TYPE OF DEFECTS

1. Corrosion-
a) L oss of metal from the surface by chemical or electrochemical action. The corrosion
products generally are easily removed by mechanical means. Iron rust is an example of
corrosion.
b) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no
displacement nor removal of metal.
c) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine
sand. The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign
material moved relative to the surface.
d) None

R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

2.Brinelling-

a) L oss of metal from the surface by chemical or electrochemical action. The corrosion
products generally are easily removed by mechanical means. Iron rust is an example of
corrosion.
b) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no
displacement nor removal of metal.
c) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine
sand. The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign
material moved relative to the surface.
d) 0ccurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in a surface, usually produced by a part
having a small radius surface under high load.

R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

3. Erosion-

a) L oss of metal from the surface by chemical or electrochemical action. The corrosion
products generally are easily removed by mechanical means. Iron rust is an example of
corrosion.
b) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no
displacement nor removal of metal.
c) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or
fine sand. The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the
foreign material moved relative to the surface.
d) 0ccurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in a surface, usually produced by a part having
a small radius surface under high load.
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

4. Burnishing-
 a) L oss of metal from the surface by chemical or electrochemical action. The corrosion
products generally are easily removed by mechanical means. Iron rust is an example of
corrosion.
b) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no
displacement nor removal of metal.
c) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine
sand. The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign
material moved relative to the surface.
d) 0ccurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in a surface, usually produced by a part having
a small radius surface under high load.
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

5. Burr-

a) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner
or on the edge of a bore or hole.
b) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no
displacement nor removal of metal.
c) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine
sand. The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign
material moved relative to the surface.
d) 0ccurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in a surface, usually produced by a part having
a small radius surface under high load.
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

6.Crack-
a) A physical separation of two adjacent portions of metal, evidenced by a fine or thin line across
the surface, caused by excessive stress at that point.
b) It may extend inward from the surface from a few thousandths inch to completely through th
section thickness.
c) a & b d) none

R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

7. Cut-
a) Loss of metal, usually to an appreciable depth over a relatively long and narrow area, by
mechanical means, as would occur with the use of a saw blade, chisel or sharp-edged stone
striking a glancing blow.
b) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on
the edge of a bore or hole.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of foreign objects, such as grit or fine sand.
The eroded area will be rough and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign material moved
relative to the surface.

R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

8. Dent-

a) Loss of metal, usually to an appreciable depth over a relatively long and narrow area, by
mechanical means, as would occur with the use of a saw blade, chisel or sharp-edged stone striking a
glancing blow.
b) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on
the edge of a bore or hole.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Indentation in a metal surface produced by an object striking with force. The surface
surrounding the indentation will usually be slightly upset
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

9.Chattering-
a) Breakdown or deterioration of metal surface by vibratory action. Usually no loss of metal or
cracking of surface but generally showing similar appearance.
b) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on
the edge of a bore or hole.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Indentation in a metal surface produced by an object striking with force. The surface surrounding
the indentation will usually be slightly upset
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

10. Galling-
a) Breakdown or deterioration of metal surface by vibratory action. Usually no loss of metal or
cracking of surface but generally showing similar appearance.
b) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on
the edge of a bore or hole.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Breakdown (or build-up) of metal surfaces due to excessive friction between two parts having
relative motion. Particles of the softer metal are torn loose and “welded” to the harder.
R-15A PG- 130 LEVEL-3

11. Inclusion-
a) Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal. Such material ,is
introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
b) small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular surface, usually located at a corner or on
the edge of a bore or hole.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Breakdown (or build-up) of metal surfaces due to excessive friction between two parts having
relative motion. Particles of the softer metal are torn loose and “welded” to the harder.
R-15A PG- 131 LEVEL-3

12. Nick-
a) Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal. Such material ,is
introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
b) Local break or notch on edge. Usually displacement of metal rather than loss.
c) Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with a smooth, harder surface, Usually no displacement
nor removal of metal.
d) Breakdown (or build-up) of metal surfaces due to excessive friction between two parts having
relative motion. Particles of the softer metal are torn loose and “welded” to the harder.
R-15A PG- 131 LEVEL-3

13. Pitting-

a) Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal. Such material ,is
introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
b) Local break or notch on edge. Usually displacement of metal rather than loss.
c) Sharp, localized breakdown (small, deep cavity) of metal surface, usually with defined edges.
d) none
R-15A PG- 131 LEVEL-3

14. Scratch-
a) Slight tear or break in metal surface from light, momentary contact by foreign material.
b) a) Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal. Such material
,is introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
c) b) Local break or notch on edge. Usually displacement of metal rather than loss.
d) c) Sharp, localized breakdown (small, deep cavity) of metal surface, usually with defined
edges.

R-15A PG- 131 LEVEL-3

15. Score-
a) Slight tear or break in metal surface from light, momentary contact by foreign material.
b) a) Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within a portion of metal. Such
material ,is introduced during the manufacture of rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
c) Local break or notch on edge. Usually displacement of metal rather than loss.
d) Deeper (than scratch) tear or break in metal surface from contact under pressure. May
show discoloration from temperature produced by friction.
e) R-15A PG- 131 LEVEL-3