Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Analysis of adaptive shell structures using a refined laminated model

I.F. Pinto Correia a, C.M. Mota Soares b,*
, C.A. Mota Soares b, J. Herskovits c

a
ENIDH, Departamento de M
aquinas Mar
ıtimas, Pacßo d’Arcos, 2780-572 Oeiras, Portugal
b
IDMEC/IST, Instituto de Engenharia, Mec^anica, Instituto Superior T
ecnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
c
COPPE/UFRJ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CP58503, CEP21945-970 RJ, Brazil
Available online 5 June 2004

Abstract
This work presents the development of a shell conical panel finite element model, which has the possibility of having embedded
piezoelectric actuators and/or sensors patches. A mixed laminated theory is used, which combines an equivalent single layer higher
order shear deformation approach for the mechanical behavior with a layerwise representation in the thickness direction to describe
the distribution of the electric potential in each of the piezoelectric layers of the finite element. The electrical potential function is
represented through a linear variation across the thickness with two electric potential nodes for each piezoelectric layer. Based in this
model an active damping scheme applied to laminated shell structures is presented and discussed.

2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adaptive structures; Sensors; Actuators; Piezoelectric materials; Active damping; Finite elements; Conic panel; Laminated shells

1. Introduction the dynamic equation of motion. This purpose is well

Fiber reinforced laminated composite materials are
increasingly used in a variety of structures when high
strength and stiffness to low density ratios are the desired
mechanical properties. New structural concepts have
emerged where multi-functional materials, exhibiting a
strong coupling between its mechanical response and its
electrical, magnetic or thermal behavior, which work as
sensors or actuators are embedded or bonded to com-
posite laminates for high performance structural appli-
cations. These structures are termed adaptive and when
the sensors and actuators are integrated through closed
loop control systems they are usually called ‘‘smart’’ or
‘‘intelligent’’ structures [1]. They have enhanced the
possibility to carry out vibration isolation and control,
noise reduction, shape control an structural monitoring
as described in [2]. These advanced applications led to a
greater demand for the development of efficient com-
putational tools to represent and predict the electrome-
chanical behavior of this type of structures. One of the
pioneering works in vibration analysis of structures with
piezoelectric effects is due to Allik and Hughes [3] who
developed a solid finite element and applied it to obtain
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +351-21-841-7455; fax: +351-21-841-
7915.
E-mail address: cmmsoares@alfa.ist.utl.pt (C.M. Mota Soares).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.04.047
illustrated in a very comprehensive survey article by
Benjeddou [4] that presents and discusses the advances
and trends in the formulation and development of finite
element models for adaptive structures.
Pletner et al. [5] developed and presented a general
methodology for the modeling of shells with piezoelec-
tric layers based in the Love–Kirchhoff thin shell
assumptions. The governing equations for the static and
dynamic structural response of a shell with sensor and
actuator piezoelectric layers are deduced. Saravanos [6]
introduced a mixed laminated theory that combines
equivalent single layer assumptions for the mechanical
displacements with a layerwise representation for the
electrical potential. Pinto Correia et al. [7] developed a
semi-analytical axisymmetric finite element using a
mixed laminated theory and applied it to analyze the
static and dynamic response of laminated cylindrical
shells with piezoelectric layers. Recently Pinto Correia
et al. [8] used the same model to study of active control
of vibrations in laminated cylinders using a negative
velocity feedback control mechanism.
Kulkarni and Bajoria [9] presented a degenerated shell
finite element, using a high order deformation theory
which takes the piezoelectric effect into account. An
eight-node element is used to derive the global coupled
electro elastic behavior of the structure and the active
vibration performance of a piezolaminated curved beam
262 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268

with distributed sensors and actuators is studied. The
lack of studies regarding the important structural ele-
ment in the form of conical panels led the authors to
develop a refined conical shell panel finite element with
embedded piezoelectric layers acting as sensors and
actuators with an active damping control mechanism
integrated. The finite element uses a high order shear
deformable displacement field with the imposed condi-
tion of zero transversal shear stresses at the surfaces of
the shell. The element has 8 nodes and 40 displacement
degrees of freedom and the shape functions used are
Lagrange quadratic functions and Hermitian polyno-
mials respectively for the in-plane displacement and
rotations and for the transverse displacement, as in Pinto
Correia et al. [10]. The element is C 1 conforming because
the continuity of both the normal and the tangential
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates as in [13]. In order to
define the geometric scale factors and the curvature
radius it is necessary to use some concepts from surface
theory. The strain displacement expressions are then
deduced for an arbitrary conical shell. For the HSDT
model and from the condition that the transverse shear
stresses vanish on the shell top and bottom surfaces,
   
h h
chz s; h; z ¼  ; t ¼ csz s; h; z ¼  ; t ¼ 0: ð2Þ
2 2
It is possible to express functions u , v , bs , bh in terms
of u0 , v0 , bs and bh . Due to the complexity of the shell
strain–displacement relations with a higher order dis-
placement field it was necessary to use a symbolic
manipulator. After cumbersome mathematical deduc-
tions the displacement field takes then the following form:
8  

slopes of the transverse displacement are fulfilled be- >

> 3 4 ow0
>
> uðs; h; z; tÞ ¼ u 0 þ zbs u z sin / þ b s ;
tween adjacent elements. This element requires two >
>  3h2  os
>
> sin / sin /
electric potential nodes for each piezoelectric layer, one <
vðs; h; z; tÞ ¼ v0 þ z v0 þ bh þ u z2
at the middle of its top face and another at the bottom
>
>  R   3R 

face, which assures the continuity of the electric potential >

> 1 ow 0 4 1 ow0
>
>
þ bh z 3
þ bh ;
between adjacent piezoelectric layers. This characteristic >
> R oh 3h2 R oh
:
can also be useful to determine a more accurate distri- wðs; h; tÞ ¼ w0 ;
bution of the electric potential within a piezoelectric ð3Þ
layer by sub-dividing it in fictitious layers in order to get
more values of the electric potential. which in a more compact representation is given by
t
The active damping mechanism of the laminated shell u ¼ fu v w g ¼ R0 þ zR1 þ uðz2 R2 þ z3 R3 Þ: ð4Þ
structure is achieved through a negative velocity feed- The type of the displacement field used is defined by
back control as described in [9,11], in which the output the value u ¼ 1 and u ¼ 0 for HSDT and first order
electrical potential of the sensors is amplified in a closed shear deformable (FSDT), respectively. The linear
loop control and applied to the actuators. strain–displacement relations for a generic conical
geometry are represented by a power series of the
2. Development of the model transversal coordinate z:
8 9 8 0 9 8 j 9
>
> ess >
> >
> ess >> >
> jss >>
For the displacement field is used a higher order shear > ehh >
> > > > e0 > > X > jj >
> >
< = < hh = N < hh =
deformation theory (HSDT) model as presented by e ¼ csh ¼ c0sh þ zj jjsh ; ð5Þ
Palazotto and Dennis [12]: >
> >
> >
> 0 >> >
> j > >
>
> c > > c > j¼1 > j >
8
 : hz > ; > : hz >
; >
: hz >
;
>
> uðs; h; z; tÞ ¼ 1 þ z
u0 þ zbs þ z2 u þ z3 bs ; csz c0sz jjsz
<
Rs

ð1Þ where if a HSDT displacement field is used N ¼ 4 and in
> vðs; h; z; tÞ ¼ 1 þ Rzh v0 þ zbh þ z2 v þ z3 bh ;
>
: the case of a FSDT displacement field N ¼ 2 [10].
wðs; h; tÞ ¼ w0 ; The electric potential field expression is
where u0 , v0 , w0 are displacements in the middle plane of XNL    
z zB zT z
the laminate referred to the local axes, bs , bh , are the /ðzÞ ¼ /Tk þ /Bk ; ð6Þ
hk hk
rotations of the normal to the middle plane, about the s k¼1

and h axes and t is the time variable. The displacement
t
field is defined as d ¼ fu; v; wg . The functions u , v , bs ,

bh are higher order terms in the Taylor series expansion,
also defined in the middle plane. All these functions
depend only of s, h and t and the values Rh , Rs are the
principal radius of curvature of the surface in the h and s
directions.
According to the Lagrangian formulation the strain–
displacement relations are obtained by specializing the
general three-dimensional strain–displacement relations
from the Green’s strain tensor expressed in arbitrary
where NL is the number of layers of the laminate, zB , zT
and /Bk , /Tk are the transversal coordinates and electric
potential at the bottom and top surfaces of the kth
piezoelectric layer and hk its thickness.
3. Constitutive equations
The constitutive relations for a thin ply k of both
orthotropic and piezoelectric material in the shell ref-
erential axes, are defined as
 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268 263

k
rk ¼ Q e ek Ek ; Dk ¼ ek e þ 
nk E k ; ð7Þ
k t t
where, r ¼ frss rhh rsh rhz rsz g , e ¼ fess ehh esh ehz esz g ,
t t
Dk ¼ f Ds Dh Dz g and Ek ¼ f Es Eh Ez g are the
stress, strain, electric displacement and electric field
k
vectors respectively. Q , ek and nk are the elastic stiffness
matrix, the piezoelectric stiffness matrix and the dielec-
tric permittivity matrix. The angle between the principal
axis of the kth layer and the s axis of the shell referential
is ak . The reduced transformed stiffness matrix coeffi-
k
cients Qij in the shell coordinate system are obtained
from the material stiffness matrix in lamina coordinate
through a fourth order tensor transformation and are
given explicitly in [14]. Eq. (7) can also be presented in a
single explicit form, for a generic kth layer, in the shell
coordinate system:

Fig. 1. Conical panel shaped element with eight nodes showing the
nodal displacement components and the local coordinate referential
axes.

fu0 ; v0 g each, for a total of forty degrees of freedom for

the element. The shape functions chosen are of C 1
continuity conforming which means that the inter ele-
ð8Þ ment continuity of the transversal displacement w0 and
2
The coefficients whz , wsz that appear in the transverse of its derivatives ow os
0 ow0 o W0
, oh , os oh are fulfilled, the transversal
elasticity expressions are the shear correction factors displacement within the element is given by
given by Vinson and Sierakowski [15]. These coefficients X  ow0j ow0j
are only introduced if the FSDT displacement field w0 ðn; gÞ ¼ H2j 1 W0j þ H2j þ H2jþ1
oh os
model is used. For the HSDT model they are taken as 1 j¼1;3;5;7

(no shear correction factor are needed). o2 w0j
The transformed piezoelectric stiffness and permit- þ H2jþ2 ; ð9Þ
os oh
tivity matrix coefficients are calculated through third
and second order tensor transformations, respectively, whose expressions are deduced as
and are given explicitly in [16]. The poling direction of nk gk 2 2
the piezoelectric layer is always coincident with the z H2k 1 ¼ ðn 2nk Þðn þ nk Þ ðg 2gk Þðg þ gk Þ ;
16
axis, which means that the only non zero component of
Ln 2 2
the electric field is along the z direction. H2k ¼ gk ðn nk Þðn þ nk Þ ðg 2gk Þðg þ gk Þ ;
It is also assumed linear piezoelectricity and the ap- 32
plied and sensored electrical potential are always within Lg 2 2
H2kþ1 ¼ nk ðn 2nk Þðn þ nk Þ ðg gk Þðg þ gk Þ ;
the admissible values so that the resultant electrical field 32
does not cause any damage by depoling of the piezo- Ln Lg
H2kþ2 ¼ ðn nk Þðn þ nk Þ2 ðg gk Þðg þ gk Þ2 ;
electric material. 64
ð10Þ
4. Finite element formulation where n and g are the element local coordinates, nk and
gk the nodes coordinates in the element local referential
4.1. Displacement field (Fig. 1), Ln and Lg are the element length in the n and g
directions and k ¼ 1, 3, 5 or 7 indicates the element
The structural analysis is carried out using an iso- corner nodes.
parametric finite element with conical panel geometry, For the in-plane displacement components u0 and v0
as shown in Fig. 1. quadratic serendipity shape functions Qi are used and
The element has eight nnodes, the corner nodes have o for the rotations bs and bh linear Lagrange functions Li
2
eight degrees of freedom u0 ; v0 ; w0 ; ow
oh
0 oW0 o W0
; os ; os oh ; bs ; bh are chosen. The shape function matrix with dimensions
and the mid-side nodes have two degrees of freedom (5 · 40) is then defined as
264 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268

non-piezoelectric layers it is considered that it does not

exist a electric potential function for that layer and
therefore if also its adjacent layers are not made of
piezoelectric material then its electric potential degrees
of freedom (nodes) must be constrained. If for instance
there is interest in knowing the evaluation of the electric
ð11Þ
potential across one particular piezoelectric layer it is
where always possible to sub-divide that layer in sub-layers in
   order to obtain the electric potential in more nodes
ow0 oW0 o2 W0
q¼ u0 ; v0 ; w0 ; ; ; ; b ; b ; ðu0 ; v0 Þiþ1 ; across the thickness.
oh os oh os s h i
Electrical potential for the kth piezoelectric layer:
i ¼ 1; 3; 5; 7 ð12Þ t
/k ¼ N/k f /Tk /Bk g ; ð15Þ
is the vector with the degrees of freedom of the element.
The strain–displacement relations can be arranged in where N/k is the electric potential shape function matrix,
a matrix form in terms of the element degrees of free- given by
h i
dom as, for the in-plane strains: N/k ¼ h1k ðz zB Þ h1k ðzT zÞ : ð16Þ
! !
XN XN
j j j j The electric field components are related to the elec-
e ¼ Le þ z LB Nq ¼ Be þ z BB q ð13Þ
j¼1 j¼1 trostatic potential / through the relation:
t
and also for the shear strains, E ¼ f Er Eh Ez g ¼ r/ ð17Þ
! !
XN X
N taking into account that the poling direction is always
j j j j
c ¼ Les þ z Ls Nq ¼ Bes þ z Bs q: ð14Þ along the z axis,
j¼1 j¼1
t  t
E ¼ f 0 0 Ez g ¼ 0 0 o/ oz
: ð18Þ
4.2. Electric potential field Then the electric field expression for the kth piezoelectric
layer is given by
The electric potential layerwise assumption implies t
Ekz ¼ B/k f /Tk /Bk g ; ð19Þ
that in each of the NL layers, the electric potential scalar
field is represented by an independent function /k . A where,
linear type variation is chosen to represent the electric 1
potential in each piezoelectric layer, which implies that B/k ¼ ½1 1 : ð20Þ
hk
two electric potential nodes are needed for each lamina.
This approach implies that for each piezoelectric Hence the number of electric potential degrees of free-
layer there is two nodes as shown in Fig. 2. In the case of dom, for this element is (NL + 1), and the total number
of degrees of freedom is 40 + (NL + 1).

5. Equilibrium equations

To deduce the equilibrium equations the Lagragian

function is
L¼ T H þW; ð21Þ
where T , H and W are the kinetic energy, the electric
enthalpy and the work of external applied force, given
for a generic eth element as
NL Z
1X
T ðuÞ
_ ¼ q u_ u_ dV ; ð22Þ
2 k¼1 Vk k
XNL Z  
1 t 1
H ðe; EÞ ¼ e Qk e etek Ek Ekt nk Ek dV ;
k¼1 Vk 2 2
ð23Þ
Fig. 2. Element with four layers made of piezoelectric material Z
showing eight displacement nodes (·) and five electric potential nodes W ðu; pÞ ¼ ut p dS; ð24Þ
(d). s
 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268 265

X X
where u and p are respectively the element displacement where Muu , Kuu , KrX , Ku/
X
are the system mass, stiffness,
field and the surface forces vectors, V is the volume of geometric stiffness, electrical mechanical coupled stiff-
the element and S is the surface under applied loads. ness and electrical stiffness matrices, P is the system
By using Hamilton’s variational principle applied loads vector, V the electric potential and d are
Z t2 Z t2 the system degrees of freedom. The superscripts S and A
d L dt ¼ d ðT H þ W Þ dt ¼ 0; ð25Þ indicate sensor and actuator layers.
t1 t1 Uncoupling this equation, a new set of independent
the governing equations of the element are then ob- equations is obtained
tained as X€
Muu X
d þ ðKuu SX SX 1 SX
þ KrX Ku/ K// K/u Þd
e
( ) " e eS 
#  1
Muu 0 €
q Kuu Ku/ q ¼ F X þ ðKu/
SX SX AX
K// K// AX
Ku/ ÞV A ; ð31Þ
€S þ
0 0 / eS
Ku/ eS
K// /S V ¼S SX 1
K// SX
ðKu/ d þ AX A
K// V Þ:
e
  ( e eA A
)
kr 0 q F Ku/ /
þ ¼ ; ð26Þ After the appropriate boundary conditions are intro-
0 0 /S K//eA A
/ duced, the equilibrium equations can be solved to obtain
e e
the electrostatic response of the structure (actuator and
where Muu is the consistent mass matrix; Kuu the stiffness sensor cases), the modal characteristics (free vibration)
e e t e
matrix; Kr the geometric stiffness matrix; K/u ¼ Ku/ the or the forced vibration response of the structure.
e
electrical mechanical coupled stiffness matrix; K// the
electrical stiffness matrix; F e the force vector defined for
a generic eth element.
6. Active damping of vibrations
Details for the mass, stiffness and geometric stiffness
matrices can be seen in [10]. The expressions for the
In the following analysis the non-linear deformation
electrical coupled stiffness matrix and the electrical
terms are disregarded hence KrX ¼ 0. Since the sensor
stiffness matrix for a generic pth piezoelectric layer are
piezoelectric layers converse effect is negligible the sen-
given by
sor electric potential expression simplifies to
e e t
Ku/ ¼ K/u SX 1 SX
V S ¼ K// K/u d: ð32Þ
Z þ1 Z þ1 Z zs h
¼ Bteek B/k þ zB1B tek B/k Assuming a negative velocity feedback control [8,11] the
1 1 zi
input electric potential for the actuator layers is given by
þ z2 B2B tek B/k þ z3 B3B tek B/k
i V A ¼ GV_ S ; ð33Þ
þ z4 B4B tek B/k J1 dz dn dg; ð27Þ where G indicates the gain of the amplifier and V_ S the
Z þ1 Z þ1 Z zs h i time derivative of V S , thus
e
K// ¼ B/k tek B/k J1 dz dn dg: ð28Þ SX 1 SX _
1 1 zi V A ¼ GK// K/u d: ð34Þ
The Jacobian is given by The equations of motion take then the following
form:
Lg Ln
J1 ¼ Rlam ð29Þ X€ AX SX 1 SX _ X SX SX 1 SX
2 2 Muu d þ GF Ku/ K// K/u d þ ðKuu Ku/ K// K/u Þd
and Rlam is the mean radius of the layer. ¼ F X ðtÞ: ð35Þ
In the element stiffness, mass and geometric stiffness
Introducing Rayleigh type damping, these equations
matrices the integration over the z direction is performed
became:
analytically and the integration in the n, g directions is
X€
carried out using numerical 4 · 4 Gaussian quadrature Muu d þ ðCR þ CA Þd_ þ ðKuu
X SX SX 1 SX
Ku/ K// K/u Þd
[17]. Taking into account the contribution of all ele-
¼ F X ðtÞ; ð36Þ
ments in the domain the equilibrium equations of the
system are obtained after performing the usual finite with
element assembling techniques: X X AX SX 1 SX
CR ¼ aMuu þ bKuu and CA ¼ GKu/ K// K/u ;
X
( € ) " X #
SX  
Muu 0 d Kuu Ku/ d
þ where a and b are Rayleigh’s coefficients and CA is the
0 0 V€ S SX
Ku/ SX
K// VS damping effect due to the active control. One aspect that
X
  ( )
kr 0 d F X Ku/AX A
V cannot be disregarded is the stability of the control loop
þ ¼ ; ð30Þ feedback algorithm which is assured since G is positive
0 0 VS K// AX A
V definite.
266 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268

The solution of Eq. (36) is carried out using New-

mark direct method of time integration [17].

7. Numerical applications

7.1. Cantilever cylindrical panel shell

This case, Fig. 3, illustrates the response of a canti-

lever graphite/epoxy semi-circular [45/)45/0]s lami-
nated shell with a continuous layer of PZT-4 on each
side of the shell. A 4 · 30 finite element mesh is used.
Geometric data: Circumferential length Ln ¼ 0:314 m,
aspect ratio Ln =Lg ¼ 5, thickness of each graphite/epoxy Fig. 4. Normalized radial (w=h) and circumferencial (u=h) deflections
of semi-circular cantilever shell with 100 V applied on each continuous
layer hl ¼ 0:12 mm and thickness of each piezoelectric surface bounded piezoelectric layer.
layer hp ¼ 0:24 mm. Material data: Graphite epoxy:
E1 ¼ 132:4 GPa, E2 ¼ E3 ¼ 10:8 GPa, m12 ¼ m13 ¼ 0:24,
m23 ¼ 0:49, G12 ¼ G13 ¼ 5:6 GPa, G23 ¼ 3:6 GPa and
q ¼ 7600 kg m 3 . PZT-4: E1 ¼ E2 ¼ 81:3 GPa,
E3 ¼ 64:5 GPa, m12 ¼ 0:33, m13 ¼ m23 ¼ 0:43, G12 ¼ 30:6
GPa, G13 ¼ G23 ¼ 25:6 GPa, q ¼ 1578 kg m 3 , piezo-
electric coefficients d31 ¼ d32 ¼ 122
10 12 m V 1 and
the electrical permittivity e33 =e00 ¼ 1300:0 F m 1 .
Two different cases are analyzed:
Active case: The distribution of the radial (w) and
hoop (u) deflections obtained when a electric potential
of 100 V is applied to the free surface of each piezo-
electric layers are shown in Fig. 4. They are compared
with an alternative solution of Saravanos [6] and a good
agreement is obtained between both models.
Sensory case: The electric potential response of a [p/
0/90/ ± 45]s semi-circular shell with the piezoelectric
Fig. 5. Normalized sensory electric potential (Vi ––inner layer, Vs ––
layers configured as sensors was also obtained. A radial
outer layer) of cantilever shell with continuous surface bounded pie-
line load F ¼ 159:2 N m 1 is applied in the hoop direc- zoelectric layer with applied distributed radial line load F .
tion at the free end of the shell. The sensory electric
potential obtained is normalized as /d31 =h
106 and its
evolution along the hoop direction is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 6. As the results show the values obtained with the
The radial deflection for the same case is presented in present model lead to a more flexible structure. This can
be due to the use of a HSDT displacement field in the

Fig. 6. Normalized radial (w=h) deflections of semi-circular cantilever

Fig. 3. Semi-circular cantilever shell with surface bonded piezoelectric shell with a radial line load F applied at the free end of the semi-cir-
layers. cular shell.
 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268 267

model as opposed to Saravanos [6] that uses a FSDT GPa, m12 ¼ 0:3, G12 ¼ G23 ¼ G23 ¼ 7:1 GPa and for the
displacement field. piezoceramic (G1195N): E1 ¼ E2 ¼ 63:0 GPa, m12 ¼ 0:3,
G12 ¼ G23 ¼ G23 ¼ 24:2 GPa, piezoelectric coefficients
e31 ¼ e32 ¼ 22:86 cm 2 and the electrical permittivity
7.2. Active control of vibrations of a shell panel
n3 =n0 ¼ 1695:0 with n0 ¼ 8:85
10 12 C (N m2 ) 1 . The
values of a and b are taken as 1 · 10 6 rad s 1 and
In this example, it is studied the forced response of a
1 · 10þ2 (rad s 1 ) 1 . In this simulation the cylindrical
composite cylindrical thin panel shell with piezoelectric
panel is initially subjected to a concentrated force of
layers perfectly bounded to the outside and inside sur-
intensity F0 ¼ 1:0 N at the centre of the free end of the
face, considering active feedback control. The cylindri-
clamped panel. The load is then removed setting the
cal panel, which is clamped at one end, Fig. 7, has the
shell in vibration in response to the initial deformation.
following geometric data: length L ¼ 0:6 m, angular
A discretization with a 4 · 2 mesh of equal size elements
amplitude Dh ¼ 20, radius R0 ¼ 0:3 m, total thickness
is considered. A time step of Dt ¼ 0:005 s is used and the
ht ¼ 0:0014 m. The core resistant substrate is made of a
Newmark method parameters a and d are chosen equal
four layer laminate with ply orientation [0/90/0/90]
to 0.25 and 0.5, respectively. Results are presented, Fig.
and thickness hc ¼ 4
0:00025 m. The actuator and
9, showing the radial displacement decay envelope for
sensor layers have each a thickness of hp ¼ 0:0002 mm
an amplifier gain G ¼ 100. The decrease in radial
and are the upper and lower layers of the laminated
amplitude is due to both active and structural damping.
respectively, Fig. 8. The materials properties are: for the
To study the effect of active versus structural damping, it
composite layers (T300/976): E1 ¼ 65:0 GPa, E2 ¼ 9:0
is also shown the radial displacements for a gain
amplifier of G ¼ 0 from where the effect of the active
control mechanism can be evaluated.

Fig. 7. Clamped laminated cylindrical shell panel actuated by a con-

centrated instantaneously force at the middle of the free end. Fig. 9. Radial displacement wðx ¼ L; h ¼ Dh=2Þ versus time.

Fig. 8. Active control laminated shell configuration with piezoelectric layers.

268 I.F. Pinto Correia et al. / Composite Structures 66 (2004) 261–268
8. Conclusions
A cylindrical/conical panel finite element model for
the analysis of laminated shells with embedded piezo-
electric layers acting as sensors and actuators, based in a
mixed laminated theory, has been developed. The
quadrilateral shell element has eight displacement nodes
with a total of 40 degrees of freedom and uses C 1 con-
forming shape function for the transversal displacement.
Since it has been imposed the vanishing of the transverse
shear stresses on the shell top and bottom surfaces there
is no need to use any shear correction factors in the
element stiffness matrix. The possibilities of active
damping control have been illustrated in the second
example in reducing the radial displacement of a
clamped cylindrical panel subject to an instantaneously
force at the shell tip. A control algorithm based in a
negative velocity feedback is used as a closed loop
control to couple the sensor electric potential and the
actuator electric potential. As results shown the feed-
back control algorithm used in this model is effective for
an active damping control of the oscillating response.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the financial support of
POCTI/FEDER/FCT and Projects: POCTI/P/EME/
12028/98/2001, POCTI/P/EME/37559/2001, FCT/GRI-
CES and CNPq (Brazil).
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