ingej
acul
ati
on;
i
v).Sper
m duct
s/v
asdef
erens/v
asdef
erent
ia;
-I
sat
ubewhi
chconnect
stheepi
dydi
mist
otheur
ethr
a;t
heej
acul
ator
yduel
.
(
V).Theur
ethr
a.
-l
stheej
acul
ator
yductandi
scont
inuouswi
tht
heur
inar
ybl
adderandt
rav
erset
hepeni
s.
-Thet
wov
asdef
erent
ia(
Ief
tandr
ight
)joi
nandopeni
ntot
heur
ethr
alopeni
ngLe.att
he
j
unct
ionoft
heur
ethr
aandt
heur
inar
ybl
adder
.
Funct
ion.
-I
tisur
inogeni
tal
;si
ncei
tfor
msat
ubef
ort
hepassageofur
ine,
anddur
ingej
acul
ati
onsper
ms.
(
vi)
.Semi
nal
vesi
cle.
-i
sabl
i
ndi
ngendsac,
whi
chal
soopensi
ntot
heur
ethr
aatt
heabov
ejunct
ion.
Funct
ion.
-Secr
etesaf
lui
dwhi
chf
ormspar
tofsemeni
ntot
hesper
m duct
,whi
chpr
ovi
desaf
avour
abl
e
medi
um f
ort
hemot
il
it
y/swi
mmi
ngoft
hesper
ms.
-I
tssecr
eti
onscont
ainsucr
oseandpr
ost
agl
andi
ns
-Sucr
osepr
ovi
desasour
ceofener
gyf
ort
hesper
m cel
l
s;
-Pr
ost
agl
andi
nsactasachemi
cal
signal
int
hef
emal
esy
stem,
tri
gger
ingt
her
hyt
hmi
c
cont
ract
ionofsmoot
hmuscl
eal
ongt
her
epr
oduct
ivet
ract
;
(
vii
).Pr
ost
rat
egl
ands.
.
Iti
sat
inygl
andj
ustbel
owt
hesemi
nal
vesi
cle.
Funct
ion.
-I
tsur
roundst
heur
ethr
aandsecr
etesaf
lui
dmi
xtur
ewhi
chf
ormspar
toft
hesemi
nal
f1ui
d.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-I
tssecr
etesanal
kal
i
nebuf
fert
hatpr
otect
ssper
m cel
l
sagai
nstt
heaci
dicenv
ironmentoft
he
v
agi
na;
(
vii
i
).Cowper
’sgl
ands.
-Ar
eal
socal
l
edbul
bour
ethr
algl
ands.
Funct
ion.
-Secr
etesmucuswhi
chl
ubr
icat
est
heur
ethr
alwal
l
spr
ovi
dingaconduci
vesur
facef
or
swi
mmi
ngof
sper
ms.
(
ix)
.Thepeni
s.
.I
saner
ect
il
eint
ermi
tt
edor
gant
hroughwhi
cht
heur
ethr
apasses,
andpr
oject
sfr
om t
hebody
.
Att
het
ipi
thasar
etr
act
abl
eski
ncov
eri
ngcal
l
edt
hegl
anspeni
s.
i
tismadeupofspongyt
issuemuscl
eandbl
oodv
essel
s,whi
chf
ormst
heer
ect
il
eti
ssue.
Not
e:-
Dur
ingsexual
act
ivi
tyt
hepeni
ser
ect
sbyhav
ingt
hespacesi
nit
sspongyt
issuegouged
wi
thbl
ood.
Funct
ion;
I
tist
hemal
ecopul
ator
yor
ganf
orej
acul
ati
onofsper
m cel
l
sint
othef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivet
ract
;
pr
ovi
despassagef
orur
ethr
aforel
i
minat
ionofur
ineoutoft
hebody
;
(
b)Descr
ibet
her
oleofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
nghor
monesi
nthehumanmenst
rual
cycl
e
(
i)
.Oest
rogen(
3mar
ks)
-Heal
i
ngandr
epai
roft
heut
eri
newal
lfol
l
owi
ngmenst
ruat
ion:
sti
mul
atest
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
to
secr
etel
utei
nisi
nghor
mone;
(
ii
).Pr
ogest
erone(
3mar
ks)
-Faci
l
itat
espr
oli
fer
ati
on(
thi
ckeni
ng)oft
heut
eri
newal
landmai
ntai
nst
het
hickenedut
eri
ne
wal
li
nreadi
nessf
ori
mpl
ant
ati
on;
inhi
bit
sthepi
tui
tar
ygl
andf
rom secr
eti
ngt
hef
oll
i
cle
st
imul
ati
nghor
moneandhenceov
ulat
ion;
(
ii
i)
.Lut
eini
singhor
mone(
3mar
ks)
-St
imul
atest
hemat
ureGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clet
orapt
ureandr
eleaset
hesecondar
yoocy
te(
ovum)i
.e.
ov
ulat
ion;
sti
mul
atest
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clet
oreor
gani
zeandt
ransf
ormi
nto
cor
pus
l
uteum;
sti
mul
atest
hecor
pusl
uteum t
ost
artsecr
eti
ngpr
ogest
erone;
31.Descr
ibet
her
oleofhor
monesi
nthehumanmenst
rual
cycl
e.(
20mar
ks)
-Justaf
termenst
ruat
ion,
thepi
tui
tar
ygl
andsecr
etesf
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
nghor
mone,
whi
chi
s
car
ri
edbybl
oodt
otheov
ary
;Fol
l
icl
est
imul
ati
nghor
monest
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentoft
he
gr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cles.I
tal
sost
imul
atest
hef
oll
i
cleswi
thi
ntheov
aryt
osecr
eteoest
rogenhor
mone,

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
oodt
hroughoutt
hebody
;
-Oest
rogenst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentofsecondar
yfemal
echar
act
eri
sti
cs;
andi
nit
iat
es
heal
i
ngandr
epai
roft
heut
eri
newal
l(endomet
ri
um)f
oll
owi
ngmenst
ruat
ion;
asoest
rogenl
evel
s
r
ise,
anegat
ive-f
eedbackmessagei
ssentt
othepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
otur
nof
fsecr
eti
onoff
oll
i
cle
st
imul
ati
nghor
mone;
-
Simul
taneousl
yther
isei
noest
rogenl
evel
sst
imul
atest
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
osecr
etel
utei
nisi
ng
hor
mone;
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
ood;
Lut
eini
singhor
monel
evel
sri
seandonr
eachi
ngpeakpoi
nt
causesov
ulat
ion(
rapt
ureofmat
ureGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clet
orel
easet
hesecondar
yoocy
teorov
um)
;
-
Lut
eini
singhor
moneal
sost
imul
atest
her
eor
gani
zat
ionoft
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ian
f
oll
i
clest
ofor
m af
unct
ional
cor
pusl
uteum;
ital
sost
imul
atest
hecel
l
soft
hecor
pusl
uteum t
o
secr
eteoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
-Thebui
l
dupofpr
ogest
erone(
andoest
rogen)wi
l
lst
imul
atet
hepr
oli
fer
ati
on(
thi
ckeni
ng)oft
he
endomet
ri
um i
nreadi
nessf
ori
mpl
ant
ati
on,
shoul
dfer
ti
li
zat
ionoccur
;thebui
l
dupofoest
rogenand
pr
ogest
eronel
evel
sact
ivat
ethesecondnegat
ivef
eedback;
byi
nhi
bit
ingt
hesecr
eti
onoft
heFSHand
LHbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
Wi
thoutgonadot
ropi
ns(
FSHandLH)
,thecor
pusl
uteum begi
nst
odet
eri
orat
e,sl
owi
ng
oest
rogenandpr
ogest
eronepr
oduct
ion;
thedr
opi
nov
ari
anhor
mones(
oest
rogenand
pr
ogest
erone)si
gnal
sthebegi
nni
ngofmenst
ruat
ion;
int
hiscase,
theendomet
ri
um,
deni
ed
hor
monal
suppor
twi
l
lki
nk,
under
gospasmsandi
sthensl
oughedof
ftober
eleasedas
menst
rual
f1ui
d(bl
oodandt
issuedebr
is)
;anot
hercy
clesoonst
art
s;
32.Descr
ibehowt
hemammal
i
anmal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem l
sadapt
edt
oper
for
mingi
ts
f
unct
ion.(
20mks)
-Hav
ethepeni
swhi
chi
shi
ghl
yvascul
ari
zed/
spongy
;whi
chbecomeser
ectwhenf
il
ledwi
th
bl
ood;
toal
l
owent
ryi
ntot
hev
agi
na;
-Peni
sal
sohassensi
ti
vegl
ansf
orsensi
ti
vi
ty;
faci
l
itat
inger
ect
ion/pr
oject
ion.
-Scr
otum;
cont
ainst
est
icl
esout
sidet
hebody
;pr
ovi
dingacool
erenv
ironmentf
orsper
m
pr
oduct
ion.
-Scr
otum si
mil
arl
ypr
otect
sthet
est
icl
esf
rom ext
ernal
mechani
cal
damage.
-Test
escont
ainnumer
oussemi
nif
eroust
ubul
es,
onwhosewal
l
ssper
mat
ogenesi
soccur
s;t
he
pr
ocessi
sfav
our
edbyl
owert
emper
atur
es.
-Test
escont
ainser
tol
icel
l
s,whi
chnour
ishsper
msunt
ilt
heyar
emat
ure.
-Tubesy
stem;
hav
eepi
dydi
mist
hatcoi
l
;forst
orageofsper
ms,
hav
evasdef
erenswhose
cont
ract
ionpushessper
msoutandal
l
owsej
acul
ati
on.
-Gamet
esar
epr
oducedi
nlar
genumber
s;t
oincr
easechancesoff
ert
il
izat
ion.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Ther
esul
tantmal
egamet
es,
sper
mshav
eat
ail
andabundantmi
tochondr
iai
nthemi
ddl
e
sheat
htopr
ovi
deener
gyandal
l
owswi
mmi
ngt
oreacht
heegg.
-Semi
nal
vesi
clesandpr
ost
rat
egl
ands;
producesemi
nal
flui
dtopr
ovi
demedi
um/nut
ri
entf
or
sper
mst
oswi
min;
-Secr
eti
onsofsemi
nal
vesi
clescont
ainsucr
oseandpr
ost
agl
andi
ns
-Sucr
osepr
ovi
desasour
ceofener
gyf
ort
hesper
m cel
l
s;
-Pr
ost
agl
andi
nsactasachemi
cal
signal
int
hef
emal
esy
stem,
tri
gger
ingt
her
hyt
hmi
c
cont
ract
ionofsmoot
hmuscl
eal
ongt
her
epr
oduct
ivet
ract
;
-Pr
ost
rat
egl
andssecr
etanal
kal
i
nebuf
fert
hatpr
otect
ssper
m cel
l
sagai
nstt
heaci
dic
env
ironmentoft
hev
agi
na;
-Cowper
’sgl
andssecr
etemucus,
tol
ubr
icat
ethet
ubesy
stem,
andal
l
oweasyandef
fi
cient
swi
mmi
ngofsper
ms.
-Hav
esphi
nct
ermuscl
esatt
heopeni
ngoft
hebl
adderandsper
m duct
sint
otheur
ethr
a;t
o
ensur
eur
ineandsper
msdon'
tpassoutatt
hesamet
ime.
Tot
al=30mar
ks;
maxi
mum scor
e=20mar
ks

33.Descr
ibehowt
hemammal
i
anf
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
sadapt
edt
oper
for
mingi
ts
f
unct
ions.(
20mks)
-Hav
eov
ari
an,
suspensor
yandmesov
ari
anl
i
gament
s;t
hathol
dtheov
ari
esi
npl
ace.
-Hav
eov
ari
es;
thepr
imar
yrepr
oduct
iveor
gansofaf
emal
e.
-Hav
efal
l
opi
an(
uter
ine)t
ubes;
whi
chr
ecei
veov
ul edoocy
at tesandpr
ovi
desi
tesf
or
f
ert
il
izat
iont
ooccur
.
-Thef
unnel
/inf
indi
bul
um;
isanopenf
unnel
-shapedst
ruct
ureext
endi
ngf
rom t
hef
all
opi
an
t
ubes.I
tbear
sci
l
iat
edf
inger
-l
ikepr
oject
i edf
onscal
l imbr
iaet
hatdr
apeov
ert
heov
ary
.
-Thewal
l
soft
hef
all
opi
ant
ubesconsi
stsofci
rcul
arandl
ongi
tudi
nal
lay
ersofsmoot
h
muscl
es;
whoser
hyt
hmi
ccont
ract
ionspr
opel
theoocy
t abyper
es/ov ist
alsi
stowar
dst
he
ut
erus.
-Thet
hickhi
ghl
yfol
dedmucosahav
edensemi
crov
il
li
;andpr
oduceasecr
eti
ont
hatkeepst
he
oocy
te(
andsper
mifpr
esent
)moi
standnour
ished.
-Hav
etheut
erus,
ahol
l
ow,
thi
ck-
wal
l
edor
gant
hatf
unct
ionst
orecei
ve,
ret
ainandnour
isht
he
f
ert
il
izedegg.
-Themi
ddl
elay
eroft
heut
er my
us, omet
ri
um,
consi
stsofi
nter
laci
ngbundl
esofsmoot
h
muscl
es
whi
chcont
ractandr
elaxr
hyt
hmi
cal
l
ydur
ingchi
l
dbi
rt
htof
orcet
hebabyout
sidet
hemot
her
s

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

body
.
-Thei
nner
mostl
ayeroft
heut
eri
newal
l
,theendomet
ri
um,
whi
chbecomest
hickenedwi
th
bl
oodv
essel
s,f
ormi
ngsi
tesf
ori
mpl
ant
ati
onoft
heembr
yoshoul
dfer
ti
li
zat
ionoccur
.
-Thev
agi
na,
athi
n- edf
wal
l ibr
omuscul
art
ube,
(8-
10cm l
ong)
;pr
ovi
despassagewayf
ordel
i
ver
y
ofani
nfant(
bir
thcanal
)andf
ormenst
rual
flow.
-Thev
agi
naal
sor
ecei
vest
hepeni
s(andsemen)dur
ingsexual
int
ercour
se,
hencei
sal
sot
he
f
emal
es'
organofcopul
ati
on.
-Thev
agi
nal
mucosa(
out
erl
i
ning)i
sast
rat
if
iedsquamousepi
thel
i
um adapt
edt
owi
thst
and
f
ri
cti
onabr
asi
on.
-Hav
ecer
vical
mucusgl
andsorv
est
ibul
argl
andsOustout
sidet
hev
agi
na)secr
etemucus
whi
ch
l
ubr
icat
est
hev
agi
nal
li
ning,
especi
all
ypr
iort
ocopul
ati
on.
-Themucosal
cel
l
soft
hev
agi
nast
oreal
otofgl
ycogen,
whi
chi
sanaer
obi
cal
l
ymet
abol
i
zedt
o
l
act
icaci
dbyr
esi
dentbact
eri
a.Consequent
lyt
hePHoft
hev
agi
nai
snor
mal
l
yqui
teaci
dic(
PH
3.
5-4)
;andt
hishel
pskeept
hev
agi
naheal
thyandf
reeofi
nfect
ions.
Not
e:-
Howev
ert
hisaci
dit
yisal
sohost
il
etosper
ms.
-Hav
ecl
i
tor
is,
asmal
lpr
otr
udi
ngst
ruct
ure,
composedofer
ect
il
eti
ssuet
ofaci
l
itat
esexual
ar
ousal
oft
hef
emal
epr
iort
oordur
ingsexual
int
ercour
se.

34(
a)Howdoest
hepl
acent
asuppor
tthel
i
feanddev
elopmentoft
heembr
yo?(
10mar
ks)
Thepl
acent
apr
oduceshor
monesoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
whi
char
eessent
ial
in
mai
ntai
ningt
hepr
egnancy
;itpr
ovi
desal
argesur
facear
eaf
ort
heexchangeofant
ibodi
es;
gl
ucose;
ami
neaci
dsandoxy
genf
rom t
hemot
hert
othef
oet
us;
andni
tr
ogenouswast
esl
i
ke
ur
ea;
car
bon(
IV)oxi
def
rom t
hef
oet
ust
othemot
her
;itpr
event
spassageofhar
mful
subst
ancessuchasbact
eri
a;v
iruses;
themot
her
'sbl
oodcel
l
set
c;

(
b).Descr
ibet
hehazar
dst
owhi
cht
heembr
yoi
ntheut
erusmaybesubj
ect
ed.(
4mar
ks)
-Al
cohol
;dr
ugssuchasher
oin;
andv
irusessuchasr
ubel
l
amayal
lcr
osst
hepl
acent
aandhar
m
t
heembr
yo(
alsopoi
sonsf
rom ci
gar
ett
esmoke,
AIDSv
irus,
medi
cinesRhesusant
ibodi
eset
c)
(
c)Howi
stheembr
yomai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion?(
6mar
ks)
Hi
ghl
evel
sofpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogenhav
eanegat
iveef
fectont
hesecr
eti
onsoft
heFSH
andLH;
LHmustr
emai
nhi
ght
osust
aint
hecor
pusl
uteum;
thust
heout
erl
ayeroft
he
dev
elopi
ngcel
lmassf
ormsahor
monecal
i
edhumanchor
ioni
cgonadot
ropi
chor
mone(
HCG)
whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hecor
pusl
uteum f
ort
hef
ir
stt
hreemont
hsofpr
egnancy
;thef
unct
ioni
ng

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

cor
pusl
uteum cont
inuespr
oduci
ngpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen,
whi
chi
ntur
nmai
ntai
nthe
endomet
ri
um;
theendomet
ri
um andembr
yot
husr
emai
nsi
ntheut
erus;
cel
l
soft
heembr
yoand
endomet
ri
um combi
net
ofor
mthepl
acent
a,t
hroughwhi
chmat
eri
alsar
eexchangedbet
ween
t
hemot
herandt
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo;
appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hef
our
thmont
hofpr
egnancy
,the
pl
acent
abegi
nst
opr
oduceoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
highl
evel
sofoest
rogenand
pr
ogest
eronepr
eventf
urt
herov
ulat
ion;
thepr
egnancyi
sthusmai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion;
(
d).Expl
ainbyr
efer
encet
othepl
acent
ahowmat
eri
alsi
nthebl
oodpassbet
weenmot
herand
f
oet
us.Whataddi
ti
onal
mechani
smsi
ncr
easet
heef
fi
ciencyofoxy
gent
ransf
er?(
6mar
ks)
-Theconcent
rat
ionofgl
ucoseandami
noaci
dset
c,i
shi
gheri
nthemat
ernal
cir
cul
ati
on,
so
di
ssol
ved
f
oodsdi
ff
usedownt
heconcent
rat
iongr
adi
entf
rom t
hemat
ernal
tof
oet
alci
rcul
ati
on;
-Theconcent
rat
ionofcar
bon(
IV)oxi
deandur
eai
shi
gheri
nthef
oet
alci
rcul
ati
on,
sot
hese
di
ff
usef
rom t
hef
oet
alt
othemat
ernal
cir
cul
ati
on;
-Themat
ernal
bloodent
eri
ngt
heut
eri
nel
i
ningcont
ainsahi
gherconcent
rat
ionofoxy
gent
han
t
hef
oet
albl
oodent
eri
ngt
hepl
acent
aAsar
esul
t,oxy
haemogl
obi
nint
hemat
ernal
redbl
oodcel
l
s
br
eaksdownt
ohaemogl
obi
nandoxy
gen.Theoxy
gendi
ff
usesacr
osst
hepl
acent
aanduni
tes
wi
tht
hehaemogl
obi
nint
hef
oet
alr
edbl
oodcel
l
s;
-Ant
ibodi
esal
sodi
ff
usef
rom t
hemot
hert
othef
oet
us,
sopr
ovi
dingsomepr
otect
ionagai
nst
di
seasei
ntheear
lymont
hsofl
i
fe;

35.Di
scusst
her
oleofhor
monesi
nrel
ati
ont
orepr
oduct
iveact
ivi
tyofaf
emal
emammal
.(
20
mar
ks)
-Theonsetoff
emal
epuber
tyi
ssi
gnal
edbyt
her
eleaseofgonadot
ropi
nrel
easi
nghor
mone
(
GnRH)
;
-TheGnRHact
ivat
est
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
and,
whi
chi
sthest
oragesi
teoff
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
ng
hor
moneand
l
uteni
singhor
mone;
Justaf
termenst
ruat
ion,
thepi
tui
tar
ygl
andsecr
etesf
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
ng
hor
mone,
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
oodt
otheov
ary
;FSHst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentoft
hegr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cles;
i
tal
so
st
imul
atest
hef
oll
i
cleswi
thi
ntheov
aryt
osecr
eteoest
rogenhor
mone,
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
ood
t
hroughoutt
hebody
;
Oest
rogenst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentofsecondar
yfemal
echar
act
eri
sti
cs;
andi
nit
iat
es
heal
i
ngand

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

r
epai
roft
heut
eri
newal
l(endomet
ri
um)f
oll
owi
ngmenst
ruat
ion;
asoest
rogenl
evel
sri
se,
a
negat
ivef
eedbackmessagei
ssentt
othepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
otur
nofsecr
eti
onsoff
oll
i
cle
st
imul
ati
nghor
mone;
si
mul
taneousl
yther
isei
noest
rogenl
evel
sst
imul
atest
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
osecr
etel
uteni
sing
hor
mone;
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
ood;
Lut
eni
singhor
monel
evel
sri
seandonr
eachi
ngpeakpoi
ntcausesov
ulat
ion(
rapt
ureofmat
ure
gr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clet
orel
easet
hesecondar
yoocy
teorov
um)
;Lut
eni
singhor
moneal
sost
imul
ates
t
her
eor
gani
zat
ionoft
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clest
ofor
m af
unct
ional
cor
pusl
uteum;
i
tal
sost
imul
atest
hecel
l
soft
hecor
pusl
uteum t
osecr
eteoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
Thebui
l
dupofpr
ogest
erone(
andoest
rogen)wi
l
lst
imul
atet
hepr
oli
fer
ati
on(
thi
ckeni
ng)oft
he
endomet
ri
um i
nreadi
nessf
or'
impl
ant
ati
on,
shoul
dfer
ti
li
zat
ionoccur
;thebui
l
dupofoest
rogen
and
pr
ogest
eronel
evel
sact
ivat
ethesecondnegat
ivef
eedback;
byi
nhi
bit
ingt
hesecr
eti
onoft
he
FSHand
LHbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
wit
houtgonadot
ropi
ns(
FSHandLH)
,thecor
pusl
uteum begi
nst
o
det
eri
orat
e,sl
owi
ngoest
rogenandpr
ogest
eronepr
oduct
ion;
thedr
opi
nov
ari
anhor
mones
(
oest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone)si
gnal
sthebegi
nni
ngofmenst
ruat
ion;
int
hiscase,
the
endomet
ri
um,
deni
edhor
monal
suppor
twi
l
lki
nk,
under
gospasmsandi
sthensl
oughedof
fto
ber
eleasedasmenst
rual
flui
d(bl
oodandt
issuedebr
is)
;anot
hercy
clesoonst
art
s;t
hisoccur
s
i
ncaset
her
eisnopr
egnancy
;
I
fpr
egnancyoccur
stheout
erl
ayeroft
hedev
elopi
ngcel
lmassf
ormsahor
monecal
l
edhuman
chor
ioni
cgonadot
ropi
chor
mone(
HCG)whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hecor
pusl
uteum f
ort
hef
ir
stt
hree
mont
hs
ofpr
egnancy
;thef
unct
ioni
ngcor
pusl
uteum cont
inuespr
oduci
ngpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen,
whi
ch
i
ntur
nmai
ntai
ntheendomet
ri
um;
theendomet
ri
um andembr
yot
husr
emai
nint
heut
erus;
Cel
l
soft
heembr
yoandendomet
ri
um combi
net
ofor
mthepl
acent
a;t
hroughwhi
chmat
eri
als
ar
e
exchangedbet
ween·t
hemot
herandt
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo;
appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hef
our
thmont
hof
pr
egnancy
,thepl
acent
abegi
nst
opr
oduceoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
thehi
ghl
evel
sof
oest
rogen
andpr
ogest
eronepr
eventf
urt
herov
ulat
ion;
thepr
egnancyi
sthusmai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion;
Pr
olact
in;
secr
etedbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
andst
imul
atest
hesecr
eti
onofmi
l
kbyt
hesecr
etor
y
cel
l
s

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

oft
hemammar
ygl
ands;
Oxy
toci
n;secr
etedbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
itst
imul
atest
hecont
ract
ionsoft
heut
eri
nemuscl
es
dur
ing
l
abourt
ofaci
l
itat
ebi
rt
h;andal
sof
aci
l
itat
est
hecont
ract
ionoft
hear
eol
acav
iti
esoft
he
mammar
y
gl
andst
oletmi
l
kint
otheduct
stot
heni
ppl
esdur
ingbr
east
feedi
ng(
mil
kletdown)
Rel
axi
n;secr
etedbyt
hepl
acent
apr
iort
olabour
;andcausest
hel
i
gament
swi
thi
nthepel
vi
c
gi
rdl
eto
l
oosen,
prov
idi
ngamor
efl
exi
blepassagef
ort
hebabydur
ingdel
i
ver
y;

36(
a)Rel
atet
hecy
cli
cal
secr
eti
onoft
hehumanpi
tui
tar
ygonadot
ropi
nst
othechanges
occur
ri
ngi
n:
(
i)
.Theov
aryand(
ii
)theut
erus(
12mar
ks)
Justaf
termenst
ruat
ion,
thepi
tui
tar
ygl
andsecr
etesf
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
nghor
mone,
whi
chi
s
car
ri
edby
bl
oodt
otheov
ary
;FSHst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentoft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cles;
ital
sost
imul
ates
t
he
f
oll
i
cleswi
thi
ntheov
aryt
osecr
eteoest
rogenhor
mone,
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
oodt
hroughout
t
hebody
;
Oest
rogenst
imul
atest
hedev
elopmentofsecondar
yfemal
echar
act
eri
sti
cs;
andi
nit
iat
es
heal
i
ngand
r
epai
roft
heut
eri
newal
l(endomet
ri
um)f
oll
owi
ngmenst
ruat
ion;
asoest
rogenl
evel
sri
se,
a
negat
ive-
f
eedbackmessagei
ssentt
othepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
otur
nofsecr
eti
onsoff
oll
i
clest
imul
ati
ng
hor
mone;
si
mul
taneousl
yther
isei
noest
rogenl
evel
sst
imul
atest
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
andt
osecr
etel
utei
nisi
ng
hor
mone;
whi
chi
scar
ri
edbybl
ood;
Lut
eni
singhor
monel
evel
sri
seandonr
eachi
ngpeakpoi
ntcausesov
ulat
ion(
rapt
ureofmat
ure
Gr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clet
orel
easet
hesecondar
yoocy
teorov
um)
;Lut
eni
singhor
moneal
sost
imul
ates
t
he
r
eor
gani
zat
ionoft
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clest
ofor
m af
unct
ional
cor
pusl
uteum;
it
al
so
st
imul
atest
hecel
l
soft
hecor
pusl
uteum t
osecr
eteoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
Thebui
l
d-upofpr
ogest
erone(
andoest
rogen)wi
l
lst
imul
atet
hepr
oli
fer
ati
on(
thi
ckeni
ng)oft
he

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

endomet
ri
um i
nreadi
nessf
ori
mpl
ant
ati
on,
shoul
dfer
ti
li
zat
ionoccur
;thebui
l
dupofoest
rogen
and
pr
ogest
eronel
evel
sact
ivat
ethesecondnegat
ivef
eedback;
byi
nhi
bit
ingt
hesecr
eti
onoft
he
FSHand
LHbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
Wi
thoutgonadot
ropi
ns(
FSHandLH)
,thecor
pusl
uteum begi
nst
odet
eri
orat
e,sl
owi
ng
oest
rogenand
pr
ogest
eronepr
oduct
ion;
thedr
opi
nov
ari
anhor
mones(
oest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone)si
gnal
s
t
he
begi
nni
ngofmenst
ruat
ion;
int
hiscase,
theendomet
ri
um,
deni
edhor
monal
suppor
twi
l
lki
nk,
under
go
spasmsandi
sthensl
oughedof
ftober
eleasedasmenst
rual
flui
d(bl
oodandt
issuedebr
is)
;
anot
her
cy
clesoonst
art
s;
(
b).Expl
ainbr
ief
lyhowt
heseev
ent
sar
emodi
fi
edf
oll
owi
ngt
hei
mpl
ant
ati
onofaf
ert
il
ized
ov
um (
4mks)
I
fpr
egnancyoccur
stheout
erl
ayeroft
hedev
elopi
ngcel
lmassf
ormsahor
monecal
l
edhuman
chor
ioni
cgonadot
ropi
chor
mone(
HCG)whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hecor
pusl
uteum f
ort
hef
ir
stt
hree
mont
hs
ofpr
egnancy
;thef
unct
ioni
ngcor
pusl
uteum cont
inuespr
oduci
ngpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen,
whi
ch
i
ntur
nmai
ntai
ntheendomet
ri
um;
theendomet
ri
um andembr
yot
husr
emai
nsi
ntheut
erus;
Cel
l
soft
heembr
yoandendomet
ri
um combi
net
ofor
mthepl
acent
a;t
hroughwhi
chmat
eri
als
ar
e
exchangedbet
weent
hemot
herandt
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo;
appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hef
our
thmont
hof
pr
egnancy
,thepl
acent
abegi
nst
apr
oduceoest
rogenandpr
ogest
erone;
highl
evel
sof
oest
rogenand
pr
ogest
eronepr
eventf
urt
herov
ulat
ion;
thepr
egnancyi
sthusmai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion;
(
c)Somemammal
s,(
e.g.r
ats)canr
epr
oduceatanyt
imeoft
hey
ear
.lnot
her
s,(
e.g.sheep)
,
oest
rusonl
yoccur
sdur
ingal
i
mit
edper
iodoft
hey
ear
.Suggestwhyt
hesedi
ff
erencesoccur
andst
atet
hepossi
bleadv
ant
agesf
oreachani
mal
.(4mar
ks)
Reasonswhyt
heyoccur
.
-Duet
othedi
ff
erencesi
nthet
ypesandnumberofhor
monescont
rol
l
ingt
her
epr
oduct
ivecy
cle.
-I
nfl
uenceofenv
ironment
alcuesandbi
ologi
cal
rhy
thms;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Necessi
tyanddemandsoft
hepar
ent
alcar
e;
-Sur
viv
alpot
ent
ial
oft
heof
fspr
ings;

Adv
ant
ages;
Gi
vi
ngbi
rt
hatanyt
imeoft
hey
ear
:
-Canbeabl
erepr
oducesoast
oexpl
oitasuddenf
avour
abl
eresour
cee.
g.suddenf
ood
av
ail
abi
l
ity
;
-Toi
ncr
easechancesofsur
viv
alsi
ncechancesofof
fspr
ingsur
viv
alar
elow;

Bi
rt
hdur
ingal
i
mit
edper
iodoft
hey
ear
:
-Toensur
ebi
rt
hcor
respondswi
thav
ail
abi
l
ityoff
oodr
esour
cest
oincr
easechancesof
of
fspr
ingand
hencespeci
essur
viv
al;
-Tor
educet
hebur
denonpar
ent
alcar
e;
-Li
mit
schanceofov
erpopul
ati
on(
popul
ati
onex
plosi
on)i
nor
gani
smswher
echancesof
of
fspr
ingssur
viv
ali
shi
gh;

37(
a)Descr
ibet
heev
ent
sint
hegeni
tal
tractofahumanf
emal
efr
om t
hedev
elopmentofan
eggcel
li
nanov
aryt
othei
mpl
ant
ati
onoft
heembr
yoi
ntot
heut
eri
newal
l
.(10mar
ks)
Oneoft
hepr
imar
yfol
l
icl
es(
oneoft
hecel
l
ssur
roundi
ngt yoocy
hesecondar te)enl
arges
gr
eat
lyand
dev
elopsaf
lui
d-f
il
ledcav
itycal
l
edt
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cle.
-Thef
oll
i
cul
arf
lui
dcont
ainst
hehor
moneoest
rogenandf
oodsubst
ances.
-Themat
ureGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clemi
grat
est
othesur
faceoft
heov
arywher
eitcausesadi
sti
nct
bul
ge;
-Oncef
ull
ydev
eloped,
thef
oll
i
cler
apt
uresr
eleasi
ngt
hesecondar
yoocy
te,
apr
ocesscal
i
ed
ov
ulat
ion.
-I
tnor
mal
l
yoccur
sinoneoft
heov
ari
esoncei
nev
ery28day
sinawomanaf
terpuber
ty.
-Af
terov
ulat
iont
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cleunder
gor
eor
gani
zat
iont
ofor
m cor
pus
l
uteum;
-Theov
um i
srecei
vedbyt
hef
unnel
andt
henchannel
l
eddownt
heov
iduct
;
-Mov
ementoft
heov
um i
sai
dedbyt
hreemai
nfact
ors:
cil
i
aont
heepi
thel
i
um oft
hef
all
opi
an
t
ubes,
mucoi
dsecr
eti
onbyt
heepi
thel
i
alcel
l
soft
hef
all
opi
ant
ubeandcont
ract
ionsoft
he
smoot
hmuscl
es
ont
hewal
loft
hef
all
opi
ant
ubes;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Uponej
acul
ati
onabout150t
o300mi
l
li
onsper
m cel
l
sar
etr
avel
thr
ought
hecer
vixdur
ing
i
nter
cour
se;
-Usual
l
ythesper
m cel
l
smeett
heov
aatt
heupperpar
toft
heov
iduct
;
-Theacr
osomeofsev
eral
sper
m cel
l
sbur
stopenr
eleasi
ngl
yti
cenzy
meswhi
chdi
ssol
vet
he
eggmembr
ane;
-Theacr
osomet
hent
urnsi
nsi
deoutf
ormi
ngaf
il
amentt
hatpenet
rat
est
heov
a;
-Onl
yasi
ngl
esper
m cel
lthenent
erst
heov
a,af
terwhi
cht
hev
itel
l
inemembr
aneunder
goesa
changewhi
chst
opsanyot
hersper
m cel
lfr
om ent
eri
ngt
heov
a;
-Onl
ytheheadoft
hesper
m cel
landt
hemi
ddl
epi
eceent
erst
heov
awhi
l
ethet
ail
isl
eftout
side;
-Oncei
nthecy
topl
asm oft
heov
atheheadbur
stst
orel
easet
hemal
enucl
eus:
-Themal
enucl
eusf
useswi
tht
hef
emal
enucl
eusf
ormi
ngadi
ploi
dzy
got
e;
-Thedi
ploi
dzy
got
eunder
goessev
eral
mit
oti
cdi
vi
sionsasi
ttr
avel
sthr
ought
heov
iduct
t
owar
dst
heut
erus;
-Byt
het
imei
treachest
heut
erus,
inaboutsi
xday
s,t
hesi
ngl
efer
ti
li
zedegghast
ransf
ormed
i
tsel
f
i
ntoacel
lmasscal
l
edbl
ast
ocy
st;
-Oncei
ntheut
erust
hebl
ast
ocy
stbecomesat
tachedt
othewal
loft
hec1met
ri
um,
apr
ocess
r
efer
redt
oasi
mpl
ant
ati
on;
-I
tishi
ghl
yvascul
ari
zedt
ofaci
l
itat
efast
ert
ranspor
tat
ionofexchangedmat
eri
als;
-Haschor
icni
cvi
l
liandmi
crov
il
li
toi
ncr
easet
hesur
facear
eaf
orexchangeofmat
eri
als;
-Hasat
hinepi
thel
i
um f
orf
ast
erdi
ff
usi
onofsubst
ancest
hroughi
t;
-Hasacount
ercur
rentf
iowsy
stem;
inwhi
chmat
ernai
andf
oet
aibi
oodf
iowi
n
opposi
tedi
rect
ions;
toensur
east
eepdi
ff
usi
ongr
adi
enthencef
ast
erexchangeof
mat
eri
als;
-Thi
sfl
owmechani
sm al
soensur
est
hatdi
ff
usi
onoccur
satai
lpoi
ntsi
nthesy
stem at
ai
lti
mes;
(
e)Expl
ainhowt
ossctt
hel
i
ningoft
heut
erusi
spr
event
eddur
ingpr
egnancy(
4mar
ks)
-Theout
erl
ayeroft
hedev
elopi
ngcel
lmassf
ormsahor
monecal
l
edhumanchor
ioni
c
gonadot
ropi
c
hor
mone(
HCG)whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hecor
pusl
uteum f
ort
hef
ir
stt
hreemont
hsof
pr
egnancy
;
-Thef
unct
ioni
ngcor
pusl
uteum cont
inuespr
oduci
ngpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen,
whi
chi
ntur
n

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

mai
ntai
ntheendomet
ri
um;
-Theendomet
ri
um andembr
yot
husr
emai
nsi
ntheut
erus;
-Cel
l
soft
heembr
yoandendomet
ri
um combi
net
ofor
mthepl
acent
a,t
hroughwhi
ch
mat
eri
alsar
eexchangedbet
weent
hemot
herandt
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo;
-Appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hef
our
thmont
hofpr
egnancy
,thepl
acent
abegi
nst
apr
oduce
oest
rogenand
pr
ogest
erone;
-Hi
ghl
evel
sofoest
rogenandpr
ogest
eronepr
eventf
urt
herov
ulat
ion;
-Thepr
egnancyi
sthusmai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion;
38.Expl
ainf
ull
ythef
oll
owi
ng:
(
a).Ther
oleofpi
tui
tar
ygl
andi
nther
epr
oduct
ivecy
cleofaf
emal
emammal
. (
14
mar
ks)Thepi
tui
tar
ygl
andssecr
eteanumberofr
epr
oduct
ivehor
moneswi
thv
ari
ed
f
unct
ionsasf
oll Fol
ows: l
icl
est
imul
ati
nghor
mone:
-Secr
etedj
ustaf
termenst
ruat
ion;
tost
imul
atet
hedev
elopmentoft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cle;
-I
tal
sost
imul
atest
heov
ari
ant
issuest
ost
artsecr
eti
ngoest
rogen;
whi
chcont
rol
f
emal
esecondar
ysexual
char
act
eri
sti
csandpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nmenst
ruat
ion;
Lut
eni
singhor
mone:
-Secr
etedundert
hei
nfl
uenceofoest
rogen;
-I
tfaci
l
itat
esov
ulat
ion;
aswel
lasr
eor
gani
zat
ionoft
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ian
f
oll
i
clest
ofor
mthecor
pusl
uteum;
-LHal
sost
imul
atest
hecor
pusl
uteum t
ost
artsecr
eti
ngpr
ogest
erone;
Pr
olact
in:
-Secr
etedbyt
hepi
tui
tar
ygl
ands;
andst
imul
atest
hesecr
eti
onofmi
l
kbyt
hesecr
etor
y
cet
lsoft
he
mammar
ygl
ands;
Oxy
toci
n;
-I
tst
imul
atest
hecont
ract
ionsoft
heut
eri
nemuscl
esdur
ingl
abourt
ofaci
l
itat
ebi
rt
h;
andal
so
f
aci
l
itat
est
hecont
ract
ionoft
hear
eol
acav
iti
esoft
hemammar
ygl
andst
oletmi
l
kint
o
t
heduct
stot
he
ni
ppl
esdur
ingbr
east
feedi
ng(
mil
kletdown)
;

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

(
b).Funct
ionsofmammal
i
anpl
acent
a.(
6mar
ks)
-
Producespr
ogest
erone(
asf
rom t
het
hir
dmont
hfol
l
owi
ngconcept
ion)t
omai
ntai
n
pr
egnancy
.
-
Ist
hesi
tef
ort
hedi
ff
usi
onofant
ibodi
esf
rom mot
her
'sbl
oodt
ofoet
albl
ood,
hence
passi
vei
mmuni
ty.
-Si
tef
ordi
ff
usi
onofoxy
genandf
oodsubst
ancessuchasgl
ucose;
ami
noaci
dset
c
f
rom t
hemot
her
'sbl
oodt
othef
oet
us'
blood
-Si
tef
orexcr
eti
onofwast
essuchascar
bon(
IV)oxi
deandur
eaf
rom t
hef
oet
al
ci
rcul
ati
oni
ntot
he
mat
ernal
cir
cul
ati
on;
-Act
sasabar
ri
eragai
nstpassaget
hepassageofhar
mful
subst
ancesf
rom t
hemot
her
t
othef
oet
us;
-Rej
ectf
oodsubst
ancesornut
ri
ent
sat
one;
-Rej
ectpr
oduct
ionofhor
moneswi
thoutspeci
fi
cat
ion;
Acceptsecr
eti
onofoest
rogen
andpr
ogest
eronebutnotoest
rogena/
one
39(
a)Namet
het
hreeaccessor
ygl
andsoft
hemal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem.Whatar
ethe
f
unct
ionsoft
hesecr
eti
onst
heypr
oduce?(
6mar
ks)
Semi
nalv
esi
cle.
-Secr
etesaf
lui
dwhi
chf
ormspar
tofsemeni
ntot
hesper
m duct
,whi
chpr
ovi
desa
f
avour
abl
emedi
um
f
ort
hemot
il
it
y(swi
mmi
ng)oft
hesper
ms.
-I
tssecr
eti
onscont
ainsucr
oseandpr
ost
agl
andi
ns
-Sucr
osepr
ovi
desasour
ceofener
gyf
ort
hesper
m cel
l
s;
-Pr
ost
agl
andi
nsactasachemi
cal
signal
int
hef
emal
esy
stem,
tri
gger
ingt
her
hyt
hmi
c
cont
ract
ionofsmoot
hmuscl
eal
ongt
her
epr
oduct
ivet
ract
;
Pr
ost
rat
egl
ands.
-I
tsur
roundst
heur
ethr
aandsecr
etesaf
lui
dmi
xtur
ewhi
chf
ormspar
toft
hesemi
nal
f
lui
d.
-I
tssecr
etsanal
kal
i
nebuf
fert
hatpr
otect
ssper
m cel
l
sagai
nstt
heaci
dicenv
ironment
oft
hev
agi
na;
-Ar
eal edbul
socal
l bour
ethr
algl
ands.

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

-Secr
etesmucuswhi
chl
ubr
icat
est
heur
ethr
alwal
l
spr
ovi
dingacondusi
vesur
facef
or
swi
mmi
ngofsper
ms;
(
b).Descr
ibet
hepr
ocessofov
ulat
ion.(
7mar
ks)
-Oneoft
hepr
imar
yfol
l
icl
es(
oneoft
hecel
l
ssur
roundi
ngt
hesecondar
yoocy
te)enl
arges
gr
eat
lyand
dev
elopsaf
lui
d-f
il
ledcav
itycal
l
edt
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cle.

-Thef
oll
i
cul
arf
lui
dcont
ainst
hehor
moneoest
rogenandf
oodsubst
ances.

-Themat
ureGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
clemi
grat
est
othesur
faceoft
heov
arywher
eitcausesadi
sti
nct
bul
ge.

-Oncef
ull
ydev
eloped,
thef
oll
i
cler
apt
uresr
eleasi
ngt
hesecondar
yoocy
te,
apr
ocesscal
l
ed
ov
ulat
ion.

-I
tnor
mal
l
yoccur
sinoneoft
heov
ari
esoncei
nev
ery28day
sinawomanaf
terpuber
ty.

-Af
terov
ulat
iont
her
emnant
soft
heGr
aaf
ianf
oll
i
cleunder
gor
eor
gani
zat
iont
ofor
m cor
pus
l
uteum.

(
e)Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesoft
hedev
elopmentoft
heembr
yoi
ntheut
erusofamammal
compar
edwi
tht
hedev
elopmentoft
heembr
yoi
ntheeggofabi
rd?(
7mar
ks)
-Set
tert
ransmi
ssi
onofpassi
vei
mmuni
ty;

-Pr
otect
ionagai
nstpr
edat
ors;

-Pr
otect
ionf
rom har
shunf
avour
abl
eenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons;

Al
lthesei
ncr
easechancesofsur
viv
al;

40.Descr
ibehowt
hehumanembr
yoi
spr
ovi
dedwi
thnut
ri
ent
sandi
spr
otect
edwi
thi
nthe
womb.(
20mar
ks)
Justpr
iort
oimpl
ant
ati
on,
theout
erl
ayeroft
hedev
elopi
ngcel
lmassf
ormsahor
monecal
l
ed
human
chor
ioni
cgonadot
ropi
chor
mone(
HCG)whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hecor
pusl
uteum f
ort
hef
ir
stt
hree
mont
hs
ofpr
egnancy
;

-Thef
unct
ioni
ngcor
pusl
uteum cont
inuespr
oduci
ngpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen,
whi
chi
ntur
n

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

mai
ntai
ntheendomet
ri
um;

-Theendomet
ri
um andembr
yot
husr
emai
nsi
ntheut
erus;

-Cel
l
soft
heembr
yoandendomet
ri
um combi
net
ofor
mthepl
acent
a,t
hroughwhi
chmat
eri
als
ar
eexchangedbet
weent
hemot
herandt
hedev
elopi
ngembr
yo;

-Appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hef
our
thmont
hofpr
egnancy
,thepl
acent
abegi
nst
opr
oduceoest
rogenand
pr
ogest
erone

-Hi
ghl
evel
sofoest
rogenandpr
ogest
eronepr
eventf
urt
herov
ulat
ion;

-Thepr
egnancyi
sthusmai
ntai
nedunt
ilpar
tur
it
ion;

-
Theembr
yoi
sencasedwi
thi
ntheamni
oti
ccav
ityf
il
ledwi
thamni
oti
cfl
uid;

-Theamni
oti
cfl
uid:

-
TheSuspendsandpr
otect
sthef
oet
us;

Act
sasashockabsor
berpr
otect
ingt
hef
oet
usf
rom ext
ernal
mechani
cc,
,jur
yordamage;

-
Prot
ect
sthef
oet
usf
rom env
ironment
alt
emper
atur
echangesandcr
event
sanychancesof
desi
ccat
ion;

-Theconcent
rat
ionofgl
ucoseandami
noaci
dset
c,i
shi
gheri
nthemat
ernal
cir
cul
ati
on,
so
di
ssol
ved
f
oodsdi
ff
usedownt
heconcent
rat
iongr
adi
entf
rom t
hemat
ernal
tof
oet
alci
rcul
ati
on;

-Theconcent
rat
ionofcar
bon(
IV)oxi
deandur
eai
shi
gheri
nthef
oet
alci
rcul
ati
on,
sot
hese
di
ff
use
f
rom t
hef
oet
alt
othemat
ernal
cir
cul
ati
on;

-Themat
ernal
bloodent
eri
ngt
heut
eri
nel
i
ningcont
ainsahi
gherconcent
rat
ionofoxy
gent
han
t
he
f
oet
albl
oodent
eri
ngt
hepl
acent
a;

-Asar
esul
t,oxy
haer
noql
obi
nint
hemat
ernal
redbl
oodcel
l
sbr
eaksdownt
ohaemogl
obi
nand
oxy
gen.

-Theoxy
gendi
ff
usesacr
osst
hepl
acent
aanduni
teswi
tht
hehaemogl
obi
nint
hef
oet
alr
ed

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

bl
oodcel
l
s;

-Ant
ibodi
esal
sodi
ff
usef
rom t
hemot
hert
othef
oet
us,
sopr
ovi
dingsomepr
otect
ionagai
nst
di
sease
i
ntheear
lymont
hsofl
i
fe;

-
Thepl
acent
aal
soact
sasabar
ri
erpr
event
ingseepageofbact
eri
aandv
irusesf
rom mat
ernal
ci
rcul
ati
ont
otheembr
yo'
sci
rcul
ati
on;
thuspr
otect
ingt
heembr
yof
rom pat
hogeni
cinf
ect
ions;

-Thepl
acent
aensur
est
hatt
her
eisnodi
rectconnect
ionbet
weent
hef
oet
alandmat
ernal
ci
rcul
ati
ons;
topr
otectt
hedel
i
cat
efoet
albl
oodv
essel
sfr
om bur
sti
ng;

41.Descr
ibet
hechangest
hatoccuri
nthehumanf
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem f
rom t
het
ime
t
hemal
egamet
esar
edeposi
tedt
il
lpl
acent
afor
mat
ion.(
20mar
ks)
Fer
ti
li
zat
ioni
sthef
usi
onoft
hemal
e(sper
m)nucl
eiandt
hef
emal
e(ov
um)nucl
eit
ofor
ma
zy
got
e;andoccur
sint
hef
all
opi
ant
ubei
nthef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem;
whent
heov
um i
s
1/
3
downt
hef
all
opi
ant
ube,
andsper
mat
ozoausual
l
yreacht
hisr
egi
on5mi
nut
esaf
tercoi
tus/
copul
ati
on;

Copul
ati
onr
esul
tsi
ntoi
nject
ionofsper
mat
ozoai
ntot
hev
agi
naorev
eni
ntot
heut
erus;
the
sper
mat
ozoaswi
mint
othev
agi
nal
andut
eri
nemucusupi
ntot
heov
iduct
s;t
hemov
ementof
sper
mat
ozoai
sai
dedbypr
opul
sionandbeat
ingact
ionoft
het
ail
andt
heend-
piece;
andt
he
abundant
ener
gypr
ovi
dedbyt
henumer
ousmi
tochondr
iai
nthemi
ddl
epi
ece.

Duet
oit
smi
nut
esi
ze,
thej
our
neyf
rom t
hev
agi
nat
othef
all
opi
ant
ubei
slongandhazar
dous;
oft
hehundr
edsofmi
l
li
onsofsper
mst
hatar
eusual
l
yej
acul
ated,
onl
ythousandsent
ert
he
cer
vix;
of
t
heseonl
yaf
ewr
each(
thousands)t
hebodyoft
heut
erusandonl
yaf
ew(
hundr
eds)t
rav
elt
he
r
emai
ningdi
stance;

Af
terov
ulat
ion,
theov
um t
rav
elsupt
hef
all
opi
ant
ubet
owar
dst
heut
erus;
themov
ementoft
he
ov
um t
hroughoutt
het
ubeandt
owar
dst
heut
erusi
sai
dedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
per
ist
alt
ic
cont
ract
ionoft
hesmoot
hmuscl
esoft
hef
all
opi
ant
ube;
waf
ti
ngact
ivi
tyoft
heci
l
iapr
esenti
n
t
hei
nner
epi
thel
i
um oft
hef
all
opi
ant
ube;
mucussecr
eti
onbyt
hegobl
etcel
l
sint
heepi
thel
i
all
i
ningoft
he

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530
 i
saboke
mic
ah@g
mai
l.
com

f
all
opi
ant
ube;

Thesper
m meet
stheov
um i
ntheupperpar
toft
hef
all
opi
ant
ube;
oncei
ncont
actwi
tht
he
ov
um,
theacr
osomeofsev
eral
sper
msr
apt
urer
eleasi
ngI
yti
cenz
ymes;
whi
chdi
ssol
vet
he
cor
ona
r
adi
ateoft
heeggandsof
tenst
hezonapel
l
uci
daandt
hev
itel
l
inemembr
ane;

Meanwhi
l
etheacr
osomeget
sreor
gani
zedt
opf
orm al
ongf
il
ament
;usi
ngt
hef
il
ament
,oneof
t
hesper
mat
ozoapushesi
tswayt
hrought
hezonapel
l
uci
da,
thev
itel
l
inemembr
aneandi
ntot
he
cy
topl
asm oft
heegg;
onl
ytheheadandt
hemi
ddl
epi
ecegeti
ntot
hecy
topl
asm;
whi
l
ethet
ail
andt
he
endpi
ecear
eleafout
side;
thev
itel
l
inemembr
anet
hent
hickensi
mmedi
atel
ypr
event
ingot
her
sper
m
cel
l
sfr
om ent
eri
ngt
heegg.

Thesper
m headbur
stopensr
eleasi
ngt
hemal
enucl
eus;
whi
chf
useswi
tht
heov
um (
femal
e
gamet
e)nucl
eushencef
ert
il
izat
ion;
for
mingadi
ploi
dzy
got
e;t
hisi
sconcept
ion(
thef
ert
il
izat
ion
oft
he
ov
abyt
hesper
mat
ozoa)
;andmar
kst
hebegi
nni
ngofpr
egnancy
.

Pr
egnancyr
efer
stot
hedev
elopment
alchangest
hatt
akepl
acebet
weenf
ert
il
izat
ionoft
he
ov
um t
athebi
rt
hoft
hef
oet
us;
dur
ingwhi
cht
womai
nimpor
tantev
ent
soccur
:impl
ant
ati
onand
pl
acent
afor
mat
ion

I
mpl
ant
ati
onr
efer
stot
hebur
rowi
ngoft
hebl
ast
ocy
sti
ntot
heut
eri
newal
l
s;af
terf
ert
il
izat
ion,
t
he
zy
got
eunder
goesr
api
dmi
tot
icdi
vi
sionsasi
tpassesdownt
heov
iduct
;inabout7day
s(i
n
women)
t
hezy
got
ereachest
heut
erusbywhi
cht
imei
tisahol
l
owbowl
ofcel
l
scal
l
edbl
ast
ocy
st.

Oncei
ntheut
erus,
thespher
ical
blast
ocy
stbur
rowsi
ntot
hewal
loft
heut
erus,
whi
chbyt
hen
hast
hickenedanddev
elopedar
ichbl
oodsuppl
y;af
teri
mpl
ant
ati
ont
hebl
ast
ocy
sti
sknownas
t
he

Nove
ls,
Upda
tedKAS
NEB,
ICT,
Hig
hSc
hool
,
Pri
mar
ySof
tcopyNot
es 0714497530