Production Practices

of Perennial Crops
 1. Selection Criteria and Varieties of 
Fruits and Plantation Crops
A.Fruits

1. Sweetness and wholesome taste, non-fibrous,

attractive color of flesh and rind, large fruitedness and
small seededness.
2. Acidity or sourness of the fruit, a high percentage of
total soluble solid and color imparted to the juice.
3. Early bearing tendency and rapid attainment of peak
production.
4. Regularity of fruit bearing.
5. Resistance to soil-borne diseases.
6. Satisfactory yields
 B. Plantation Crops

It should be based on the yielding ability, 
earliness and regularity of fruiting, 
resistance to pest and disease, quality of 
the processed product and other factors 
the are unique to the species.
Average yield in tons per ha. of common fruit
crops
Mango : 8-10 tons
Papaya : 15-20 tons
Rambutan : 4 tons
Banana : 20-50 tons
Calamansi : 2-3 tons
Durian : 3-4 tons
Pili : 1-2 tons
 Average yield per ha. of common plantation
crops
Coconut : 1,200 to 1,5000 nuts every 45 days
Coffee : 1 ton
Cacao : 600 to 700 pods per year
 Varieties of some fruit and plantation crops
Species Cultivar Description

Pineapple Smooth Cayenne Fruit at 2.3-3.6 kg. cylindrical; leaves non

spiny: used for canning and fresh fruit
market

Queen Fruit small at less than 1 kg; sweet;leaves

spiny; grown for fresh fruit. Commonly
grown in Bicol.

Mango Carabao Exccellent quality of fruit; aromatic, and

much preferred in the export market.

Pico Fruit oblong, somewhat flattened with

distinct beak at the apex; fruit is sweet and
aromatic

Katchamita Also known as Indian mango; usually

eaten when green mature.
Mango Carabao Exccellent quality of fruit; aromatic, and
much preferred in the export market.

Pico Fruit oblong, somewhat flattened with

distinct beak at the apex; fruit is sweet and
aromatic

Katchamita Also known as Indian mango; usually

eaten when green mature.

Durian Chanee Introduced from Thailand. The flesh or aril

is yellowish; thick, creamy and very sweet,
odor of fruit is not very strong

Mon Thong Introduced from Thailand, has the same

characteristics of chanee
Coffee Arabica Grows in 900 to 1800 m; susceptible to
coffee rust, used for blending

Robusta Tolerant to rust, lowland type, used for

instant soluble coffee manufacturing

Liberica Tolerant to rust and wider in adoptability,

derived coffee like “Kapeng Barako” has
strong taste and flavor.

Cacao Criollo Seed of superior quality, trees are

susceptible to pest and diseases.

Forastero Seed of lower quality, trees are hardy and

high yielding, resistant to pod borer.

Trinitario Introduced from Trinidad, a cross between

Criollo and Forestero, trees are resistant to
pod borer.
2. Preparation of planting Materials and Seedling Car
-Fruits and plantation crops can be propagated by seeds and asexual means.

A. Use of Seeds
-It is the most practical way of propagation
-Rootstock for asexual propagation of fruit crops are propagation through seeds

Fruit and Plantation Crops that Propagated by Seeds Commercially

Mangosteen
Atis
Guyabano
Guava
Papaya
Coconut
Oil palm
Cacao
 Advantage of Growing trees from Seeds
-Strong anchorage by the deeply entrenched root system, making the tree resistant to
strong winds.

Disadvantages of Growing Trees from Seeds

-Plants take long time to bear fruit
-Plants tend to grow into large trees
-Plants are not true to type

Apomict or apomictict seeds – seeds that are not product of fertilization.

Apomixis – the formation of seeds without the union of male and female gametes
 Seed Classification of Perennial Crops

Recalcitrant Seeds – Moisture content is initially high and loss by

desiccation or drying below critical level 20%

Orthodox Seeds – Seeds that can be dried and can be stored for
a long time.
Scarification – the alteration of the hard seed coat making it
permeable.

Stratification – is the placement of seeds between layers of

either moist, sand, soil, or sawdust at high or low
temperatures.

Vernalization- Seed treatment to cold temperature prior to

germination.
Use of Asexually Propagated Materials
Advantages

-The resulting plants are true to type

-Applicable for species that seeds are hard to germinate
-Trees are usually smaller and bear fruits earlier
-Useful for species with distinct maleness

Kinds of Vegetative Propagules

-Runners
-Slips
-Corms
-Root Cutting
-Leaf-bud cutting
-Stem cutting
-Asexual materials from layerage, marcotting, graftage, budding.
-Plantlets
Layerage
- initiation of root in stem while it is still attached to the parent
plant, which supplies the nutrients and moisture while the roots of
the plants are still forming

Marcotting or Air Layering

- rooting of the selected shoot or branch is encountered by
wrapping a portion of the stem with rooting medium with or without
stem treatment.

Graftage
-is the general term used for propagation methods whereby two
plant parts are joined in such a manner that they will unite and
continue their growth as one plant.
 Types of Graftage

1. Approach Grafting or Inarching – selected shoots of the desirable plant are

grafted with the stem of the stock grown in individual containers while the
scions are still connected with the mother plant.

2. Topworking – this method of grafting is usually used in changing the top of

established inferior plants into more desirable ones.

3. Splice Grafting – In this method, the detached scion used is leafless,

usually with terminal leaf bud or well-developed dormant bud.

4. Cleft Grafting – a detached scion is directly grafted on top of the stock as in

splice grafting, except that the types of cuts used vary.

5. Side Grafting – In this method of grafting, the basal portion of a detached

scion is joined at the side of the trunk of the stock.

6.Bark Grafting – This method is especially useful in grafting a detached scion

on a stumped stock whose stem is much larger than that of the scion.
Budding
- is usually used instead of grafting if one wants to economize in the use
of scion materials, since each bud is potentially a new plant.

Types of Budding

1. Patch Budding – this type of budding is usually used in species

having a thick bark which can be separated easily from the wood.

2. Shield or T-budding – this is usually made on an actively developing

stem whose bark can be readily separated from the wood.

3. Chip Budding – this method of budding is used where the bark of the
stem adheres closely to its wood, which may occur naturally to some
species or arising from growing conditions.
Nursery Operation

Nursery – is the place where starting plant materials are grown,

cared for and maintained until the plants are ready for transfer to
the permanent site for commercial growing.

Size and Age of Seedling at Transplanting

-in some species, transplanting is done when the seedling attain
30 cm in height or 4 leaves are fully developed

Shade Management in Nursery

-25 to 50% partial shade
-Shade maybe provided by natural shade trees or artificial
structures and materials like nets, bamboo slats, coconut frinds or
plastics
3. Plantation Establishment

Areas where crops can be established

- Fruits and plantation crops can be established on lands that
are level to nearly level.

Land Clearing
- Plowing and harrowing can be done whenever practical
- It is very vital for ease in lay-outing
- In sloping areas, clearing of designate spots on which
individual trees will be planted.
Laying out of planting plan
a planting plan is necessary ad it will serve as a permanent record of individual trees
planted.

Square or Rectangular Arrangement

Area of Farm ( in square meters)

No. of Plants= __________________________
S2 ( in square meters)
Where:
S2 refers to the square of planting distance and if the distances are
different as in the rectangular arrangement, the product (S1xS2) can be
substituted.
Quincunx or Diagonal System

Area of Farm (sq. m.)

No. of Plants = _________________ + L _ 1 W_1
S2 S S

Where:
S2 = square of planting distance (meters) of the main crop
L= length dimension of the farm in meters
W = width dimension of the farm in meters
Triangular or hexagonal arrangement

Area (sq m) Area

No. of Plants = ________________ or ______________ x 1.15
S2 x 0.866 S2
 Planting Distance and Density for Various Fruits and
Plantation Crops
Crops Planting distance (m) No. of plants/ha.
Abaca 2.0 2,500
Banana 3.0-5.0 4,000-1,111
Cacao 3.0 1,111
Citrus 4.0-6.0 278-625
Coconut 8.0 157
Coffee 3.0 1,111
Durian 8.0-10.0 100-157
Lanzones 4.0-6.0 278-625
Mango 8.0-10.0 100-157
Papaya 3.0-4.0 625-1,111
Rambutan 6.0-8.0 157-278
 Planting/Transplanting

-the hole that has to made is just a little larger than the size of the
plastic bag.
-In heavy soils which are infertile, it is best advised to make a
bigger hole.

High Density Planting of Fruit Crops

-use of hedgerows
-to attain high density, the seedling are set at spacing several
times closer than the conventional one.
4. Soil Fertility Management

Determination of Fertilizer Needs

- deficiency of different nutrient elements will show different
symptoms.
- Leaf tissue analysis is an accurate means of identifying the
fertilizer needs of the plant.
 Recommended Fertilizer Guide for Orchards/Plantation

Crop NPK in g/tree/year Method of Application Time of Application

Coconut
1-2 yrs old 84-40-180 or 400gm Ring application at 1 m Onset of rainy season
ammonium sulfate radius and covered with and start of dry season
200 gm superphophate soil
300 gm muriate of
potash per tree per year

3-4 yrs old 168+0+360 or 800gm Ring application at 2 m Onset of rainy season
ammonium sulphate radius and covered and start of dry season
600 gm muriate of with soil
potash per tree per year

5 yrs old and 336+40+480 or Ring application at 2 m Onset of rainy season

Up 1,600 gm ammonium radius and covered and start of dry season
Sulphate 200 gm with soil
Superphophate 1,400
gm muriate of potash
per tree/yr 25-50 kg of
cattle manure and
compost/tree/yr
Application of Fertilizer
-fertilizer should be applied where there is the greatest
concentration of feeder roots
the distance from the trunk depends on the canopy of the tree.

Methods of Fertilizer Application

A. Broadcasting – It should be done within the canopy drip line
and should be accompanied by cultivation to mix the fertilizer with
soil
B. Application in Band or Trench – several holes or a trench is
dug around the canopy drip line and fertilizer is applied and
covered with soil.

Compost Application and Green Manuring

-Animal manure and plant residues as compost are good sources
of nutrients but will have to be applied in large quantities.
It is also best applied before transplanting.
 Crop NPK in g/tree/year Method of Application Time of
Application

Mango
Seedling 42+42+42 Band application 8 cm At planting
below roots and 10 cm

Non-bearing 160+70+70 Twice a year around Start of rainy season

the tree and before the start
of the rainy season

Bearing 210+210+210 Apply twice a year in Start of rainy season

6-8 holes around the and before the start
tree of dry season
 5. Management Practices for Orchard and Plantation Crops
Orchard – is a plantation of fruit trees

Water management
- water management refers to application of water at the proper time and removal of
excess supply through proper drainage in order to sustain crop productivity

Several system of irrigation may be employed for perennial crops.

a. Surface Irrigation – either by furrow or basin irrigation.

b. Sprinkler Irrigation – this method of irrigation uses either.
1.Lateral distribution or movable pipes- each equipped with riser and
sprinkler head.
2. Orchard sprinkler - small impact heads designed to cover spaces
between adjacent trees.
c. Trickle Irrigation – water delivery is through small emitter openings which discharge
small amounts of water directly to the area immediately surrounding each plant.

d. Native system of irrigation – This employs use of bamboo tubes or large plastic
bottles with small perforations at the bottom.
 Determination of Irrigation Schedules

a. Irrigation schedules based on soil water measurements

- the level of soil water supply is measured by gravimety,
tensiometers, or electrical
resistance blocks.

Gravimetric measurements – samples are taken with a soil

collecting instrument like an auger or soil probe.
Tensiometer – is device which measures the amount of
force that the plant root exrts to remove moisture from the soil.

b. Irrigation schedules based on evapotranspiration rates.

- evaporative devices can be installed in a centrally located place
for daily reporting to farmers in an irrigation project.
c. Irrigation schedules based on calculations
- knowledge of the field capacity, permanent wilting percentage,
bulk/specific gravity, effective depth of rooting and all of which requires
measurements.

d. Temporary wilting
- water stress occurs in plants, cells lose turgidity and plants show
symptoms of wilting

e. Color of Foliage
- changes in the color of leaves may also be a good indication of
irrigation

f. Rate of Plant Growth

- if the growth of the crop is sluggish, water may not be enough
- in some plants retardation of growth is predominant

g. Feel of the Soil

- a physical examination of the soil can give an idea of the need for
water by crops.
Drainage
- as a part of water management, it is necessary to remove
excess water during the wet season and prevent water logging at
the root zone of the plants especially in flat and under drained
areas.
- To prevent drainage problems, laying out of drainage canals in
strategically located portions of the farm can be made

Erosion Control

- Soil erosion refers to the physical removal of the surface soil by

the action of water and, in the case of arid regions, by wind.
- Common in areas with ruggedness of terrain, defective tillage
practices, and the absence of significant vegetative cover to keep
soil particles together.
 Erosion Control that can be Carried Out in the
Plantation

a. Covercropping and Mulching – cover cropping involves the

growing of creeping and bushy plants with dense vegetative
growth under trees like citrus, cacao rubber and coconut.

Mulching – is the laying out and deposition of cut pants

residues on bare space under trees.

b. Contour Planting – it is a system of cultivation in which tillage

is made across the slope following the contour lines.
- effective in checking the downward flow of water and
sheet erosion.

c. Bench Terracing – is a system of creating series of flat strips

along the steep edges of slope which otherwise are subjected to
severe erosion.
Wattling
- Long, flexible and sprouting branches are laid horizontally on
the top of one another in an interlacing manner around pegs
driven through shallow trenches into the grounds

Fascines
- these consist of bundling sprouts brushwoods less than 3 mm
long and laying the bundles along narrow trenches in the contour.

Rockwalls
- are made of large stones, rocks, and boulders, slightly
embedded along the contour of sloping farms to provide effective
barriers to the downward movement of soil and water.
 Pruning
- is a physical process of judicious removal of plant parts
like growing points (or meristems), foliage and
branches to attain some specific purpose.
- it may result to overall reduction in height, general
configuration and total photosynthetic area of
plant.
-total yield of the plant may be reduced but the quality
and size of the marketable fruits may be enhanced .

Bonsai
- the art of growing miniature plants appearing to be centuries old,
depends on careful training and regulation of the plant nutrition.
Types of Pruning Based on the Nature of Making and
Cuts
1. Heading-back
- the cuts are made at the terminal portion of the plant
capitalizes on what is known as “apical dominance”

2. Thinning-out
- the complete removal of any number of branches.
- the remaining branches retain their apical dominance,
suppresses the development of the lateral buds and grow into
sturdy boughs.
Pruning is Practiced to Achieve Certain Objectives

1. To control the height, size and shape of the crown.

2. To remove diseased branches that are fast-growing cluster

of “watersprouts” which develop at the base of the trunk or
long main branches which only compete for nutrition but
without any utility.

3. To remove branches that are undesirable situated like those

that are interlacing with another, closely angled to the main
trunk and growing downward and drooping.

4. To remove inner branches to lessen the density of the

canopy and allow filtration of sunlight for better fruiting as in
citrus and minimize the development of diseases.
5. To lessen the number of inner branches so as to facilitate
spraying and other operations

6. To form hedge and ensure regular development of shoots

and young leaves which are the main products of commerce
such as in tea

7. To lessen the number of branches and amount of foliage to

induce fruiting and increase the size of fruits as is done in
grapes and passion fruit.

8.To remove the aging top of the plant that has become
unproductive , and be replaced by new growth. The operation
is known as “rejuvenation”.
Training
- training is the use of trellis or trellising.
- Grape, passion fruit are the most common perennial crops that
needs training.

Propping
- is a must in commercial banana plantations catering to the
export market.
- this prevents fruit losses from bunch fall due to the heavy weight
of the bunch, strong winds, and damages brought about by
corm borer and nematodes.

Girdling
- the process that involves the physical interruption of the flow of
photosynthates from the leaves to the root system.
- can be done either by tying wires on the stem, making cuts on
the stem but without removal of the bark (scorching)
- removal of a ring of bark on the trunk or branches (ringing)
 Some of the Commonly Used Chemical Regulators
A. Auxins
-on mango and citrus, IBA at 1,000 ppm is used to strengthen
union of stock and scion.
- on black pepper, NAA at 100 ppm induces rooting in cuttings

B. Daminozide
- trade name (Alar 85)
- Suppresses vegetative growth, controls harvest quality and
maturity of fruits.

C. Potassium nitrate
- a non-hormone, which can be applied as foliar spray to induce
flowering in mangoes at 1 to 2% dilute solution
- this flower inducer technology on Carabao mangoes was
developed by Dr. Ramon Barba.
D.Calcium carbide (carburo)
- emits ethylene
- applied to the heart of ready to flower pineapple plants, usually
at 12 to 14 months after planting.
- It can also hasten ripening to mango and banana

E. Ethepon
- trade name (Ethrel)
- In robusta coffee at 500 to 1,250 ppm as a single foliar spray at
green maturity stage of berries results in high proportion of
ripe berries as high as 98%
- It prolongs the latex flow in rubber.
- It will induce fruiting in pineapple if sprayed ay 25 to 1,200 ppm
 6. Harvesting and Post-production, Handling
and Storage
Harvesting
- harvesting at the right stage of physiological maturity of fruits
and other products will ensure the quality of the harvest.
- Some fruits found in commercial stalls are sour or lack the
desired quality because they are harvested at the immature
stage.
 Maturity Indices of Various Fruit and Plantation
Crops
Mango – 120 days from flowering
Citrus – 5 to 6 months from flowering
Banana – 3 to 4 months from flowering
Pineapple – 11 to 12 months from flowering
Coconut – 11 to 12 months from flowering
Coffee – 8 to 9 months from flowering
Cacao – 5 to 6 months from flowering
Abaca – 18 to 24 moths old
 6. Post Production Technology
-all the practices and operations that horticultural produce
undergoes from harvest to consumption.

Postharvest handling – primary processing of fruits, flowers, and

vegetables.

Primary processing – refers to product handling that will make

the product more suitable either to the manufacturers or
consumers.

Secondary processing – refers to product handling that results

in a product that cannot be subjected to another change.
Climacteric
- type of fruits exhibits a rise in respiration when it starts to ripen which
declines slightly before, at as soon after it ripe depending on the
fruit.
- fruits can be pricked green mature and ripe after harvest.
-Fruits have high amount of starch that can be converted into
sugars.

Non-climacteric
-type of fruits that hardly no change in respiration after harvest.
this group of fruits have no starch to be converted into sugars
-picked ready to eat as there is no further development of flavour after
harvest.

Degreening
-process of hastening the peel color change from green to orange or
yellow of citrus fruits which have attained full flavour and aroma.
Vapor Pressure treatment
- pressure exerted by water vapour in a given space or
atmosphere
- mangoes exported for Japan will undergo into this treatment

Aril
- the fleshy edible pulp adhering to seeds of fruits as in rambutan,
durian and lanzones

Carotenoid
- group of pigments to which lycopene and carotene belong based
on the similarity of their chemical structure.

Commercial maturity of a commodity

- the stage of growth when a commodity has developed sufficient
desirable characteristics to make it marketable or desirable
for its intended purpose.
Curing
-process of toughening and self-healing of bruises and skinned
areas in root and tuber crops or the rapid closing of the neck of
bulb crops under favorable conditions.

Dehaulming
-cutting or killing of potato vines a week before harvesting

Fumigant
- chemical which at required temperature and pressure can exist
in the gaseous atae in sufficient concentration to be lethal
to a given pest organism.
Grading
- the process of classifying into groups according to a set of
recognized criteria of quality and size , each group bearing
an accepted name and size grouping.
Horticultural Maturity
- commercial maturity
Internal breaking of mango
- white starchy area in the middle portion of the pulp near the seed
of a ripe fruit, sometimes with air pockets in the middle of the
starchy areas.

Precooling
-Strictly, precooling means the rapid cooling (48 hr. or less) of a
commodity to a desired transit or storage temperature soon after
harvesting before it is stored or move in transit.

Shelf life
-post-storage market life.

Sorting
-the process of classifying of commodity into groups, designated
by the person classifying the produce either according to a set
criteria or whatever criteria he may desire.
Standardization
-the process of formulating and issuing grade standards in the
country or industry.

Vascular streaking
-browning of tissues about a centimeter below the peeled surface
of a cassava viewed cross-sectionally.

Waxing
-is the application of a thin film of surface coating to fruits and
vegetables
-the coating may or may not be wax but usually the term wax is
used synonymously with surface coatings or protective skin
coating.

Water Elimination
- refers to the drying of surface moisture after washing or waxing
or when commodities are harvested wet
Topping
- leafsheaths are removed in abaca

Tuxying
- is the separation of the strong mechanical bundles from the
weaker fibrovascular bundles.
 Storage of Perishable Products
The quality and shelf-life of fruits can be preserved through a number of
ways, some simple and some costly to undertake.

1. Evaporative cooling and prevention of moisture loss from fruits by

providing a highly humid condition in the immediate vicinity of
fruits.

Simple and practical ways of providing a humid condition for fruits

in storage
1. placement of chopped and moistened banana bracts in between
spaces of fruits placed in crates or baskets.
2. sprinkling of water on the surface of the fruit as is done with
rambutan.
3. burying fruits in moistened clean sand, sawdust or coconut coir.
4. storing of fruits in a clay jar with water at the bottom and fruits
elevated on a platform.
5. storing fruits inside a wet cloth tent which can be readily improvised.
2. Refrigeration, either in shipment or storage of fresh fruits.
- temperature is maintained at 10 to 15°C, which slows down
the respiration process.

3. Controlled atmosphere storage.

- in this process, the supply and level of oxygen and carbon
dioxide are manipulated through the use of gas generators
and appropriate control devices.

4. Modified atmosphere storage

- this uses the same principle of oxygen and carbon dioxide
control to retard the respiration process in fruits.
 Primary Processing Methods of Plantation Crops.

1. Abaca
- Topping or removal of crown leaves.
- Harvesting of the pseudostems or referred as “tumbling” with the
use of a sharp blade.
- Tuxying or separation of the bracts which contain the fibro-
vascular bundles
- Extraction of the fiber with the use of “hagutan”
- Cleaning of the fiber and drying
- Grading and balling of fiber
2. Coffee.
There are two methods: wet process and the dry process

Wet process
- Hand-picking of the ripe berries
- Soaking of berries to loosen the pulp and separate the floaters or light
berries
- Depulping of berries with a machine
- Fermentation for 2 to 3 days
- Washing the parchment coffee
- Drying for 24 to 48 hours to 12 to 16% moisture
- Dehulling of parchment coffee in a dehuller or kiskisan rice mill
adjusted fro the purpose
- Grading

Dry process
- Harvesting
- Drying
- Dehulling
- Grading
3. Cacao
- Harvesting
- Seed extraction from the pod
- Fermentation for 3 to 7 days and allow products of
fermentation to drain out. Phenoli compounds are
removed by fermentation; bitterness of chocolate is
minimized and richness of butterfat is enhanced by the
process
- Drying of beans to 6 to 7 % moisture
4. Coconut
- Harvesting the nuts
- Dehusking with a tapasan
- Splitting of nuts
- Drying in a “tapahan”or smoke kiln fro 16 hours.
- Sun drying for 7 days
- Grading
1. The province that is top producer of abaca in the Philippines
a. Bicol b. Southern Leyte
c. Sulu d. Dovao del Norte

2. Lady Dragon is a hybrid variety of papaya from?

a. Thailand b. Japan
c. Taiwan d. Malaysia

3. Waxing is a postharvest technology that ONLY uses wax to minimize

shrivelling and impart additional gloss to fruits.
a. True b. False
c. NO d. None of the above

4. A farmer has 1 ha of land and he intend to plant papaya with a

planting distance of 5x5 m. How many planting materials he has to
prepare if he will assume that the survival of his planting materials will
be 85%.
a. 400 b.460
c. 500 d. none of the above
5. Vascular streaking is common only common to this crop.
a. mango b. cassava
c. rambutan d. pineapple

6. The process of classifying the commodity into groups,

designated by the person classifying the produce either according
to a set criteria or whatever criteria he may desire.
a. sorting b. grading
c. standardization d. none of the above

7. The process of toughening and self-healing of bruises and

skinned areas in root and tuber crops or the rapid closing of the
neck of bulb crops under favorable conditions.
a. ripening b. curing
c. dehaulming d. none of the above
8. Type fruits that hardly no change in respiration after harvest.
a. non-climacteric b. climacteric
c. all of the above d. none of the above

9. the process of classifying into groups according to a set of

recognized criteria of quality and size , each group bearing an
accepted name and size grouping.
a. sorting b. grading
c. standardization d. none of the above

10. The process that involves the physical interruption of the flow
of photosynthates from the leaves to the root system.
a. Girdling b. Propping
c. Training d. none of the above
11. Rooting of the selected shoot or branch is encountered by
wrapping a portion of the stem with rooting medium with or without
stem treatment.
a. Layering b. Marcotting
c. stem cutting d. none of the above

12 Is laying out and deposition of cut pants residues on bare

space under trees.
a. Green manuring b. Mulching
c. Cmposting d. None of the above

13. Involves the growing of creeping and bushy plants with dense
vegetative growth under trees like citrus, cacao rubber and
coconut.
a. Inter cropping b. Multiple cropping
c. Cover cropping d. none of the above
14. The cuts are made at the terminal portion of the plant
capitalizes on what is known as “apical dominance”.
a. Pruning b. Thinning-out
c. Heading back d. All of the above

15. This practice is common in grapes and passion fruit.

a. Propping b. Girdling
c. Training d. Tuxying

16. Developed the use of potassium nitrate for the induction

flowering in Carabao mango.
a. Ofelia K. Bautista b Ramon Barba
c. Ricardo Lantican d. None of the above

17. The horticultural maturity of mango is?

a 4 months b. 120 days
c. 17 weeks d. All of the above
18. Fruit bagging is a common practice in mango production to
avoid the infestation of weevils.
a. True b. False
c. Yes b. Maybe

19. It is has the smallest seed of all plants.

a. Strawberry b. Tomato
c. Orchids d. Banana

20. ALL plants has the capacity of producing seeds.

a. True b. False
c. Yes d. Possible

21. Queen is a variety of this fruit crop.

a. Pineapple b. Banana
c. Passion fruit d. None of the above
22. Are fully grown suckers which have not reached the flowering
stage.
a. Sword suckers b. Maiden suckers
c. water suckers d. all of the above

23. Water sprouts are vertical branches that are bronze-colored on

highly lignified parts of the plants only .
a. True b. False
c. yes d. no
24. Are small just emerging from the soil without distinguishable
organ
a. Peepers b. Water suckers
c. sword suckers d. none of the above
25. The following crops can be grafted except.
a. Mango b. Tomato
c. Eggplant d. None of the above