IEEE INDICON 2015 1570185723

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Single-phase Grid Integrated Photovoltaic
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Inverter for Harmonic and Reactive Power
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8   Compensation
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12   Maheswar Prasad Behera Pravat Kumar Ray
13   Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
14   National Institute of Technology, Rourkela National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
15   Rourkela-759146, Odisha, India Rourkela-759146, Odisha, India
16   E-mail: maheswar17207@gmail.com E-mail: pravatkumar.ray@gmail.com
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19   Abstract—The paper presents a single phase grid the original single phase current or voltage signals by certain
20   integration of a shunt connected Photovoltaic (PV) phase.
21   generator. The objective of the proposed system is to Voltage source inverter based shunt connected single phase
22   provide uninterrupted power supply to the load during grid-connected PV system with only reactive power
23   both strong sunlight as well as at night or at cloudy compensation is presented [1]. The IRP p-q theory has been
24   conditions. The interface between the grid and the PV is modified [2] for single-phase applications, but has gone for a
25   carried out through a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), series resonant type high pass passive filter and the
26   eliminating the current harmonics and compensating the mathematical model used for calculating the compensating
27   load reactive power. The DC voltage control of the DC bus current become more cumbersome compared to the original p-
28   capacitor is employed in order to maintain unit power q theory. Instead of going for VSI, a Current Source Inverter
factor operation of the system, irrespective of changes in
29   based PV distributed generation and grid connection has been
solar radiation level or due to change in load. The control
30   considered [6]. But during weak solar insolation PV fails to
scheme implemented is based upon single phase p-q
31   supply the reactive power demand and load reactive power
theory.
32   demand is fed by the connected grid. Various reactive power
33   Index Terms— Instantaneous Reactive power theory, injection methods have been discussed [7] but without any
34   Photovoltaic, Matlab/Simulink, Solar Cell, Single Diode Equivalent load harmonic compensation techniques. Initially power
35   circuit, Active Power Filter. theories were applied to active power filters [8]−[10] to weed
36   out current harmonics. Criticism of power theories in the
37   physical interpretation of types of load, description of active,
38   I. INTRODUCTION reactive and unbalanced power is reported [11], [12].
39   Recently, there has been a rise in penetration level of However, it [11] has concluded that, these deficiencies can be
40   distribution generation into the modern power systems, considered as irrelevant when IRP p-q theory is used as a
41   particularly solar photovoltaic generator due to its inherent compensator control algorithm, but not when it is considered
42   advantages. There lies an opportunity to utilize the PV inverter as a power theory.
43   for some other electrical issues such as load reactive power
The focus of this paper is to implement the single-phase
44   and harmonic compensation, apart from sending the power to
IRP p-q theory in a grid connected PV system to control both
45   the utility grid. This multi-functional application offers an
opportunity as well as a challenge to utilize the PV inverter to active and reactive power by simultaneously eliminating the
46   load current harmonics, throughout the day. Further, it has
achieve the above-cited objectives simultaneously in a
47   been shown that the DC side of the PV system remains
coordinated manner. The coordinated regulation of active and
48   reactive power as well as harmonic compensation can be unaffected of any change in load. A single stage single-phase
49   successfully carried out using power theories such as shunt connected voltage source inverter-based PV system for
50   Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP) theory or using grid integration is proposed. The control algorithm used is
51   Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Component based upon single phase p-q theory [4], [5]. The single diode
52   (i i ) methods. These methods have been successfully equivalent circuit is used to develop and establish the I-V and
53   implemented as control logic in active power filter P-V characteristics of a typical solar model. These developed
54   configurations. Power theories were originally developed for mathematical models are based on environmental parameters
55   three-phase systems. For single-phase application they can be such as the temperature and solar radiation [13]−[16]. To
56   modified [1]−[5] to extract the orthogonal signals by delaying determine Maximum power point, Perturb and Observation
57   method is used [17], [18]. The paper is organized as follow:
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61   978-1-4673-6540-6/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
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 section II briefly describes the principle of operation of a grid-
connected PV system, followed by the control algorithm in the
section III. In section IV, simulation results are given followed
by conclusion in section V.
II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The block diagram showing the control loop and the
system configuration is presented in the Fig. 1.
Where, U , IL, V , V , I , L are the grid voltage, load
current, dc bus capacitor voltage, reference, inverter
current, Point of Common Coupling (PCC) inductance
respectively. Various types of linear and non-linear loads used
in the simulation are presented in the Fig. 2.
In this paper, the PV and the grid are connected together in
one stage. It can be seen from the system configuration, in
between PV array and the voltage source inverter there is a
single capacitor. Controlling the capacitor voltage is vital for
accommodating the change in the PV cell parameters and for
unity power operation of the system. Each instant the DC bus
voltage becomes equal to the reference voltage the control
loop delivers a pulse to the inverter. The transfer of the
reactive power depends upon the voltage difference between
the grid and the inverter. Similarly, the PV active power
transfer is a function of the phase difference between these
two.
Fig. 1. The system configuration and the block diagram representation of the
control algorithm.
Fig. 2. Various linear and non-linear loads used for simulation.
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III. CONTROL OF THE GRID INTEGRATED PV SYSTEM
The instantaneous p-q theory has been successfully
employed in multi-phase systems. But for single-phase power
systems, only single voltage and single current signals are
available, as a result, it becomes difficult to evaluate the
instantaneous power. To overcome this difficulty we can lag or
◦ ◦
delay the available single phase signal by 120 and 240 [1], [3]
to obtain three different signals.
Otherwise, a much simpler approach is to delay the existing
◦
signal phase by 90 to get a two-phase reference system [4],
[5], as explained in Fig. 3. These two signals can be treated as
α-β reference system signals, according to equation (1) and (2).
They can further be used to evaluate the instantaneous active
and reactive powers, similar to three phase system. The
advantages associated with the second method of single phase
p-q theory are (i) it is devoid of a-b-c to α-β transformation (ii)
simpler than three phase system as it is an essentially a two-
phase analysis, thus (iii) the number of components and the
◦
time delay loss compared to ±120 delay is less.
U U wt
U (1)
U wt
I IL wt
I (2)
IL wt
Fig. 3. Flowcharts for instantaneous power calculation (i) three phase IRP p-q
theory (left) (ii) single phase with ±2π/3 phase shift (middle) (iii) single phase
with -π/2 phase shift (right).
The instantaneous active and reactive power using IPR p-q
theory can be calculated as follows:
p U I U I (3)
q U i U I (4)
The above power expressions have DC component as well
as AC component, as expressed in equation (5) and (6).
 p p p (5) observation. The inverter supplies the total reactive power
required by the load and relieves the grid from the reactive
q q q (6) power burden. Even when PV active power is zero (at t = 4.5
s), the inverter is able to supply the whole reactive power
To compensate the load harmonic and the reactive power, demand by the load. Therefore, irrespective of the solar
only the AC component (p of active power and total reactive radiation, as shown in the Fig. 8, the grid voltage and currents
power (q) are used for reference power calculation. Due to are always in phase with each other as all the reactive power
of the load has been compensated.
switching of the inverter circuit there will be always some loss
called as inverter switching loss. This loss component ( P ), The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) diagram for both the
can be extracted by controlling the DC bus capacitor voltage, inductive and the capacitive load at an initial solar radiation of
as shown in the Fig. 1. The loss component and the reference 500 W/m2 is shown in the Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. When
power added together to find out the reference currents as per compensation is applied, the load current, injecting inverter
the following equation [5], [8]. current and the compensated grid current is presented in the
Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, for inductive and capacitive load
U U respectively. The grid current is always sinusoidal and is in
I (7) phase with the grid voltage, as evident from Fig. 13. The THD
U U
Where, p p p. level is reduced from 25.79% to 2.46% for the inductive load
(Fig. 14). Table 2 lists the THD level of the source current for
The hysteresis band current control scheme, used for the different types of loads at various solar irradiation levels.
control of inverter output current, is shown in Fig. 4. The error
signal of the reference current and the inverter current is fed to TABLE 1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS
the relay switch, to get the switching pulse for the voltage Description Parameter
source inverter. Two PV modules Open circuit voltage = 260V (V
connected in cascade 236.3V), short circuit current = 25.44A
(I 24.9A) and P 5891W at
standard test condition.
Inductive Coupling 5.12 mH
DC capacitor 0.1 mF
Load R 5Ω, L 15 mH, C = 650 μF
Grid Vs = 230V rms, 50 HZ.

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the hysteresis control.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation results presented in this paper were
obtained using MATLAB/Simulink software, for a single
phase power systems with a shunt connected PV inverter. The
performance of the PV inverter was evaluated for the ideal
source voltage; change in load and for change in solar
radiation level.

Fig. 6. Active power of grid, inverter and load.

Fig.5. Variation of solar radiation.

Fig. 5 shows the variation of solar radiation (S) at various

instants as input to the PV array. Fig. 6 represents the
variation of active power due to change in solar radiation. For
example, at t =1.5 s, when the solar input is increased, the
inverter output power is increased and simultaneously there is
a decrease in active power delivered by the grid as the power
consumed by the load remains constant. Fig. 7 presents the
compensation of grid reactive power throughout the Fig. 7. Reactive power of grid, load and inverter.

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 Fig. 11 Grid current (top), injected inverter current (middle) and non-linear
inductive load current (bottom) during the compensation.

Fig. 8. Voltage and current of the grid.

Fig.12. Grid current (top), injected inverter current (middle) and non-linear
capacitive load current (bottom) during the compensation.

Fig. 9. The THD diagram of the non-linear inductive load.

Fig. 13. Phase relationship between the grid voltage and current for non-linear
inductive (top) and capacitive (bottom) load.

TABLE 2 THD FINDINGS

Solar THD (in %) of grid THD (in %) of
Radiation current grid current
(W/m2) (for inductive load) (for capacitive load)
500 2.46 2.28
750 3.59 2.86
350 2.21 2.36
Fig. 10. The THD diagram of the non-linear capacitive load. 0 2.91 3.15

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 Case1 Case2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
Fig. 14. THD diagram of compensated grid current for non-linear inductive load..
Fig. 16. Reactive power of grid, inverter and load.

The following analysis gives an idea how the system reacts to a

sudden application of load at a constant solar radiation level of
S = 500 W/m2. As shown in the Fig. 15 to Fig. 18, the sequence
of events for which the analysis was carried out is as follows:
Case 1: linear inductive load of 2900 W applied at t = 0s;
Case 2: non-linear inductive load of 4700 W (at t = 0.2s);
Case 3: non-linear capacitive load of 4700 W (at t = 0.4s);
Case 4: non-linear inductive load of 3900 W (at t = 0.6s);
Case 5: at t = 0.8s, with the same load as previous; the solar
insolation level was increased from 500 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2.
During the load change the grid supplies the total active
power requirement of the load (Fig. 15) and the inverter meet
the reactive power requirement of the load as shown in the Fig.
16. Whereas, during the solar insolation change (case 5) the
inverter active power output has increased and simultaneously
there is a decrease in active power delivered by the utility grid.
This operation highlights the efficient functioning of the
control algorithm. Again, as the grid is relieved of the reactive
power burden, the system always operates at unit power factor
as shown in the Fig. 17. Fig. 18 shows the variation of the Fig.17.Phase relat ionship between the grid voltage and current during the
capacitor voltage, which implies the DC side of the PV system change in load and solar insolation.
remains unaffected of any change in load conditions.

Case1 Case2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5

Fig.18 DC bus capacitor voltage.
Fig. 15. Active power of grid, inverter and load.

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 V. CONCLUSION [12] J.L.Williams, “Discussion of generalized theory of instantaneous
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