Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Unit 2: Physical Self: The Beautiful Me

Unit Objectives:
The students will be able to:
1. determine the condition of their physical self;
2. classify the physiological needs of the self in each stage of life;
3. identify the forces and institutions that impact the development of the various aspects of
identity and the self; and
4. explain the importance of good health.

Lesson 4
Human Growth and Development
Objectives:
The students will be able to:
1. define human development;
2. review the developmental stages by Erikson;
3. cite the developmental stages proposed by Havighurst;

ACTIVATE

Image from:https://images.financialexpress.com/2019/08/human-development-1.jpg

1. What can you say about the picture?

What I saw is that, a stages human of development from early childhood, followed by middle
childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, until late hood. We can see here how the child grows
and how he become successful in his young adulthood stage up to he is getting old man.

1
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

2. What is the most remarkable development in you (physically, psychologically and

emotionally) from childhood up to adolescent? Give concrete example.

● Adolescence is a period of personal and social identity formation, in which

different roles, behaviours, and ideologies are explored. As adolescents
work to form their identities, they pull away from their parents, and the peer
group becomes very important; despite this, relationships with parents still
play a significant role in identity formation.

ACQUIRE Human Growth and Development

Image by: https://previews.123rf.com/images/artinspiring/artinspiring1711/artinspiring171100621/90586377-life-

stages-set-.jpg

What is human development?

Human development refers to the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of

humans throughout their lifespan. Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that
primarily deals with human development. Psychologists in this field explain how thinking,
feeling and behaviors change (Burman, 2017; American Psychological Association, 2017), from
conception to death. By doing so, they attempt to give a complete picture of growth and decline.
Others cover only a segment of the life span --childhood, adulthood, or old age.

Two of those developmental psychologists are Erik Erikson, whose theory was one of the most
comprehensive (Figure 2); and Robert James Havighurst.

2
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

Figure 2. The psychosocial development of a person which includes age, conflict,

resolution and culmination in old age.

Photo image by https://sites.google.com/site/erikeriksondl825/home/stages-of-psychosocial-development

Havighurst (1952) stated that developmental-task occupies middle ground between two
opposed theories of education: the theory of freedom—that the child will develop best if left as
free as possible, and the theory of constraint—that the child must learn to become a worthy,
responsible adult through restraints imposed by his society. A developmental task is the
midway between an individual need and societal demand. It assumes “an active learner
interacting with an active social environment".

Havighurst (1972) has identified six major age periods and their corresponding
developmental tasks:

1. Infancy and Early Childhood (0 – 5 years old)

a. Learning to walk;
b. Learning to take solid foods;
c. Learning to talk;
d. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes;
e. Learning sex differences and sexual modesty;
f. Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality;

3
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

g. Getting ready to read.

2. Middle Childhood (ages birth to 6-12)

a. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games;

b. Building wholesome attitudes toward oneself as a growing organism;
c. Learning to get along with age-mates;
d. Learning an appropriate masculine or feminine social role;
e. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating;
f. Developing concepts necessary for everyday living;
g. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values;
h. Achieving personal independence;
i. Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions.

3. Adolescence (ages 13 – 18 years old)

a. Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes;
b. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role;
c. Accepting one's physique and using the body effectively;
d. Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults;
e. Preparing for marriage and family life; preparing for an economic career;
f. Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behaviour and
developing an ideology;
g. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour.

4. Early Adulthood (ages 19 to 29 years old)

a. Selecting a mate;
b. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role;
c. Learning to live with a marriage partner;
d. Starting a family;
e. Rearing children;
f. Managing a home;
g. Getting started in an occupation;
h. Taking on civic responsibility;
i. Finding a congenial social group.

5. Middle Adulthood (30-60 years)

a. Achieving adult civic and social responsibility;

b. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living;

4
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

c. Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults;

d. Developing adult leisure-time activities;
e. Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person;
f. Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes of middle age;
g. Adjusting to aging parents.

6. Later Maturity (ages 61 +)

a. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health;

b. Adjusting to retirement and reduced income;
c. Adjusting to death of a spouse;
d. Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group;
e. Meeting social and civil obligations;
f. Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement.

The two major reasons for the uneven emphasis of developmental psychology:
(1), the study of a particular period in the developmental pattern has been greatly influenced by
the desire to solve some practical problem or problems associated with that period. Research in
the area of middle age, for example, is an outgrowth of the realization that good adjustments
in the latter years of life depend on how well one has adjusted to the physical and psychological
changes that normally occur in the middle years. Since the focus of interest in life span
psychology has changed over the years, there are gaps in our knowledge of the different
developmental phenomena characteristic of the different periods. These gaps are also due in part
to difficulties in studying the different patterns of behavior characteristic of a given period,
especially difficulties in getting representative samplings of subjects of a given age and in
finding a suitable method for the study of behaviour patterns.

(2) The reason for the uneven emphasis is that it is harder to study people at some stage of life
than at others. Getting middle-aged and elderly subjects, for example, is far more difficult than
getting preschool or school-age children or even adolescents.

Summary

This module attempts to cover all segments and show the important developmental
changes at different periods during the entire life span. The definition of human growth and the
role of developmental psychologists in helping persons in dealing with their developmental crisis
for every stage of life was discussed. Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development was

5
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

reviewed, and an overview of Havighurst’s developmental tasks and responsibilities was

presented.

References

1. American Psychological Association (2017, August 08). Developmental Psychology

Studies Human Development Across the Lifespan.
https://www.apa.org/action/science/developmental/index
2. Arcega, A. & Brawner, D. (2018). Understanding the Self. C & E Publishing Inc.
3. Levin, M.J. (1978). Psychology – A Biographical Approach. McGraw Hill
4. Havighurst, R. J. (1952). Developmental tasks and education. New York: David McKay.

APPLICATION

1. Cite the current crisis / difficulties you are experiencing and how can the theory of
Erikson help you understand it? Justify.

Life has many series of lessons, and ang challenges to face for us to grow as a person and as an
individuals. Erickson published 8 stages theory of human development, and by this I can now more
understand and already an idea how to handle myself and I know where I belong and I know what I
should do

2. Create your own developmental tasks based on your experiences on your stage right
now. Be specific and realistic.

Now in at the stage we’re I now belong many things has change. I thought life was easy,
and now I already knew it. Because of the experiences im so very thankful for that .
even it’s to hard . I just that it is only way for me to learn and to stand up as an young
individuals .

ASSESSMENT

6
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

Direction: MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the underlined word(s) is correct.
If not, change the underlined word/s to make the statement correct.

1. Developmental psychologists focus on different life events, trials and struggles of an

individual from early childhood to senescence. _______true _____________
2. For Havighurst, we need to experience both positive and negative qualities like being
confused in adolescence and resolving self-preferences. _____true ______________
3. According toHavighurst, during middle adulthood, we need to guide our children in order
to be productive in the society. _____false______________
4. Part of the topics in developmental psychology includes the biological, psychological and
social changes that are usually happening to an individual. ______true_____________
5. Part of the psychosocial stages of development of Havighurst suggests that we need to
adjust to the death of our beloved parents. _________true__________
6. Jon, at his age, maintains a certain amount to his savings in order to be economically
stable. He is in the Adulthood stage. ____false___________________
7. Learning to talk and walk is a developmental task of an Infant. ____true____________
8. Nes is already retired from the private service as a Guidance Counselor. She is in the
stage of Middle Adulthood according to Havighurst. _______true________________
9. Selecting a mate and starting a family is a developmental task of an Early Adulthood
according to Erikson. __________true_______________
10. We need to adjust to our retiring and dying parents are developmental task of
adolescence. _________true_____________

7
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

APPLICATION: (PLEASE BE GUIDED BY THE EXAMPLE.)

(20 points) Study Havighurst’s Age Periods and Developmental Tasks.

1. In which age period do you belong ? Middle Adulthood

2. Pick out 2 developmental tasks of your age period. Describe your difficulty in
accomplishing your task and provide an appropriate solution.

8
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

Developmental Task Difficulty Encountered Solution/s

Example:

Accepting and At my age, metabolism becomes For the meantime, buying

adjusting to the slower resulting to weight gain and clothes which hide problem
physiologic changes unwanted fat deposits in “wrong areas in the body.
of middle age places” in the body. Clothes don’t fit
well, poor body image and loss of Adopting a healthier diet:
confidence. more fruits, less carbs;
exercising within my limits,
and monitoring my
weight daily.

1)

2)

ASSESSMENT

Direction: MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the underlined word(s) is/are
correct. If not, change the underlined word/s to make the statement correct.

11. Developmental psychologists focus on different life events, trials and struggles of an
individual from early childhood to senescence. ____________________
12. For Havighurst, we need to experience both positive and negative qualities like being
confused in adolescence and resolving self-preferences. ___________________
13. According to Erikson, during middle adulthood, we need to guide our children in order to
be productive in the society. ___________________
14. Part of the topics in developmental psychology includes the biological, psychological and
social changes that are usually happening to an individual. ___________________
15. Part of the psychosocial stages of development of Havighurst suggests that we need to
adjust to the death of our beloved parents. ___________________
16. Jon, at his age, maintains a certain amount to his savings in order to be economically
stable. He is in the Middle Adulthood stage. _______________________
17. Learning to talk and walk is a developmental task of an Infant. ________________
18. Nes is already retired from the private service as a Guidance Counselor. She is in the
stage of Middle Adulthood according to Havighurst. _______________________

9
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
Buenavista, Guimaras
JIMMY BOY CANLAS JR. BSED major in ENGLISH 1B

19. Selecting a mate and starting a family is a developmental task of an Early Adulthood
according to Erikson. _________________________
20. Adjusting to retiring and dying parents is the developmental task of adolescence.
______________________

10