Defining Social Sciences

Module in Disciplines and Ideas in

the Social Sciences (DISS)
Grade 11
Quarter 1/ week 1

CLARES B. GUMINIGIN

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Schools Division of Benguet
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

Published by:
Curriculum Implementation Division–
Learning Resource Management Section

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2020

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 What I need to Know

Welcome to our subject, Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences

Senior High School HUMSS students!

The course introduces you to basic concepts, subjects, and methods of

inquiry in the disciplines that comprise the Social Sciences. It then discusses
influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relates these ideas to the
Philippine setting and current global trends.
In this first module, we will define Social Sciences.

Through this module, it is expected that you will be able to demonstrate an

understanding of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines.

The following are the objectives of this module:

• Define social sciences as the study of society;
• Discuss Social Science theories and concepts; and
• Discuss about the founding fathers of social science and how
their ideas impact present theorizing about society.
For the learners
1. Read and follow instructions carefully in each lesson.
2. Take note and record points for clarification.
3. Do the activities to fully understand each lesson.
4. Answer all the given tests and activities.
5. Write our answers in your paper.

For the Facilitators

1. Introduce the lesson. Engage learners to do the activities religiously, and let
the learners carry the tasks with ease and confidence.
2. Do the What I Know: Instruct the learners to answer the questions to test how
far they know about the topic.
3. Do the activity What’s New: Activate the learners' understanding of the topics
by letting them answer varied activities.
4. Allow students to read What is It. Let the learners fully discover and
comprehend all topics discussed in this module.
5. Let the learners answer the activities on What’s More. Check if they have
understood the topics. Deepen their understanding by completing the guided
questions on what I have learned section.
6. Assign the students to do What I can Do activities that shall transfer
knowledge /skills gained or learned into real life situation.
 What I Know

Let us first have a pretest to find out what you already know.

1. The scientific study of human society and social relationships.

A. Humanities B. Natural Science
C. Social Sciences D. Sociology
2. Which does not belong to the group?
A.Chemistry B. Economics
C. Political Science D. Anthropolgy
3. The following are dominant approaches and ideas in the social sciences,
except?
A. Institutionalism B. Marxism
C. Sociology and Demography D. Feminism
4. These are explanatory models where we could analyze, examine and interpret
our experiences about life, society and humanity.
A. analysis B. examinations C.theories B. hypothesis
5. Which social science theory supports that social order is the result of coercion
and power?
A. Conflict B. Consensus C. Evolution D. Structure
6. Which social science theory includes the idea of “survival of the fittest”?
A.Conflict B. Consensus C. Evolution D. History
7.Which social science best deal with the problem of poverty?
A. Economics B. History C. Psychology D. Politics
8. If a social scientist relies heavily on historical records, the method he or she
uses is ________________.
A.Case Method B. Comparative Method C. Historical Method D. Quantitative
9. This step in social sciences entails going over written documents related to the
problem at hand.
A. defining problem B. choosing research design
C. reviewing related literature D. Interpretation of Data
10.The Scientific Inquiry starts with __________.
A. Generalization B. Observation C. Retesting D. Summary
11. He is known as the Father of Sociology.
A. Emile Durkheim B. Herbert Spencer
C. Karl Marx D. Edmund Husserl
12. This pertains to the arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in
a system
A.Evolution B. Functionalism C. Structure D. Interactionalism
13. In The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, he explored the
influence of ethics and religion on the development of capitalism.
A. Charles Darwin B. Edward Tylor C. Max Weber D. Karl Marx
14. He viewed society as an organism whose development is centered on its
members’ struggle for survival.
A. Bronislaw Malinowski B.Herbert Spencer
C.Sigmund Freud D. Edward Taylor
15. Whose theory led to comparisons between humans and other animals and
was influential in the development of psychology?
A. Bronislaw Malinowski B.Charles Darwin
 What’s In

Today, we are going to begin with our course, Disciplines and Ideas in the
Social Sciences.

In the lower grades, you took up social science subjects like Kasaysayan
ng Pilipinas, Kasaysayan ng Asya, and Kasaysayan ng Daigdig. You also had
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao, Economics and Contemporary Issues in Philippine
Society.

In these subjects, you learned about the history of society and the relations
and human beings’ interactions in terms of economy, culture, government and
religion.

As a form of review, match Column A with Column B. The items are some
of the concepts that you have learned in your past social science subjects.

A B
1. Emilio Aguinaldo
2. Philippines
3.Jakarta
4. Suttee
5. League of Nations
6. World War II
7. Supply and Demand
8. Free Market
9. Close family ties
10. Headed by the President
a. Wife throws herself in funeral pyre of husband
b. Living with extended families
c. First Republic in Asia
d. Executive Branch of Government
e. First president of the Philippines
f. Predecessor of UNO
g. Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
h. Experienced in 1942 to 1945 in the Philippines
i. Capital of Indonesia
j. Capitalism

Good! Now that you remembered your previous lessons related to society,
we can now proceed to our subject, Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences.
 What’s New

Hi! Welcome to the society. So how do you introduce yourself? Please

write an introduction of yourself and the society you belong to providing the
following data:

Name:
Birthday:
Birthplace:
Sex:
Birth order:
Mother’s maiden name:
Father’s complete name:
Mother’s place of origin:
Father’s place of origin:
Mother’s ethnicity:
Father’s ethnicity:
Description of unique culture in place of origin/ethnicity:
Home address:
Description of place:
IQ:
School attended for Kindergarten:
School graduated elementary:
School completed Junior High School:
Church attended:
Description of religious beliefs.

That was rather a long introduction, wasn’t it? What would be an easier
way to introduce ourselves? How about just showing a selfie?

In these modern times, selfies and social media are the common
phenomenon, even in introducing ourselves. Aided by ICT, we take lots of
pictures and we post these on social media for our family and friends to see.

Our selfies are reliant on how our photos are taken, when and where it is
taken, what kind of gadget or technology we used to take the picture and so on.

Now in our subject, disciplines and ideas in the Social Sciences, we might
be asking: How do we see social reality? How should we see it?

Just like using different gadgets and posing in different angles to take that
perfect selfie, there are different concepts and theories in the social sciences that
will help us see social reality.

So flip on and let us start with our first lesson.

 What’s in it

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Social Sciences is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as a branch of science

that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the
interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

According to the Encarta Encyclopedia, Social Sciences are sciences

concerned with the origin and development of human society, and the institutions,
relationships, and ideas involved in social life. Included in the social sciences are
anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, history, linguistics,
demography, economics, law, psychology, criminology, and social psychology.

Meanwhile, the dominant approaches and ideas in the social sciences are:
Structural Functionalism, Marxism, Symbolic Interactionism, Psychoanalysis,
Rational choice, Institutionalism, Feminist Theory, Hermeneutical
Phenomenology, and Human-Environment Systems.

Further, the typical methods in social sciences are the following:

The historical method which relies heavily on a study of their subjects’

historical background.

The case method involves making a more detailed examination and

analysis of a particular issue or problem situation.

The comparative and cross-cultural methods were often employed in

the hope of discovering the evolutionary sequence in the development of human
institutions that is patterns of social development or progress that would be
universal.

As a science, it also follows the major steps in scientific inquiry:

Observation. All scientific knowledge relates to the natural environment

and all knowledge begins with facts gathered through careful observation.
Observation is followed by: formulation of the problem, collection and
classification of more facts, generalization, formulation of the hypothesis, testing
the hypothesis, and retesting and reformulating the theory.

Social sciences also follows the following approach: first, define the
problem; second, review the literature; third, develop a theoretical framework and
formulate a hypothesis; fourth, choose the research design; fifth, collect the
necessary data; sixth, analyze the results; and finally, draw conclusions.
 What’s in it

THEORIES AND FRAMEWORKS

In order to understand society, there are social science theories and

concepts that will help us.

A theory is a set of principles or concepts and generalizations so arranged

that they explain and predict possible relationships among phenomena.

Meanwhile, concepts are generalized ideas about people, objects or

processes that are related to one another, an abstract way of classifying things
that are similar. They are used to simplify the way people think and communicate.

One such theory in social sciences is the Theory of Evolution which

assumes that the changes in society are uniformly based on fixed rules. Scientific
evidence shows that there has been change in the physical and behavioral traits
shared by all people. This theory is associated Charles Darwin, Auguste Comte,
Herbert Spencer and Karl Marx.

Functionalism stipulates that mental states are identified by what they do

rather than by what they are made of. This can be understood by thinking about
artifacts like mousetraps and keys.

Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a

material object or system.

Classical psychoanalysis is a set of psychological and

psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques. This was created by
Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and stemming partly from the clinical work of
Josef Breuer and others.

Society has two faces: consensus and conflict. The Conflict Theory
shows the role of coercion and power in producing social order. This perspective
is derived from the works of Karl Marx who saw society as fragmented into
groups that compete for social and economic resources.

The Consensus Theory, on the other hand, states that social change
should occur in institutions that are provided by a political or economic system
and the absence of conflict within society is the state of equilibrium.

As a conclusion, mankind needs to understand and observe the

importance of social sciences. Knowledge based society will be better equipped
to socializing process and a well-balanced knowledge about social sciences will
ensure the humans existence. Example: poverty and social science (economics).
 FOUNDING FATHERS

Let me introduce you to the founding fathers of social sciences with the help of
the Student Encarta Encyclopedia:

Charles Darwin

In 1859 English naturalist Charles Darwin pub-

lished On the Origin of Species, in which he set
forth his revolutionary theory of evolution. Dar-
win’s theory led to comparisons between humans
and other animals and was influential in the de-
velopment of psychology.

Herbert Spencer

British social philosopher Herbert Spencer is consid-

ered one of the first sociologists. Spencer’s major con-
tribution to sociology was his evolutionary theory of so-
cial change. He viewed society as an organism whose
development is centered on its members’ struggle for
survival.

David Emile Durkheim, Father of Sociology

Émile Durkheim, one of the fathers of so-

ciology, utilized scientific methods to ap-
proach the study of society and social
groups. His work influenced the school of
anthropology known as functionalism.
Durkheim believed that individuals should
be considered within the context of the
society in which they live.

Edward Tylor, Father of the Study of Culture

Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was a pioneer of

cultural anthropology in Britain. Tylor gave
one of the first anthropological definitions of
culture in his book Primitive Culture (1871).
FOUNDING FATHERS

Max Weber

Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist, is con-

sidered one of the founders of modern sociological
thought. In The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of
Capitalism, his most famous work, Weber explored the
influence of ethics and religion on the development of
capitalism.

Bronislaw Malinowski

Bronislaw Malinowski, a Polish-born British anthropol-

ogist, established methods of modern cultural anthro-
pological research in his study of the people of the
Trobriand Islands, near Papua New Guinea.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, defined

communism. Their most famous work was the
Communist Manifesto (1848), in which they ar-
gued that the working class should rebel and build
a Communist society.

Sigmund Freud, Father of Psychoanalysis and Psychology

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed

important but controversial theories concern-
ing the connection between aberrant human
behavior and the unconscious mind. Freud
believed that each person must resolve the
tension between individualism and society.
According to Freud, criminal behavior may
 What’s More

After defining Social Sciences, let’s do some activities to help you define on your
own what social science is.

Activity 1: “Draw me a Society”

Assessment 1

Draw a picture of society in the box.

Activity 2: “Related Words”

Assessment 2

Fill in the bubbles with as many theories and concepts of society that you have
learned.
Activity 3

Assessment 3

Fill in the table about the contributions of the listed social scientists.

Social Scientist Contribution

1. Charles Darwin

2. Herbert Spencer

3. David Emile Durkheim

4.Edward Tylor

5. Max Weber

6. Bronislaw Malinowski

7. Karl Marx

8. Sigmund Freud
 What I Have Learned

What have you learned so far? Answer the following questions.

1. In your own words, what is Social Science?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Why do we need to study society?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What are examples of Social Science theories and frameworks?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. Who are the founding fathers of Social Sciences?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
 What I Can Do

As a young social scientist, write an essay about what contributions you can
make to further the application and appreciation of social sciences, its theories
and ideas and of the founding fathers of social sciences.

Your essay will be scored according to the following rubric:

6 = Essay demonstrates excellent composition skills including a clear and thought

-provoking thesis, appropriate and effective organization, lively and convincing
supporting materials, effective diction and sentence skills, and perfect or near
perfect mechanics including spelling and punctuation. The writing perfectly
accomplishes the objectives of the assignment.

5 = Essay contains strong composition skills including a clear and thought-

provoking thesis, although development, diction, and sentence style may suffer
minor flaws. Shows careful and acceptable use of mechanics. The writing
effectively accomplishes the goals of the assignment.

4 = Essay contains above average composition skills, including a clear, insightful

thesis, although development may be insufficient in one area and diction and
style may not be consistently clear and effective.
Shows competence in the use of mechanics. Accomplishes the goals of the
assignment with
an overall effective approach.

3 = Essay demonstrates competent composition skills including adequate

development and organization, although the development of ideas may be trite,
assumptions may be unsupported in more than one area, the thesis may not be
original, and the diction and syntax may not be clear and effective. Minimally
accomplishes the goals of the assignment.

2 = Composition skills may be flawed in either the clarity of the thesis, the
development, or organization.
Diction, syntax, and mechanics may seriously affect clarity. Minimally
accomplishes the majority of the goals of the assignment.

1 = Composition skills may be flawed in two or more areas. Diction, syntax, and
mechanics are excessively flawed. Fails to accomplish the goals of the
assignment.
 Assessment

After the lesson, let us again gauge what you have learned. Hopefully, you will
get a perfect score this time.

1.A major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the
relationships among individuals within a society.
A. Humanities B. Natural Sciences C. Social Sciences D. Natural Science
2. Which is not a Social Science?
A. Biology B. Demography C. Psychology D. Sociology
3. The following are dominant approaches and ideas in the social sciences,
except one.
A.Feminist Theory B.Psychoanalysis C.Psychology D.
4. These are ways of classifying things that are in the same categories.
a. concept b. framework c. theory
5. Which theory states that social order should be maintained based on accepted
norms, values, roles or regulations that are accepted by the society in general?
a.Conflict b. Consensus c. Evolution
6. Which social science theory assumes that the changes in any society are
uniformly based on fixed rules?
a.Conflict b. Consensus c. Evolution
7. Issues on governance will be best dealt with what social science?
a.Economics b. Political Science c. Psychology
8. This social science method involves making a more detailed examination and
analysis of a particular issue or problem situation
a.Case Method b. Comparative Method c. Historical Method
9. The approach in social sciences starts with which step?
a.defining problem b. choosing research design c.reviewing related
literature
10. After testing the hypothesis, the next step in the scientific inquiry would be?
a.Generalization b. Observation c. Retesting
11. He authored the Communist Manifesto.
a.Emile Durkheim b. Herbert Spencer c. Karl Marx
12. It stiputaes that mental states are identified by what they do rather than by
what they are made of.
a.Evolution b. Functionalism c. Structure
13.He is known as the father of the study of culture .
a.Charles Darwin b.Edward Tylor c.Max Weber
14. Who was the Austrian physician who developed important but controversial
theories concerning the connection between aberrant human behavior and the
unconscious mind?
a. Bronislaw Malinowski b.Herbert Spencer c.Sigmund Freud
15. Who established methods of modern cultural anthropological research in his
study of the people of the Trobriand Islands, near Papua New Guinea?
a. Bronislaw Malinowski b.Charles Darwin c.Herbert Spencer
 Additional Activities

Make an acrostics of the importance of learning social sciences.

S
O
C
I
A
L

S
C
I
E
N
C
E
S

Your score will be based on the following:

Content—50%
Creativity —25 %
Grammar and Choice of words—25%
Pretest
1.C 6. C 11. A
2. A 7. A 12. A
3. C 8. C 13. C
4. C 9. C 14. B
5. A 10. B 15. B
Review (What’s In)
1.E 6. H
2. C 7. G
3.I 8. J
4. A 9. B
5. F 10. D
Activity 1
Assessment 1
Drawing will vary but there should be people and institutions in the drawing
Activity 2
Assessment 2
(Answers may vary depending on the understanding of the student)
Possible answers may include:
Evolution Theory Linguistics Historical Method
Conflict Theory Consensus Theory Case Method
Anthropology Economics Comparative and Cross-Cultural Method
Geography History
Political Science Psychology
Sociology Structure
Demography Functionalism
Answer Key
Activity 3
Assessment 3
(Answers may vary depending on the understanding of the student)
Possible answers may include:
Social Scientist Contribution
1. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, in which he set forth his revolutionary the-
ory of evolution.
2. Herbert Spencer Spencer’s major contribution to sociology was his evolutionary theory of social
change. He viewed society as an organism whose development is centered on
its members’ struggle for survival.
3. David Emile Durkheim one of the fathers of sociology, utilized scientific methods to approach the
study of society and social groups. His work influenced the school of anthro-
pology known as functionalism.
4.Edward Tylor a pioneer of cultural anthropology in Britain. Tylor gave one of the first anthro-
pological definitions of culture in his book Primitive Culture (1871).
5. Max Weber explored the influence of ethics and religion on the development of capitalism.
6. Bronislaw Malinowski established methods of modern cultural anthropological research in his study
of the people of the Trobriand Islands, near Papua New Guinea
7. Karl Marx defined communism.
8. Sigmund Freud developed important but controversial theories concerning the connection be-
tween aberrant human behavior and the unconscious mind
Post Assessment
1. A 11. A
2. A 12. B
3. C 13. B
4. A 14. C
5. B 15. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. C
Answer Key
 References

Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Cecile C. Adrigon, and Diana J. Mendoza. “Discipline
and Ideas in the Social Sciences.” Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc., 2016.

Jose, Mary Dorothy DL, and Jerome A. Ong. “Discipline and Ideas in the Social
Sciences.” Quezon City.Vibal Group, Inc., 2016.

"Bronislaw Malinowski." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA:

Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

"Charles Darwin." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.
"David Emile Durkheim." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA:
Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

"Edward Tylor." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

"Herbert Spencer." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

"Karl Marx." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

"Max Weber." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

"Social Sciences." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

"Sigmund Freud." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft

Corporation, 2008.

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Telephone: 074 422 2001

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