St.

Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
“I see and I forget.
I hear and I remember.
I do and I understand.”
- Confucius
Who learned best?
Rank them accordingly.
A B C
A student A student A student
reads his watches solves
notes video problems
every lectures by his
night. of their own.
teachers.
During the 1960s, Edgar Dale theorized
that learners retain more information by
what they “do” as opposed to what is
“heard”, “read” or “observed”. His
research led to the development of
the Cone of Experience. Today, this
“learning by doing” has become known as
“experiential learning” or “action learning”.
Cone of Experience
✓ The cone of experience is a pictorial
device use to explain the interrelationships
of the various types of audio-visual media,
as well as their individual “positions” in the
learning process.

✓ Essentially, the Cone shows the

progression of experiences from the most
concrete (at the bottom of the cone) to
the most abstract (at the top of the cone).
Cone of Experience

✓ The elements of the Cone of Experience

are the 2 M’s of instruction namely the
media and the material. It guides the
teachers in choosing the kind of
instructional materials in teaching.
 TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLIC
SYMBOLS EXPERIENCE
PICTURES/VISUAL Learning Through
SYMBOLS Abstractions
AUDIO/RECORDINGS
PASSIVE
LEARNING
MOTION PICTURES
ICONIC
EXHIBITS
EXPERIENCE
FIELD TRIPS
Learning Through
DEMONSTRATIONS Observation

DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
ENACTIVE ACTIVE
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES
EXPERIENCE LEARNING
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES Learning by Doing
 After 2 weeks, we tend to remember…
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS 10% of what we READ
PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS
20% of what we HEAR
AUDIO/RECORDINGS 30% of what we SEE
MOTION PICTURES

EXHIBITS 50% of what we

FIELD TRIPS
HEAR AND SEE
DEMONSTRATIONS

DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES 70% of what we SAY

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
90% of what we DO
TEXT/VERBAL SYMBOLS
TEXT/

✓ Most abstract learning

VERBAL
SYMBOLS

experience PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS

✓ show meaning or emotion AUDIO/RECORDINGS

through writing or spoken MOTION PICTURES

words EXHIBITS

FIELD TRIPS
✓ Strength of it lies in the
process of proper DEMONSTRATIONS

encoding and decoding on DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

the part of the sender and CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

receiver of the message
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in TEXT/VERBAL SYMBOLS

M ❑ giving of mathematical
formula
A ❑ unlocking mathematical

T
terms/phrases
❑ different equations

H
 PICTURES/VISUAL SYMBOLS
TEXT/

✓ Most abstract learning

VERBAL
SYMBOLS

PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS
experience
AUDIO/RECORDINGS ✓ include visual graphic
MOTION PICTURES materials like charts, maps,
EXHIBITS diagrams, sketches, posters,
FIELD TRIPS cartoons, photographs,
DEMONSTRATIONS
drawings and sketching
✓ comprise a universal
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
language for communication
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES (free of the use of any
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES language)
in PICTURES/VISUAL SYMBOLS

M ❑ graphs of different

A equations

T ❑ tables and graphs of data

H
 AUDIO/RECORDINGS
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS
✓ Provide valuable auditory PICTURES/VISUAL

experience to the learners SYMBOLS

AUDIO/RECORDINGS

✓ Auditory experience can be MOTION PICTURES

through arranged talks and EXHIBITS

discussions and FIELD TRIPS

information broadcast DEMONSTRATIONS

through the radio station DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in AUDIO/RECORDINGS

M ❑ motivation purposes

A
T
H
 MOTION PICTURES
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS

PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS
✓ audio and video device
AUDIO/RECORDINGS

MOTION PICTURES ✓ the use of television and

EXHIBITS
video recordings
FIELD TRIPS
✓ an alternative to direct
DEMONSTRATIONS
experience and effective to
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES realize the objectives
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in MOTION PICTURES

M ❑ video discussions and

A
recordings

T ❑ AVP, TVI

H
 EXHIBITS
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS

✓ Bringing the outside world PICTURES/VISUAL

SYMBOLS
into the classroom AUDIO/RECORDINGS

MOTION PICTURES

✓ helps the learners by EXHIBITS

gaining useful experience
through the observation
and organization of
educationally significant
exhibitions
FIELD TRIPS
DEMONSTRATIONS
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in EXHIBITS

M ❑ geometric figures

A ❑ Math Parks
T
H
 FIELD TRIPS
TEXT/
VERBAL

✓ a planned visit of a point

SYMBOLS

or a place outside the

PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS

AUDIO/RECORDINGS
regular classroom
MOTION PICTURES
✓an arranged situation in
EXHIBITS
the form of tours, trips,
FIELD TRIPS
excursion and outings
DEMONSTRATIONS
✓ bringing the classroom into
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES the community and the
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES problems of the community
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
back into the class room
in FIELD TRIPS

M ❑ geometric patterns

A
T
H
DEMONSTRATONS
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS

✓ a visualized explanation of PICTURES/VISUAL

an important fact, idea or

SYMBOLS

process
AUDIO/RECORDINGS

MOTION PICTURES

✓ watching how certain EXHIBITS

things are done either in the FIELD TRIPS

form of actual objects or DEMONSTRATIONS

models DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in DEMONSTRATONS

M ❑ solving
A
T
H
 DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
TEXT/

✓ The experience gained

VERBAL
SYMBOLS

PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS
through the active
AUDIO/RECORDINGS
participation and role
MOTION PICTURES
playing in dramatic
EXHIBITS
activities
FIELD TRIPS
✓ Through dramatized
experiences, learners
DEMONSTRATIONS
become more familiar with
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
the concept as they emerge
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES
themselves to the “as-if”
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES situation.
in DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

M ❑ substitution/elimination

A
T
H
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS

✓ “Edited copies of reality” PICTURES/VISUAL

SYMBOLS

AUDIO/RECORDINGS

✓ representative models, MOTION PICTURES

simulations and mock-ups of EXHIBITS
reality are being used in FIELD TRIPS
order to provide an DEMONSTRATIONS
experience that as close as
reality DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES

CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
in CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES

M ❑ games patterned to

A
online games
❑ BINGO Activity

T ❑ DICE Activity

H
 DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES
TEXT/
VERBAL
SYMBOLS
✓ Most concrete
PICTURES/VISUAL
SYMBOLS learning experience
✓ It is the best mode, means,
AUDIO/RECORDINGS

MOTION PICTURES
or channels for the desired
EXHIBITS
outcomes in a teaching–
FIELD TRIPS learning process.
DEMONSTRATIONS
✓ the more senses that are
DRAMATIZED EXPERIENCES
involved in learning, the
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES more and the better the
DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES learning will be
in DIRECT-PURPOSEFUL EXPERIENCES

M ❑ solving on their own

A
T
H
Cone of Experience

✓Each of the methods mentioned in

the cone is effective. There is no
evidence for the superiority of one
over another.

✓Using a variety of appropriate

teaching methods is the most
effective way to teach
 How can the Cone of
Experience be utilized in
Mathematics Instruction?
it is a CHALLENGE!
Thank You and
God bless!